Branches of the right pulmonary artery supplying the basal segments of the lung.

The studies were carried out on 100 right lungs taken from dead human bodies of both sexes whose age varied from 16 to 81 years. The pulmonary artery and the bronchus were injected with a 65% solution of duracryl and then digested in sulfuric acid. The specimens obtained were then examined to determine the number and dimensions of the branches of the basal portion of the right pulmonary artery (RPA) penetrating into the basal segments of the right lower pulmonary lobe. Their length was 52 mm at the most, and their diameter 14 mm. Three types of ramification of the basal portion of the RPA were distinguished on the basis of the trunks, segmental and subsegmental branches present. In 72% of the cases the branches penetrating into the basal segments showed a tree-like type, in 2% of the cases a bushy-like type and in 26% of the cases a middle type.     

Branches of the left pulmonary artery vascularizing the left upper pulmonary lobe

The studies were carried out on 100 left lungs taken from dead human bodies of both sexes whose age varied from 16 to 80 years. The pulmonary artery and the bronchus were injected with a 65% solution of duracryl and then digested in sulfuric acid. The specimens obtained were examined to determine the number and dimensions of the branches of the left pulmonary artery penetrating into the upper lobe of the left lung as well as the places at which they branch off from this artery. It was found that in most cases 4 branches ramified from the left pulmonary artery. Their length was 30 mm at the most, and their diameter, 12 mm. In about 50% of the cases the branches which penetrated into the lobe were the apicoanterior trunk, the lingular branch and 1 or 2 subsegmental branches, in about 25% of the cases almost all segmental branches penetrated into the lobe separately. In about 20% of the cases the apicoposterior trunk and independent segmental or subsegmental branches were present. Only in about 5% of the cases did the branches under consideration include the apicoposteroanterior trunk and the remaining segmental and subsegmental branches.     

大型绿藻浒苔藻段及组织块的生长和发育特征

通过将浒苔叶状体分为基部、中部和顶端三部分分别进行切段和切碎处理,在实验室条件下,用液体浅层培养的方法,系统地研究了其组织和细胞的生长和发育特性。显微观察的结果显示：切段培养条件下,基部和中部的藻段均可在其形态学下端形成假根,在形态学上端产生类似叶状体的突起。藻段的发育具极性,但是其极性并不绝对的,在1.0 mm的基部藻段两端都观察到了假根的形成。虽然顶端的藻段和组织块全都形成和释放了孢子,未见明显的营养生长,但是在培养早期,其下端仍然具有形成假根的能力。浒苔各部位藻段和组织块释放的和滞留于孢子囊内的孢子都可以立即萌发成苗。快速生长的中基部藻段形成了气囊,致使其漂浮于培养基上。有很多藻段和组织块形成和释放了生殖细胞,释放到外界以及滞留于孢子囊内的孢子均可立即附着萌发。数据分析表明：藻段的生长具有极性,不同部位相同长度的藻段生长率差异明显,基部藻段的生长率高于中部藻段,顶部藻段无明显的营养生长。藻段的生长与其原始长度和在藻体中所处的位置有密切关系;藻段和组织块的再生与藻体的完整性及其在藻体中所处的位置有关。     

Arterial segmentation and subsegmentation in the human spleen

The segmental nature of the arterial tree of the human spleen was analyzed in 181 subjects of both sexes, who had died of various accidental causes. Based on the observation of the pattern of the terminal and polar splenic branches, selective arteriographs and corrosion casts, and taking account of the ideas reported in the literature, we proposed that the spleen is divided in arterial segments and subsegments. Segments are the territories corresponding to both the primary branches of the splenic artery (primary segments) and the polar arteries (polar segments). In 92.82% of the cases there are two primary segments and in 7.18% three primary segments. Associated to these, in 29.28% there is a superior polar segment, in 44.75% an inferior polar segment, and in 10.49% both superior and inferior polar segments are present. Thus, the number of segments varies from two to five. Occasionally, two or three inferior polar segments can be present. Subsegments are the territories corresponding to the extrasplenic subdivisions of the primary branches and the polar arteries. According to the number of arterial subdivisions, the subsegments can be of second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth order. The last branches of the splenic artery (penetrating arteries) are all subsegmentary in nature and supply hilar or polar subsegments. Anastomoses between extrasplenic branches of the splenic artery were observed in 19.89% of the cases. Sometimes, thin anastomotic bridges could be observed between arterial splenic compartments.     

