二元酸发酵过程中流加H2O2对细胞色素P450酶及产物生成的影响

在二元酸发酵过程中流加H2O2对热带假丝酵母发酵生产二元酸有明显的促进作用,2mmol/L的H2O2对产酸的促进作用最为明显,比对照提高了26%。对细胞色素P450酶的分析表明,流加H2O2对细胞色素P450酶的活性有明显的促进作用,并且细胞色素P450酶的活性跟产酸成正相关。此外,还进一步分析了流加H2O2对产酸的促进机理。     

H2O2对热带假丝酵母醇氧化酶的影响及其作用机理分析

考察了H2 O2 对热带假丝酵母代谢烷烃生产二元酸过程中醇氧化酶 (fattyalcoholoxidase ,AOX)的影响。研究表明 :2mmol L和 5mmol L的H2 O2 对AOX的比酶活有明显的促进作用 ,分别比对照提高了 68 2 %和 82 9%。研究还发现 ,H2 O2 是以超氧阴离子自由基等形式在胞内存在 ,并对H2 O2 在代谢过程中的作用机理进行了分析。     

热带假丝酵母ctpxa1基因缺失菌的构建及对长链二元酸积累的影响

Pxa1p为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae过氧化物酶体上的膜蛋白,与Pxa2p组成二聚体,参与转运长链脂肪酸进入过氧化物酶体过程。热带假丝酵母能够发酵烷烃和脂肪酸生产长链二元酸,而过氧化物酶体中发生的β-氧化会消耗产生的长链二元酸造成产率降低。本研究以热带假丝酵母Candida tropicalis 1798为宿主菌,通过基于PCR片段的同源单交换法,快速构建ctpxa1基因敲除菌株C.tropicalis 1798-pxa1。利用半定量RT-PCR技术,检测ctpxa1基因在C.tropicalis 1798、C.tropicalis 1798-pxa1的表达量,灰度值比值为2.03,表明ctpxa1在C.tropicalis 1798-pxa1中的表达被弱化。经144 h发酵,C.tropicalis 1798-pxa1比C.tropicalis 1798的十二碳二元酸产量明显提升,其产出浓度为10.3 g/L,比野生型菌株C.tropicalis 1798提高了94.3%。     

Regulation of brain mitochondrial H2O2 production by membrane potential and NAD(P)H redox state

Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at Complex I of the electron transport chain is implicated in the etiology of neural cell death in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known regarding the regulation of mitochondrial ROS production by NADH-linked respiratory substrates under physiologically realistic conditions in the absence of respiratory chain inhibitors. This study used Amplex Red fluorescence measurements of H2O2 to test the hypothesis that ROS production by isolated brain mitochondria is regulated by membrane potential (DeltaPsi) and NAD(P)H redox state. DeltaPsi was monitored by following the medium concentration of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium with a selective electrode. NAD(P)H autofluorescence was used to monitor NAD(P)H redox state. While the rate of H2O2 production was closely related to DeltaPsi and the level of NAD(P)H reduction at high values of DeltaPsi, 30% of the maximal rate of H2O2 formation was still observed in the presence of uncoupler (p-trifluoromethoxycarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone) concentrations that provided for maximum depolarization of DeltaPsi and oxidation of NAD(P)H. Our findings indicate that ROS production by mitochondria oxidizing physiological NADH-dependent substrates is regulated by DeltaPsi and by the NAD(P)H redox state over ranges consistent with those that exist at different levels of cellular energy demand.     

肉毒碱乙酰转移酶基因敲除对长链二元酸生产代谢过程的影响

在利用热带假丝酵母发酵生产长链二元酸的过程中 ,脂肪酸将进入 β 氧化途径 ,代谢产生能量 ,从而降低产物收率。首次以负责运输的肉毒碱乙酰转移酶为改造目标 ,在肉毒碱乙酰转移酶基因中插入潮霉素B抗性基因 ,构建DNA转化质粒 ,并进行一次同源重组 ,得到肉毒碱乙酰转移酶基因单拷贝敲除的基因工程菌。根据摇瓶实验结果 ,该基因工程菌与原始菌株相比 ,十三碳二元酸的产量与摩尔转化率分别提高了 13 0 %和 11 8%。     

十二碳二元酸的发酵研究

热带假丝酵母(Candidatropicalis)UH248菌株在单因子实验的基础上经过正交实验后,以正十二烷发酵生成十二碳二元酸的产酸量从817g/L提高到1082g/L。而其二元酸产品的纯度(>97%)满足工业生产的需要。吐温60010%、尿素012%、维生素B2150μg/L、青霉素150μ/mL、丙氨酸050%的浓度时也对十二碳二元酸产量有促进作用。用一株以UH248为母株诱变筛选的新的优良突变株HP12菌株,在最佳条件下,20m³罐中发酵151h,十二碳二元酸的平均产量达2021g/L。     

