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1.
The effects of acute temperature change on the cost of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus swimming were quantified. At 14° C, maximum labriform swimming speed ( U lab,max ) was reduced relative to that at the acclimation temperature of 22° C, but total cost of transport ( T TC ) remained unchanged. At 30° C, U lab,max was the same as at 22° C, but T TC was 66% greater. 相似文献
2.
Mace A. Hack 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1998,11(6):853-867
Male field crickets (Gryllinae: Gryllidae: Orthoptera) vary in their mating strategies, particularly in whether they call from defended sites to attract phonotactic females or roam silently in search of potential mates. To better understand the economics underlying these alternative strategies, respirometry was employed to examine the energetic costs of each strategy's component behaviors for a representative species, Acheta domesticus. Advertisement calling in this species, composed of low pulse rate chirps, is an order of magnitude less energetically costly than walking per unit time. However, for gryllids that advertise call with higher pulse rate trills, calling and walking appear to be of equivalent energetic cost. Thus, if energetic costs are important in determining grylline mating strategies, trillers and chirpers should have different sensitivities to change in factors affecting the relative payoffs of each strategy. Field studies of changes in mating behavior with increased population density support this argument. This study also determined that courtship calling by A. domesticus was over twice as energetically costly as advertisement calling per unit time, suggesting its importance as a more reliable indicator of signaler, or mate, quality. 相似文献
3.
The effect of obstructions in steady flow on swimming by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was examined in a respirometry swim tunnel to test the prediction that fish interacting with obstructions require less energy to hold station. When an obstruction was present, O. mykiss altered the kinematics of swimming and the rate of oxygen consumption was significantly reduced. The fish employed both entrainment and Kármán gait swimming strategies, permitting greater locomotor efficiency. 相似文献
4.
Tail beat frequency of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) (23.5 ± 0·5 cm, LT ), swimming at the front of a school was significantly higher than when swimming at the rear, for all water velocities tested from 14·8 to 32 cm s−1 . The logarithm of oxygen consumption rate, and the tail beat frequency of solitary swimming sea bass (28·8 ± 0·4 cm, LT ), were each correlated linearly with swimming speed, and also with one another. The tail beat frequency of individual fish was 9–14% lower when at the rear of a school than when at the front, corresponding to a 9–23% reduction in oxygen consumption rate. 相似文献
5.
Maximum sustained swimming speeds, swimming energetics and swimming kinematics were measured in the green jack Caranx caballus (Teleostei: Carangidae) using a 41 l temperature‐controlled, Brett‐type swimming‐tunnel respirometer. In individual C. caballus [mean ±s.d. of 22·1 ± 2·2 cm fork length (LF), 190 ± 61 g, n = 11] at 27·2 ± 0·7° C, mean critical speed (Ucrit) was 102·5 ± 13·7 cm s?1 or 4·6 ± 0·9 LF s?1. The maximum speed that was maintained for a 30 min period while swimming steadily using the slow, oxidative locomotor muscle (Umax,c) was 99·4 ± 14·4 cm s?1 or 4·5 ± 0·9 LF s?1. Oxygen consumption rate (M in mg O2 min?1) increased with swimming speed and with fish mass, but mass‐specific M (mg O2 kg?1 h?1) as a function of relative speed (LF s?1) did not vary significantly with fish size. Mean standard metabolic rate (RS) was 170 ± 38 mg O2 kg?1 h?1, and the mean ratio of M at Umax,c to RS, an estimate of factorial aerobic scope, was 3·6 ± 1·0. The optimal speed (Uopt), at which the gross cost of transport was a minimum of 2·14 J kg?1 m?1, was 3·8 LF s?1. In a subset of the fish studied (19·7–22·7 cm LF, 106–164 g, n = 5), the swimming kinematic variables of tailbeat frequency, yaw and stride length all increased significantly with swimming speed but not fish size, whereas tailbeat amplitude varied significantly with speed, fish mass and LF. The mean propulsive wavelength was 86·7 ± 5·6 %LF or 73·7 ± 5·2 %LT. Mean ±s.d . yaw and tailbeat amplitude values, calculated from lateral displacement of each intervertebral joint during a complete tailbeat cycle in three C. caballus (19·7, 21·6 and 22·7 cm LF; 23·4, 25·3 and 26·4 cm LT), were 4·6 ± 0·1 and 17·1 ± 2·2 %LT, respectively. Overall, the sustained swimming performance, energetics, kinematics, lateral displacement and intervertebral bending angles measured in C. caballus were similar to those of other active ectothermic fishes that have been studied, and C. caballus was more similar to the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus than to the kawakawa tuna Euthynnus affinis. 相似文献
6.