兔心脏左室乳头肌的形态和动脉分布

乳头肌可因缺血、纤维化或梗塞而影响其收缩功能,并产生二尖瓣关闭不全(朱清于等,1980)。致成乳头肌功能不全最常见的原因是心肌供血不足,因此研究乳头肌的动脉,具有实用意义。一些作者(Estes,1966;Farrer-Brown,1968;Ranganathan,1969等)对人心脏乳头肌动脉来源、分支分布作过研究,但关于实验动物家兔乳头肌的动脉的研究文献尚少报道。本文为了开展实验性乳头肌梗塞的研究,对兔心脏左室乳头肌的形态、动脉来源、分布类型以及口径、血管密度等进行了研究。     

Macroscopic distribution of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits.

In the present study we macroscopically examined a change in the distribution of coronary atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Rabbits were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for 15 weeks, then replaced by a normal diet, and were sacrificed at 15, 24, 32 and 42 weeks after the start of the experiment. The coronary atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed rabbits was distributed more densely in the proximal portion than in the middle and distal portions, and the lesions were severe at 24 and 32 weeks after the start of the experiment. comparison of lesions in the three portions at these time points showed that the percentages of lesion areas in the proximal portion, the middle portion and the distal portion were approximately 51%, 21 to 25% and 0.2 to 3.7%, respectively. Macroscopic observation of the coronary atherosclerotic lesions showed that the lesions formed over the vessel lumen in the proximal portion within the range of approximately 5 mm from the orifice of the left coronary artery. In the middle portion, the lesions formed predominantly around the orifices of branches as small patchy lesions from 1 to 3 mm in diameter. These findings support previous histopathological reports that suggested that the incidence of stenosis in the proximal portion was high, and the incidence of lesion occurrence in the middle and the distal portions varied. The method, macroscopical investigation of the coronary artery, is useful for analyzing coronary atherosclerosis in the rabbit.     

The bronchial tree and blood vessels of the Japanese monkey lung

The author injected various colored celluloid solutions into the bronchial tree and blood vessels of the lungs of five adult Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in order to prepare cast specimens. These specimens were investigated from the comparative anatomical viewpoint to determine whether the bronchial ramification theory of the mammalian lung (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980) can be applied to the Japanese monkey lung or not. The bronchioles are arranged stereotaxically like those of other mammalian lungs. The four bronchiole systems, dorsal, ventral, medial, and lateral, arise from both bronchi, respectively, although some bronchioles are lacking. In the right lung, the bronchioles form the upper, middle, accessory, and lower lobes, while in the left lung, the upper and accessory lobes are lacking and bi-lobed middle and lower lobes are formed. In the right lung, the upper lobe is formed by the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system. The accessory lobe is the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The lower lobe is formed by the remaining bronchioles of the four bronchiole systems. In the left lung, the middle lobe is formed by the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system. The lower lobe is formed by the remaining bronchioles. Thus, the bronchial ramification theory of the mammalian lung applied well to the Japanese monkey lung. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole. It then runs along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus between the dorsal bronchiole system and the lateral bronchiole system. On its way, it gives off branches of the pulmonary artery which run along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole except in the ventral bronchiole system. In the ventral bronchiole system, the branches run along the ventral side of the bronchioles. The distributions of the pulmonary artery in the left lung are the same as those in the right lung. The pulmonary veins do not always run along the bronchioles. Most of them run on the medial or ventral side of the bronchioles. Some of them run between the pulmonary segments. In the right lung, these pulmonary veins finally form the right upper lobe vein, right middle lobe vein and the right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk before entering the left atrium. However, the right accessory lobe vein runs on the dorsal side of the bronchiole and pours into the right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk. In four cases out of the five examples, part of the right lower lobe veins pour into the right middle lobe vein, while the others enter the right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk. In the left lung, the branches of the pulmonary veins finally form the left middle lobe vein and the left lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk.     