H2O2 feeding enables LPMO-assisted cellulose saccharification during simultaneous fermentative production of lactic acid

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is a well-known strategy for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Because the fermentation process typically is anaerobic, oxidative enzymes found in modern commercial cellulase cocktails, such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), may be inhibited, limiting the overall efficiency of the enzymatic saccharification. Recent discoveries, however, have shown that LPMOs are active under anoxic conditions if they are provided with H₂O₂ at low concentrations. In this study, we build on this concept and investigate the potential of using externally added H₂O₂ to sustain oxidative cellulose depolymerization by LPMOs during an SSF process for lactic acid production. The results of bioreactor experiments with 100 g/L cellulose clearly show that continuous addition of small amounts of H₂O₂ (at a rate of 80 µM/h) during SSF enables LPMO activity and improves lactic acid production. While further process optimization is needed, the present proof-of-concept results show that modern LPMO-containing cellulase cocktails such as Cellic CTec2 can be used in SSF setups, without sacrificing the LPMO activity in these cocktails.     

Ferritin enhances production of DNA strand breaks by 6-hydroxydopamine,ascorbic acid and H2O2 in CCC PM2 bacteriophage DNA

Damage of CCC PM2 DNA by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and ascorbic acid (AA), compounds that are both able to release iron from ferritin, was significantly enhanced in the presence of ferritin. H₂O₂, a product of 6-OHDA autoxidation, did not induce DNA strand breaks in the absence of ferritin and only to a minor extent in the presence of ferritin. DNA damage by 6-OHDA and AA could be reduced by the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol, the iron chelator desferrioxamine, and, partly, by a combination of superoxide dismutase and catalase. These inhibitory effects were clearly less pronounced in the presence of ferritin. Ferritin obviously played an important role as a source of iron in the pro-oxidative processes of 6-OHDA and AA. These features might be of importance in cancer therapy since many tumor cells contain elevated ferritin levels.     

Functional Expression of the Alkane-Inducible Monooxygenase System of the Yeast: Candida tropicalis IN Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The genes for the alkane-inducible monooxygenase system of the yeast Candida tropicalis, namely a cytochrome P450_alk (P450_alk) and a NADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (NCPR) gene, were transferred in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The P450_alk gene was expressed in this host with the help of the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADHI) promoter and terminator, whereas the NCPR gene could be expressed with its own structural elements. The presence of P450_alk in S. cerevisiae microsomal fractions resulted in a new acquired lauric acid terminal hydroxylation activity. Moreover, the same activity, coupled with the appearance of 12-hydroxylauric acid derivatives, could be obtained by the addition of lauric acid to intact cells expressing P450_alk. The coordinate expression of the P450_alk and NCPR genes in S. cerevisiae elevated the turnover rate of the P450_alk monooxygenase activity about 2-fold.     

Relationship between H2O2 and jasmonic acid in pea leaf wounding response

The relationship of H₂O₂ and jasmonic acid (JA) in wound-induced defense response was investigated in the leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. The results showed that both wounding and JA treatment led to a significant increase in activities of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase. However, such an increase was blocked by the pretreatment with plasma membrane NADPH oxidase inhibitors, O ₂ ^? scavengers, or H₂O₂ scavenger, implying that H₂O₂ functions downstream of JA. Furthermore, wounding treatment activated two key enzymes of JA biosynthesis, lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase, while JA biosynthetic inhibitors impaired the wounding-induced H₂O₂ burst. Thus, it is suggested that H₂O₂ burst depends on JA production in plant wounding response.     

In situ formation of H2O2 for P450 peroxygenases

An in situ H₂O₂ generation approach to promote P450 peroxygenases catalysis was developed through the use of the nicotinamide cofactor analogue 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Final productivity could be enhanced due to higher enzyme stability at low H₂O₂ concentrations. The H₂O₂ generation represented the rate-limiting step, however it could be easily controlled by varying both FMN and BNAH concentrations. Further characterization can result in an optimized ratio of FMN/BNAH/O₂/biocatalyst enabling high reaction rates while minimizing H₂O₂-related inactivation of the enzyme.     

