基于分子对接的洋葱假单胞菌脂肪酶催化制备R-N-（2-甲基-6-乙基苯基）丙氨酸的分子机制

采用分子对接方法,研究了洋葱假单胞菌脂肪酶（BCL）不对称酯水解制备光学纯的N-（2-甲基-6-乙基苯基）丙氨酸（NEMPA）的分子机制。通过将立体电子效应的构象约束条件引入计算机分子对接中,在Autodock 4.2软件中筛选到不同烷基链长的（R,S）-NEMPA与BCL活性口袋合适的反应型构象,对实验数据进行了合理解释;基于能量最优、空间互补原则,预测了Val266和Leu287为调控BCL对映体选择性的关键氨基酸位点,为定点突变提高BCL的对映体选择性提供了理论指导。     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶产生菌的筛选及其酶形成条件

应用富集培养和梯度底物浓度定向筛选技术,从长期被腈化物污染的土壤中筛选到一株产 3-氰基吡啶水合酶(3-cyanopyridine hydratase)活性较高的马红球菌(Rhodococcus e-qui)SHB-121.研究了该菌3-氰基吡啶水合酶的最适形成条件.在最适条件下,酶的比活力达5.3u/mg干细胞,比在初筛条件下的酶活力提高95倍,而在其细胞内共存的尼克酰胺(烟酰胺)水解酶活力很低.     

环氧化物水解酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件研究

手性环氧化物至少含有一个手性碳,通过选择性开环和官能团转换,可以方便地合成许多有价值的手性化合物,在制药、农药、香料、精细化学品工业上有着极其重要的应用价值[1]。因此,手性环氧化物的合成一直是一个重要的研究课题。     

产芳香腈水解酶的恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida CGMCC3830的筛选、鉴定及发酵优化(英文)

近年来微生物腈水解酶水解腈类化合物制备有机酸已逐步受到关注。本研究分离到一株表现出较高腈水解酶活力的细菌菌株,通过形态学、生理生化实验以及16S rRNA基因序列分析将其鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida CGMCC3830。结合单因素及响应面法对该菌株产腈水解酶的发酵条件进行了优化,获得最适培养条件为:甘油13.54 g/L,胰蛋白胨11.59 g/L,酵母粉5.21 g/L,KH2PO4 1 g/L,NaCl 1 g/L,脲1 g/L,初始pH 6.0及培养温度30℃。通过优化,酶活由2.02 U/mL提升至36.12 U/mL。对该菌株底物特异性的考察结果表明,恶臭假单胞菌腈水解酶对芳香族腈类化合物具有较高的水解活力。将其应用于烟酸的生物合成中,2 mg/mL游离细胞能90 min内将20.8 g/L 3-氰基吡啶彻底转化,制备得到相应烟酸。这些结果表明恶臭假单胞菌P.putida CGMCC3830在烟酸的规模化生产中具有一定的应用潜力。     

一种3-氰基吡啶水解酶产生菌的高通量筛选策略及应用

利用改进的羟肟酸铁分光光度比色法建立了一种简单、快速、高通量的腈水解酶筛选方法.应用该方法从土壤中筛选获得1株具有3-氰基吡啶水解酶活性的菌株CCZU10 -1,经16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌为红球菌属Rhodococcus sp.;同时确定了最适反应温度、pH和金属离子添加剂分别为30℃、7.0和Ca2+ (0.1 mmol/L).在最适催化反应条件下,催化转化50 mmol/L烟腈36 h,烟酸的产率可达到93.5％.     

脂肪酶产生菌的选育及产酶条件的优化

A lipase-producing bacterium strain was isolated from soil and was identified as Pseudomonas sp.. Its lipase yield was improved 2.25-fold by combined beatment of UV irradiation and NTG. The lipase fermentation condition for the mutant strain was optimized with Plackett-Burman design and Response Surface Analysis(RSA), and the formula of the optimum medium suitable for industrial scale fermentation was thereby established. A maximum yield of 87.5 U/ ml was obtained.     

顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件

从65株诺卡氏菌中,筛选到一株产顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶(ESH)的菌株,经鉴定为酒石酸诺卡氏菌(Nocardia tartaricans)SW13-57。在14L发酵罐中通过诱导培养,能在细胞内产生ESH酶活力达120u/g。产酶条件研究表明用丙二醇作碳源,硫酸铵作氮源,顺式环氧琥珀酸作诱导剂,初始pH7.0,温度30℃,通过培养24～30h,产酶量最高。该产酶菌株已被用于固定化细胞方法连续生产L(+)酒石酸。     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶产生菌的筛选及其酶形成条件

应用富集培养和梯度底物浓度定向筛选技术,从长期被腈化物污染的土壤中筛选到一株产 3-氰基吡啶水合酶(3-cyanopyridine hydratase)活性较高的马红球菌(Rhodococcus e-qui)SHB-121.研究了该菌3-氰基吡啶水合酶的最适形成条件.在最适条件下,酶的比活力达5.3u/mg干细胞,比在初筛条件下的酶活力提高95倍,而在其细胞内共存的尼克酰胺(烟酰胺)水解酶活力很低.     

产脂肪酶菌株C7828-5的筛选、鉴定以及产酶条件的优化

以花生油为唯一碳源,从海口市各地被油脂污染土样中分离筛选出1株中温碱性脂肪酶菌株C7828-5。形态学、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定结果表明,该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。该菌所产脂肪酶的最适温度为37℃,最适pH为8.0。优化了菌株的产酶条件,最适产酶培养基(g/L)为:蔗糖5、牛肉膏20、(NH_4)_2SO_41、MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5、CaCl_20.5,聚乙烯醇花生油乳化液120 mL,发酵72 h,获得高达8.08 U/mL的脂肪酶表达量。     

一株海藻糖合成酶产生菌的鉴定及产酶条件优化

目的对一株海洋来源的产海藻糖合成酶菌株进行鉴定及产酶条件的初步优化。方法通过16SrDNA基因序列的同源性分析,对一株来源于东海海水的海藻糖合成酶产生菌进行鉴定,并通过单因素分析初步研究其培养特性和最佳的发酵条件。结果该菌16SrDNA序列与GenBank中已知序列相比,最高相似度为100％,鉴定为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,命名为Pseudomonassp．A50。其最佳碳源和氮源分别为2％麦芽糖和0．5％酵母膏,最佳NaCl浓度为2．5％,在初始pH7．8,接种量1％,装液量125mL／250mL,28℃,130r／min发酵48h,海藻糖合成酶活力达到最高。结论此产海藻糖合成酶菌株为假单胞菌属,优化后,海藻糖合成酶活力达到14．16U／mL。     

摩氏摩根菌ZJB-09203酯酶的分离纯化及性质

立体选择性水解2-羧乙基-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸乙酯(CNDE)是化学-酶法合成重大疾病治疗药物普瑞巴林的关键步骤。分离纯化了能够高效水解S-型CNDE的摩氏摩根菌ZJB-09203胞内酯水解酶,并进行酶学性质研究。采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、Phenyl Sepharose 6 FF疏水柱层析、DEAE Sephadex A-50阴离子交换和羟基磷灰石Bio-Scale CHT层析,纯化得到电泳纯的酯水解酶。SDS-PAGE和凝胶过滤HPLC分析确定该酶为单亚基蛋白,分子量为68 kDa。不同碳链长度p-硝基苯酚酯特异性酶解结果表明,该酶为酯酶,酶促合成普瑞巴林手性中间体(S)-2-羧乙基-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸的最适pH为9.0,最适温度为45℃,且在pH 7.0-9.0和40℃条件下具有良好的稳定性。Ca2+、Cu2+、Mn2+对酶活有一定的促进作用,Co2+、Fe3+、Ni2+及EDTA对酶活有较强的抑制作用。此外,考察了该酯酶水解p-硝基苯酚酯的动力学参数,及CNDE浓度对转化率的影响。首次报道了能够立体选择性水解CNDE的酯酶,相关酶学性质研究将为该酶催化合成普瑞巴林手性中间体的工业化应用提供重要依据。     

Synthesis and polymerization of benzyl (3R,4R)-3-methylmalolactonate via enzymatic preparation of the chiral precursor