Anatomical variations of the arterial pattern in the left hemiliver

The arterial supply to the left hemiliver was studied in 70 liver casts. The arteries were divided into 15 groups according to their origin and branching pattern. The left hemiliver was supplied by one artery in 53% of cases, by two arteries in 40% and by three arteries in 7%. The left hepatic artery, which originated from the proper hepatic artery, supplied all three left segments in 39% of specimens. The replacing left hepatic artery, which originated from the left gastric artery, supplied the whole left hemiliver in 3% of cases. The incomplete, replacing left hepatic artery supplied segments 2, 3 and a part of segment 4 in 6% of cases, and only segments 2 and 3 in 11%. There was one segmental artery for segment 2 in 86%, and two in 14%. Segment 3 was supplied by one artery in 87%, and by two in 13%. Segment 4 was supplied by one artery in 39% of cases, by two arteries in 43%, by three in 14% and by four arteries in 4%.     

Distribution of the pulmonary artery and vein of the orangutan lung

The distribution of the pulmonary artery and vein of the orangutan lung was examined. The right pulmonary artery runs obliquely across the ventral side of the right bronchus at the caudally to the right upper lobe bronchiole. It then runs across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter it runs obliquely across the dorsal side of the right bronchus, and then along the dorso-medial side of the right bronchus. This course is different from that in other mammals. During its course, it gives off branches which run mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole, then along the dorso-lateral side of the left bronchus, giving off branches which run along each bronchiole. The pulmonary veins run mainly the ventral or medial side of, along or between the bronchioles. In the left lung, the left middle lobe vein has two trunks; one enters the left atrium, and the other enters the left lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk. This is also different from that found in most mammals. Finally, the pulmonary veins enter the left atrium with four large veins.     

Distribution of the pulmonary artery and vein in the chimpanzee lung

Lungs of two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were examined. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole and, then across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it runs between the dorsal bronchiole system and the lateral bronchiole system, along the right bronchus. During its course, it gives off arterial branches which run along each bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole and then between the dorsal bronchiole system and the lateral bronchiole system. The branches of the pulmonary artery run mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of the bronchiole. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the ventral or medial side of the bronchioles, and between them. Finally, they enter the left atrium with four large veins, i.e. the common trunk of the right upper lobe vein and the right middle lobe vein, right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk, left middle lobe vein, and left lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk.     

Distribution of the pulmonary artery and vein in the lung of the white handed gibbon

The lungs of four white handed gibbons (Hylobates agilis) were examined. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, and then traverses the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it runs along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus, between the dorsal bronchiole system and the lateral bronchiole system, and gradually follows the dorsal side of the right bronchus. During its course, it gives off arterial branches which run along each bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole and then along the left bronchus as in the right lung. The branches of the pulmonary artery run mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of the bronchiole, while the pulmonary veins run mainly the medial side of the bronchioles or between them. However, in a few portions, the pulmonary veins run the lateral side of the bronchioles. Finally, they enter the left atrium with four large veins i.e. the common trunk of the right upper lobe vein and right middle lobe vein, right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk, left middle lobe vein, and left lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk.     

Accumulation of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Coronary Arteries of Thai Subjects

To clarify the manner of accumulation of Ca and P in the coronary arteries, the authors divided the coronary arteries into many segments based on arterial ramification and investigated the element contents of the segments by direct chemical analysis. After ordinary dissection at Chiang Mai University was finished, the left coronary (LC) and the right coronary (RC) arteries were removed successively from the hearts of Thai subjects. The Thai subjects consisted of seven men and five women, ranging in age from 42 to 87 years (average age = 73.9 ± 13.5 years). The LC and the RC arteries were divided into 19 segments based on arterial ramification. After incineration with nitric acid and perchloric acid, element contents of the segments were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. In two cases, a significant content of Ca and P was contained only in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery (type I). In four cases, a significant content of Ca and P was contained in both the LAD and the RC arteries (type II). In five cases, a significant content of Ca and P was contained in all the LAD, the RC, and the circumflex (CF) arteries (type III). In the other one case, no significant content of Ca and P was contained in the coronary arteries. The manner of accumulation of Ca and P in the coronary arteries was classified into the three types, I, II, and III. Regarding the average content of elements in 12 cases, the average content of Ca was the highest in the segment of the LAD artery ramifying the first left diagonal artery and was higher in the proximal and distal adjacent segments of the LAD artery ramifying the first left diagonal artery, the proximal segment of the RC artery, and the proximal segment of the CF artery. To examine an effect of arterial ramification on accumulation of Ca and P, the differences in the Ca and P content between artery-ramifying and non-ramified proximal or distal segments of the coronary arteries were analyzed with Student’s t test. It was found that there were no significant differences in the Ca and P content between the artery-ramifying and non-ramified proximal or distal segments of the coronary arteries.     