Mitogen-activated protein kinases modulate H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in primary rat alveolar epithelial cells

Increasing evidence suggests a role for apoptosis in the maintenance of the alveolar epithelium under normal and pathological conditions. However, the signaling pathways modulating alveolar type II (ATII) cell apoptosis remain poorly defined. Here we investigated the role of MAPKs as modulators of oxidant-mediated ATII cell apoptosis using in vitro models of H(2)O(2)-stress. H(2)O(2), delivered either as a bolus or as a flux, lead to time- and concentration-dependent increases in ATII cells apoptosis. Increased apoptosis in primary rat ATII cells was detected at H(2)O(2) concentrations and production rates in the physiological range (1 microM) and peaked at 100 microM H(2)O(2). Immortalized rat lung epithelial cells (RLE), in contrast, required millimolar concentration of H(2)O(2) for maximal responses. H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis was preceded by rapid activation of all three classes of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): ERK, JNK, and p38. Specific inhibition of JNK using antisense oligonucleotides and ERK and p38 using PD98059 or SB202190, respectively, indicated a pro-apoptotic role for JNK pathway and an anti-apoptotic role for ERK- and p38-initiated signaling events. Our data show that the balance between the activation of JNK, ERK, and p38 is a critical determinant of cell fate, suggesting that pharmacological interventions on the MAPK pathways may be useful in the treatment of oxidant-related lung injury.     

Effects of H2O2 on the growth, secretion, and metabolism of hybridoma cells in culture

Summary The effect of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (5 × 10⁻⁷−9.5 × 10⁻⁷ M) on cell growth and antibody production was investigated with murine hybridoma cells (Mark 3 and anti-hPL) in culture. Cell growth, measured by flow cytometry with morphological parameters, was significantly stimulated by H₂O₂ (8 × 10⁻⁷ M) but H₂O₂ concentration of 7 × 10⁻⁶ M and above increased cell death. H₂O₂ stimulation of antibody production was nonsignificant. The metabolism of cells treated with 8 × 10⁻⁷ or 1 × 10⁻⁵ M H₂O₂ was similar to that of the control in terms of glucose and glutamine consumption, lactate and ammonia production, and amino acid concentrations in the medium. The concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of cell death, in test and control cells were similar. However, concentrations of intracellular free radicals measured by flow cytometry with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) and dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) as fluorochromes were different. The reactive oxygen species content of cells in 8 × 10⁻⁷ M H₂O₂ was similar to that of the controls, but there was a sudden, marked production of superoxide anions (detected with DHR 123) and H₂O₂ or peroxides (detected with DCFH-DA) by cells incubated with 1 × 10⁻⁵ M H₂O₂ which increased with increasing H₂O₂ until cell death.     

环氧二十碳三烯酸与肺部疾病的研究进展

环氧二十碳三烯酸(epoxyeicosatrienoic acids,EETs)是一种具有强大生物活性的内生脂质环氧化合物.EETs在肺组织疾病中具有抗炎症反应、抗氧化活性、诱导肺血管收缩、促进细胞增殖等作用,可成为多种肺部疾病防治的新型靶点.本文就EETs的作用机制及其在肺部疾病中的研究进展进行了归纳总结.     

Ferulic acid (FA) protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from H2O2‐induced oxidative injuries

The aim of present study is to investigate whether Ferulic acid (FA), a natural polyphenol antioxidant, was able to protect ARPE‑19 cells from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)‑induced damage, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that FA pre‐treatment for 24 hours can reverse cell loss of H₂O₂‐induced ARPE‐19 cells via the promotion of cell proliferation and prevention of apoptosis, as evidenced by 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labelling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. Moreover, the addition of FA (5 mM) can decrease Bax and cleaved caspase‐3 protein expression, but increase Bcl‐2 protein expression in ARPE‐19 cells. Furthermore, H₂O₂‐induced oxidative stress in ARPE‐19 cells was significantly alleviated by FA, illustrated by reduced levels of ROS and MDA. In addition, the attenuated antioxidant enzymes activities of (SOD, CAT and GPX) and GSH level were reversed almost to the normal base level by the pre‐addition of FA for 24 hours. In all assays, FA itself did not exert any effect on the change of the above parameters. These novel findings indicated that FA effectively protected human ARPE‐19 cells from H₂O₂‐induced oxidative damage through its pro‐proliferation, anti‐apoptosis and antioxidant activity, suggesting that FA has a therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of AMD.     

Characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with polyacrylic acid and H2O2 for use as a novel radiosensitizer

An induction of polyacrylic acid-modified titanium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide nanoparticles (PAA-TiO₂/H₂O₂ NPs) to a tumor exerted a therapeutic enhancement of X-ray irradiation in our previous study. To understand the mechanism of the radiosensitizing effect of PAA-TiO₂/H₂O₂ NPs, analytical observations that included DLS, FE-SEM, FT-IR, XAFS, and Raman spectrometry were performed. In addition, highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) which PAA-TiO₂/H₂O₂ NPs produced with X-ray irradiation were quantified by using a chemiluminescence method and a EPR spin-trapping method. We found that PAA-TiO₂/H₂O₂ NPs have almost the same characteristics as PAA-TiO₂. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in hROS generation. However, the existence of H₂O₂ was confirmed in PAA-TiO₂/H₂O₂ NPs, because spontaneous hROS production was observed w/o X-ray irradiation. In addition, PAA-TiO₂/H₂O₂ NPs had a curious characteristic whereby they absorbed H₂O₂ molecules and released them gradually into a liquid phase. Based on these results, the H₂O₂ was continuously released from PAA-TiO₂/H₂O₂ NPs, and then released H₂O₂ assumed to be functioned indirectly as a radiosensitizing factor.     