Closed-system respirometry is a standard technique used to determine aerobic metabolism of aquatic organisms. Open-top systems are rarely used due to concerns of gas exchange across the air–water interface. Here, we evaluated an open-top respirometry system by comparing the mass-specific routine metabolic rate (RMR) of the tropical diadromous finfish barramundi, Lates calcarifer, in both closed-top and open-top respirometers. The RMR of 190?g barramundi was determined across broad temperatures ranging from 18 to 38?°C. There was no significant difference in RMR between barramundi in either closed- or open-top respirometers at any temperature (p?>?0.05). To ensure RMR measurements were not an artifact of the respirometry system, barramundi were reciprocally transplanted into either respective closed-top or open-top respirometer and oxygen consumption re-measured at each temperature treatment. The RMR of transplanted barramundi was found to be virtually identical in either respirometer. RMR increased linearly with increasing temperature; the relationship between RMR and temperature (T; 18–38?°C) can be described as 3.658T?36.294?mg?O2?kg?0.8?h?1. The daily energetic cost of RMR was 1.193T?11.838?kJ?kg?0.8?day?1. Q10 for barramundi increased significantly with increasing temperature (p?Q10(18–28) was the lowest at 1.7 and Q10(28–38) the highest at 1.9, over the whole experiment temp range Q10(18–28) was 1.8. The current study demonstrates that open-top respirometry is a reliable and practical alternative to closed-top respirometry for accurate determination of the aerobic metabolism of barramundi and has potential application for a number of different aquatic organisms. 相似文献
7.
There was no evidence that shelter conveyed a metabolic advantage to the false clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris in terms of standard and routine rates of oxygen uptake. The metabolic and fitness benefit of shelter might not, therefore, be widespread among all fish species. 相似文献
8.
D. W. Sims 《Journal of fish biology》1996,48(3):542-544
Standard metabolic rates were measured as the rate of oxygen consumption in 33 Scyliorhinus canicula , ranging in weight from 3–929 g. The amount of oxygen consumed per hour (Vo2 ) changed predictably with body size according to the relationship Vo2 =0–104 W0.855
9.
Field metabolic rates (FMR) of five rainbow trout were estimated using electromyogram (EMG) telemetry of the axial muscle. A series of laboratory experiments indicated that the EMG transmitter output was related strongly to total oxygen consumption of the fish over a wide range of swimming speeds and temperatures. No differences were evident when the oxygen consumption v . EMG relationship for routine swimming was compared with that for forced swimming. FMR was assessed on two time scales, revealing diel patterns and seasonal patterns. On the diel scale, the FMR pattern could be classified as crepuscular. At the upper and lower limits of temperature tolerance, the diel pattern was less distinct. On the seasonal scale, mean daily FMR was strongly dependent on mean environmental temperature. Comparisons between FMR and laboratory derived estimates of standard and maximally active metabolism indicate that the rainbow trout in the field utilize <20% of the available scope for activity. 相似文献
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11.
Shoaling behaviour is generally described as a trade-off between the anti-predator benefits of living in groups and the costs of increased foraging competition. An individual's fitness varies as a function of shoal size and shoal composition, and this relationship is potentially body length dependent. As teleost fishes show indeterminate growth, many populations exhibit a broad range of individual body lengths. The latter is used as a criterion in active choice of shoaling companions, and shoals are often size-assorted. This reduces predation risk through minimizing phenotypic oddity, and may reduce competition between size-classes. There is some evidence for a positive relationship between shoal size and the body length of shoal members, although it remains unclear whether this is a result of active shoal-size choice or a by-product of the body length distribution of the population. Shoal membership is highly dynamic and individuals may maximize their fitness by switching frequently between groups of varying size and composition in response to changes in their physiological stage and the external environment. Fish shoals provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the functions and mechanisms of group living, and future studies should aim to take an integrated view of individual behaviours, group size and phenotypic composition when investigating group choice decisions. 相似文献
12.
Growth hormone (GH) significantly increased the growth in mass and length of Atlantic salmon parr. It also significantly increased routine oxygen consumption ( M O2 ). This change in routine M O2 could be attributed to an increase in activity, but not resting M O2 . Any elevation in resting M O2 due to GH treatment is much lower than previously suggested. 相似文献
13.
Michael L. Kelly Selwyn P. Collins John A. Lesku Jan M. Hemmi Shaun P. Collin Craig A. Radford 《Biology letters》2022,18(3)
Sharks represent the earliest group of jawed vertebrates and as such, they may provide original insight for understanding the evolution of sleep in more derived animals. Unfortunately, beyond a single behavioural investigation, very little is known about sleep in these ancient predators. As such, recordings of physiological indicators of sleep in sharks have never been reported. Reduced energy expenditure arising from sustained restfulness and lowered metabolic rate during sleep have given rise to the hypothesis that sleep plays an important role for energy conservation. To determine whether this idea applies also to sharks, we compared metabolic rates of draughtsboard sharks (Cephaloscyllium isabellum) during periods ostensibly thought to be sleep, along with restful and actively swimming sharks across a 24 h period. We also investigated behaviours that often characterize sleep in other animals, including eye closure and postural recumbency, to establish relationships between physiology and behaviour. Overall, lower metabolic rate and a flat body posture reflect sleep in draughtsboard sharks, whereas eye closure is a poorer indication of sleep. Our results support the idea for the conservation of energy as a function of sleep in these basal vertebrates. 相似文献
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15.