Typical from and basic variants of the structure of the intrahepatic portion of the portal vein]

The structure of the portal vein was studied in 210 preparations of the liver. The structure of the main trunk of the portal vein and its lobe branches was estimated orienting by the typical shape and the main variations of the structure. Two variants of the structure of the right and left portal veins (after the type of a "pine branch" and the variant of the "minimum length" of the lobe vein) were common for both veins. The structure of the "snail" type was found only in the left portal vein of the "whisk" type -- only in the right one. The sources of the segment blood supply changed depending on the structure of the main trunk and lobe veins. They can be supplied by terminal or lateral branches of the lobe veins, vascular branches of the main trunk of the portal vein and of the vessels of neighbouring segments. Estimation of the angioarchitectonics of the liver operated on should be approached individually in each case. It is expedient to take into account the above typical shape and the main variants of the intrahepatic portion of the portal vein.     

The lobular division,bronchial tree and blood vessels of the squirrel monkey lung

The lobular division, bronchial tree, and blood vessels in lungs of seven squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were examined from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. The right lung of the squirrel monkey consists of the upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes, whereas the left lung consists of the upper, middle, and lower lobes. These lobes are completely separated by interlobular fissures. In three of seven examples examined the left middle lobe was lacking. The squirrel monkey lung has four bronchiole systems, i.e. dorsal, lateral, ventral, and medial, on both sides. The upper lobes are formed by the first branches of the dorsal bronchiole systems. The middle lobes are formed by the first branches of the lateral bronchiole systems. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobes. In addition to the above lobes, in the right lung, the accessory lobe is present, being formed by the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, and then across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it runs between the dorsal bronchiole and lateral bronchiole systems along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus. During its course, the right pulmonary artery gives off the arterial branches which run along each bronchiole. These branches run mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of the bronchioles. In the left lung, the pulmonary artery and its branches run the same course as in the right lung. The pulmonary veins run mainly the ventral or medial side of the bronchioles, and between the bronchioles.     

Steady flow visualization in a rigid canine aortic cast

Steady flow studies were conducted in a transparent canine aortic cast. The cast segment stretched from the aortic valve to beyond the renal arteries and included all major branches. Flow was visualized by analysis of dye streaklines. Flow rates for basal and exercising cardiovascular states were simulated. The Reynolds numbers in the ascending aorta for basal and exercising conditions were 900 and 1587 respectively. Aortic core flow was laminar in basal simulations. Disturbed flow commenced in the upper descending aorta with exercising flow rates. Separation zones existed along the inner curvature of the aortic arch and the proximal walls of the brachiocephalic, left subclavian, and coeliac arteries. Such zones may exist over a portion of the cardiac cycle. If either renal artery was occluded, then a vortex formed. This vortex is associated with high shear regions which correlate well with sites where sudanophilic lesions have been reported in cholesterol-fed nephrectomized rabbits.     

Steady flow velocity measurements in a pulmonary artery model with varying degrees of pulmonic stenosis

Velocity and flow visualization studies were conducted in an adult size pulmonary artery model with varying degrees of valvular stenosis, using a two dimensional laser Doppler anemometer system. Velocity measurements in the main, left and right branches of the pulmonary artery revealed that as the degree of pulmonic stenosis increased, the jet type flow created by the valve hit the distal wall of the LPA farther downstream from the junction of the bifurcation. This in turn led to higher levels of turbulent and disturbed flow, and larger secondary flow motion in the LPA compared to the RPA. The high levels of turbulence measured in the main and left pulmonary arteries with the stenotic valves, could lead to the clinically observed phenomenon of post stenotic dilatation in the MPA extending into the LPA.     