Decreased reactive oxygen generation during H2O2 decomposition in the presence of samples from human rectal cancer

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have generated a great deal of interest in the clinical field since experimental studies showed the involvement of these species in carcinogenesis. This paper reports the detection of ROS during the decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of samples obtained from tissues of 16 patients with rectal carcinoma (age 64 +/- 9 years) operated on in the Division of Surgical Oncology of Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin (Poland). The samples were cut from the middle of the resected tumors and from the colonic mucosa (10 cm distant from the tumor and free of disease); they were processed and the supernatants, representing the soluble fraction, were used for measurements. Various methods for measuring free radical activity of the examined samples were used, such as chemiluminescence, fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein, spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-1-oxide and EPR, the spectrophotometrically examined formation of diformazan during reduction of the p-nitroblue tetrazolium salt, and bleaching of p-nitrosodimethylalanine. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was noticed in mean chemiluminescence +/- standard error of the mean in the presence of the tumor samples (42.6 +/- 7.3) in comparison to the control samples (234.6 +/- 36.0). Significantly decreased generation of ROS from the decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of the tumor samples in comparison to the control samples was also observed when the above-mentioned methods were used. Tumor samples had significantly lower superoxide dismutase activity (33 +/- 4 U/mg protein) than controls (93 +/- 14 U/mg, P < 0.001), which should contribute to a lower capacity of endogenous H2O2 production and therefore less ROS generation upon H2O2 decomposition. We conclude that the tested samples have different redox properties; this supports a possible role of ROS activity during carcinogenesis. Moreover, we propose a new, simple, and sensitive chemiluminescent method, which might be effective in sample differentiation.     

H2S可能作为H2O2的下游信号介导茉莉酸诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭

以蚕豆（Vicia faba）为材料,利用激光共聚焦显微技术和分光光度技术,结合药理学实验,探讨硫化氢（hydrogen sulphide,H2S）和过氧化氢（hydrogen peroxide,H2O2）在茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）调控气孔运动信号转导中的作用。结果表明,H2S合成抑制剂氨氧基乙酸（aminooxy acetic acid,AOA）、羟胺（hydroxylamine,NH2OH）、丙酮酸钾（potasium py-ruvate,C3H3KO3）和氨水（ammonia,NH3）,H2O2清除剂抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,AsA）,合成抑制剂水杨羟肟酸（salicylhydroxamic acid,SHAM）、二苯基碘（diphenylene iodonium,DPI）均可逆转JA诱导的气孔关闭效应。JA能够明显提高蚕豆叶片及保卫细胞中的H2O2水平、H2S含量和L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性;H2S合成抑制剂可抑制JA引起的叶片H2S含量的增加;而H2O2清除剂则可减弱JA对H2S含量变化和L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性的诱导效应。以上结果表明H2S和H2O2均参与了JA诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭,且H2S（主要由L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶合成）可能作为H2O2的下游组分参与调控这一信号转导过程。     

Biphasic regulation of H2O2 on angiogenesis implicated NADPH oxidase

ROS (reactive oxygen species) take an important signalling role in angiogenesis. Although there are several ways to produce ROS in cells, multicomponent non‐phagocytic NADPH oxidase is an important source of ROS that contribute to angiogenesis. In the present work, we examined the effects of H₂O₂ on angiogenesis including proliferation and migration in HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), new vessel formation in chicken embryo CAM (chorioallantoic membrane) and endothelial cell apoptosis, which is closely related to anti‐angiogenesis. Our results showed that H₂O₂ dose‐dependently increased the generation of O₂ ^? (superoxide anion) in HUVECs, which was suppressed by DPI (diphenylene iodonium) and APO (apocynin), two inhibitors of NADPH oxidase. H₂O₂ at low concentrations (10 µM) stimulated cell proliferation and migration, but at higher concentrations, inhibited both. Similarly, H₂O₂ at 4 nmol/cm² strongly induced new vessel formation in CAM, while it suppressed at high concentrations (higher than 4 nmol/cm²). Also, H₂O₂ (200～500 µM) could stimulate apoptosis in HUVECs. All the effects of H₂O₂ on angiogenesis could be suppressed by NADPH oxidase inhibitors, which suggests that NADPH oxidase acts downstream of H₂O₂ to produce O₂ ^? and then to regulate angiogenesis. In summary, our results suggest that H₂O₂ as well as O₂ ^? mediated by NADPH oxidase have biphasic effects on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.