Urbina MA Glover CN Forster ME 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2012,161(3):301-306
How fish oxygen consumption is modulated by external PO2 has long been a matter of interest, yet is an experimentally complicated question to answer. In this study closed and semi-closed respirometry were used to evaluate the oxygen consumption rate of the scaleless galaxiid fish, inanga (Galaxias maculatus) as a function of decreasing external PO2. Both respirometry techniques showed that as environmental oxygen levels declined, oxygen consumption rates also decreased. At no point did inanga regulate oxygen consumption. This is strong evidence that inanga is an oxyconformer. Partitioned respirometry experiments showed that skin plays an important role in oxygen uptake in this fish species, and cutaneous oxygen uptake may have an important role in shaping the oxygen consumption response to hypoxia. 相似文献
16.
This study aimed to assess the extent to which chasing, handling and confining Oncorhynchus mykiss to a small respirometer chamber during respirometric experiments is stressful and affects metabolic measurements. The study observed increased cortisol levels in animals tested using a chase protocol and subsequent intermittent‐flow respirometry, suggesting that this procedural treatment may stress animals. 相似文献
17.
MARCO A. LARDIES DANIEL E. NAYA PATRICIA BERRIOS FRANCISCO BOZINOVIC 《Physiological Entomology》2008,33(3):193-199
Abstract Resources are usually considered to be limited in caves and underground habitats. Therefore, lower metabolic rates of ectotherms in these environments should be advantageous. The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the common harvestman Pachylus paessleri Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones) is determined at two ambient temperatures. Repeatability of SMR is estimated by two methods: (i) product–moment correlation on residuals of body mass and (ii) variance components. Estimations of the thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate (individual Q10). SMR of P. paessleri at 20 °C show a mean of 19.01 ± 6.04 and 14.99 ± 3.64 μL CO2 h?1 for males and females, respectively. Thermal sensitivity of SMR is 2.11 ± 0.23 with a substantial coefficient of variation of 26.7%. In males, residuals of CO2 release are significantly repeatable (rp = 0.61) between measurements realized 5 months apart, which reflects the consistency of this trait over time. As typical soil inhabitants, the harvestman P. paessleri present a lower metabolic rate in comparison with arthropods of similar body mass (e.g. arachnids). Although the coefficient of thermal sensitivity is within of the range reported for arthropods inhabiting Mediterranean zones, it is lower than expected for an organism with such a low SMR. This appears to be the first report of repeatability of metabolic rate in a harvestman species. 相似文献
18.
Intensified bioprocess development requires parallelized medium- to high-throughput experimentation with high on- and offline data density across all early scales of the development trajectory from microtiter plate via shake flask to lab-scale reactor. We developed a widespread measurement principle for intermediate scales, respirometry, into a parallelized oxygen transfer rate measurement device that could accurately record common process development-relevant effects such as acetate formation, diauxic growth, and nutrient limitations. The device was further equipped with dissolved oxygen measurement capability and sampling ports that allowed repetitive monoseptic sample withdrawal without disturbing the cultivation. Optimization of the operating parameters lead to k(L) a values of up to 160 h(-1) and corresponding oxygen transfer rates of 1 g L(-1) h(-1) for cultivation volumes of 50 mL. 相似文献
19.
Esperanza C. Iranzo Juan Traba Cristina Mata Pablo Acebes Juan E. Malo 《Austral ecology》2021,46(1):86-97
Social prey species respond to predation risk by modifying habitat selection and grouping behaviour. These responses may depend on both actual predation risk (predator probability of occurrence) and/or on perceived predation risk associated with habitat structure. Other factors like food availability and co-occurrence with other species may also affect habitat selection and group formation. We analyse habitat selection and grouping behaviour (group size and cohesion) of lesser rhea (Rhea pennata subsp. pennata), a ratite endemic of South America inhabiting steppe shrublands and grasslands, in relation to actual (puma probability of occurrence) and perceived (habitat structure: openness, visibility) predation risk, co-occurrence with other herbivore species and forage availability in the Chilean Patagonia. We used data from 9 sampling seasons in 5 years. Results show that habitat selection, group size and cohesion in lesser rhea were mainly driven by variables associated with perceived predation risk and by co-occurrence with other herbivores both during breeding and non–breeding season. As expected, lesser rhea preferred open habitats (vegas and grasslands) that allow a behaviour of ‘watch and run’ to avoid predation and formed larger groups in them. Moreover, lesser rhea positively selected year-round habitats where livestock occur, forming large groups during non–breeding season there. Group size and co-occurrence with other herbivores significantly decreased group cohesion, suggesting a reduction of perceived predation risk. Therefore, lesser rhea seems to take advantage of forming mixed interspecific groups to reduce predation risk. These results suggest that lesser rhea habitat selection and grouping behaviour are preferentially driven by factors related to perceived predation risk than by actual predator occurrence or food availability. 相似文献