Features of the development of the arteries of the human liver and their practical significance

By means of roentgenography and preparation methods 145 specimens of the hepatic arteries filled with roentgenopaque latex have been studied. An essential individual changeability is peculiar for the celiac trunk structure and for formation of the hepatic arteries. A "typical" structure of the celiac trunk is observed in 66%. In other cases either "noncompleteness" of the celiac trunk, or increasing number of the branches up to 4-6 are observed. As a rule, the common hepatic artery gets of the celiac trunk (93%), but sometimes it can take its origin from the aorta, the superior mesenteric artery and some other sources (7%). The hepatic artery proper only in 73% divides into the right and left branches, in other observations the latter have their independent formation. It is necessary to distinguish the independent separation of the right and left lobar hepatic arteries from some sources and presence of additional arteries. The additional arteries are the branches that are formed from any arteries when there is present the hepatic artery proper, or substituting it independent right and left branches. The additional arteries appear from the left gastric, superior mesenteric, gastro-duodenal arteries, from the aorta, the right renal artery and other sources. The peculiarities of formation of the hepatic arteries discussed can be used in clinical practice and can make the terminology more precise.     

Distribution of the pulmonary artery and vein in the lung of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

In the lung of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis), the right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole and the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it courses along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus, between the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems. During this course, the right pulmonary artery gives off arterial branches running mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole, and is then distributed as in the right lower lobe. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the ventral or medial side of the bronchiole in the upper and middle lobes whereas, in the lower lobe, they run ventrally, and between the bronchioles. Finally they enter the left atrium as four large veins.     

The superior laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery

Length, diameter and anastomoses of the nervus vagus and its ganglion inferius were measured 44 halved heads. On the average, 8.65 fiber bundles of the vagus nerve leave the retro-olivary area. In the area of the jugular foramen is the near superior ganglion of the 10th cranial nerve. In this area were found 1.48 (mean value) anastomoses with the 9th cranial nerve. 11.34 mm below the margo terminalis sigmoidea branches off the ramus internus of the accessory nerve which has a length of 9.75 mm. Further anastomoses with the 10th cranial nerve were found. The inferior ganglion of the 10th nerve had a length of 25.47 mm and a diameter of 3.46 mm. Five mm below the ganglion the 10th nerve had a width of 2.9 and a thickness of 1.5 mm. The mean length of the superior sympathetic ganglion was 26.6 mm, its width 7.2 and its thickness 3.4 mm. In nearly all specimens anastomoses of the superior sympathetic ganglion with the ansa cervicalis profunda and the inferior ganglion of the 10th cranial nerve were found. The superior laryngeal nerve branches off about 36 mm below the margo terminalis sigmoidea. The width of this nerve was 1.9 mm, its thickness 0.8 mm on the right and 1.0 mm on the left side. The division in the internal and external rami was found about 21 mm below its origin. Between the n. vagus and thyreohyoid membrane the ramus internus had a length of 64 mm, the length of external ramus between the vagal nerve and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle was 89 mm. Its mean length below the thyreopharyngeal part was 10.7 mm, 8.6 branchlets to the cricothyroid muscle were counted. The superior laryngeal artery had its origin in 80% of cases in the superior thyroideal artery, in 6.8% this vessel was a branch of the external carotid artery. Its average outer diameter was 1.23 mm on the right side and 1.39 mm on the left. The length of this vessel between its origin and the thyreohyoid membrane was 34 mm. In 7% on the right side and in 13% on the left, the superior laryngeal artery reached the larynx through a foramen thyreoideum. Ranges of diameters and lengths of vessels and nerves in the larynx are given.     

Location of the stigmatic areas in Mutisia speciosa Aiton ex Hook. a new floral feature in Asteraceae

In Mutisieae species, the style branches are described as short and the stigmatic areas cover the inside of the style branches. As shown in preliminary observations, the Mutisia speciosa florets had long style branches (7 mm), bifurcate only at the apex (about 1.5 mm) and juxtaposed along the remaining length. The objective was to locate the stigmatic areas in M. speciosa. For this purpose, neutral red, 3% hydrogen peroxide and hand pollinations were used. For the pollinations, florets with cut apical portion of the branches (about 2 mm) and florets with intact branches were used. In the first group of florets, the pollen was deposited along the margins of the juxtaposed branches (about 5 mm), and in the second, the pollen was ventrally deposited on the bifurcated apical portion. Some of these florets were left on the plant until fruiting and others were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope to check pollen tube growth. The neutral red test defined two ventro-marginal bands fused at the apex of each style branch, consisting of papillose cells. Intense bubbling in the hydrogen peroxide test showed that only the bands are receptive. The pollinations resulted in fruit sets and growth of pollen tubes, confirming that the bands are receptive along their entire length. This result is new and indicates the need for further studies on the floral biology of tropical Asteraceae species to improve the understanding of their reproductive attributes.