β-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.2, (β-methylaspartase) from Clostridium tetanomorphum was used to produce a 40/60 molar ratio of (2S,3R) and (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartic acids, 2a and 2b , respectively, from mesaconic acid 1 as substrate, on a large scale. To prepare (3R,4R)-3-methyl-4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxetanone (benzyl 3-methylmalolactonate) 6, 2a and 2b were transformed, in the first step, into 2-bromo-3-methylsuccinic acids 3a and 3b and separated. After three further steps, (2S,3S)- 3a yielded the α,β-substituted β-lactone (3R,4R) 6 with a very high diastereoisomeric excess (>95% by chiral gas chromatography). The corresponding crystalline polymer, poly[benzyl β-(2R,3S)-3-methylmalate] 8 , prepared by an anionic ring opening polymerization, was highly isotactic as determined by ¹³C NMR. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lactone 6 yielded (3R,4R)-3-methyl-4-carboxy-2-oxetanone (3-methylmalolactonic acid) 7 , to which reactive, chiral, or bioactive molecules can be attached through ester bonds leading to polymers with possible therapeutic applications. Because of the ability of β-methylaspartase to catalyse both syn- and anti-elimination of ammonia from (2S,3RS)-3-methylaspartic acid 2ab at different rates, the (2S,3R)-stereoisomer 2a was retained and isolated for further reactions. These results permit the use of the chemoenzymatic route for the preparation of both optically active and racemic polymers of 3-methylmalic acid with well-defined enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric compositions. Chirality 10:727–733, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Isolation and identification of urinary metabolites of AF-2 (3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-(2-furyl)acrylamide) in rabbits

After oral administration of AF-2 (3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-(2-furyl)acrylamide) to rabbits, the two unique metabolites, M-I and M-II, were isolated from the urine. M-I, yellow needles of mp 117°, was identified as a new type metabolite of nitrofuran derivative, 2-(β-carboxypropionyl)-3-(5-methylthio-2-furyl) acrylamide by its mass, ir and nmr spectrometries. M-II, yellow solid, appears to be cis-trans isomer of M-I considering from its uv and mass spectral data, and the behavior on tlc.     

In Vitro Evaluation of 11C-Labeled (S)-Nicotine, (S)-3-Methyl-5-(1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole, and (R,S)-1-Methyl-2-(3-Pyridyl)azetidine as Nicotinic Receptor Ligands for Positron Emission Tomography Studies

Abstract: The binding characteristics of the novel ¹¹C-labeled nicotinic ligands (R,S)-1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl) azetidine (MPA) and (S)-3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole (ABT-418) were investigated in comparison with those of (S)-[¹¹C]nicotine in vitro in the rat brain to be able to predict the binding properties of the new ligands for positron emission tomography studies in vivo. The data from time-resolved experiments for all ligands indicated fast binding kinetics, with the exception of a slower dissociation of [¹¹C]MPA in comparison with (S)-[¹¹C]nicotine and [¹¹C]ABT-418. Saturation experiments revealed for all ligands two nicotinic receptor binding sites with affinity constants (K_D values) of 2.4 and 560 nM and binding site densities (B_max values) of 65.5 and 223 fmol/mg of protein for (S)-[¹¹C]nicotine, K_D values of 0.011 and 2.2 nM and B_max values of 4.4 and 70.7 fmol/mg of protein for [¹¹C]MPA, and K_D values of 1.3 and 33.4 nM and B_max values of 8.8 and 69.2 fmol/mg of protein for [¹¹C]ABT-418. In competing with the ¹¹C-ligands, epibatidine was most potent, followed by cytisine. A different rank order of potencies was found for (?)-nicotine, (+)-nicotine, MPA, and ABT-418 displacing each of the ¹¹C-ligands. Autoradiograms displayed a similar pattern of receptor binding for all ligands, whereby [¹¹C]MPA showed the most distinct binding pattern and the lowest nonspecific binding. We conclude that the three ¹¹C-labeled nicotinic ligands were suitable for characterizing nicotinic receptors in vitro. The very high affinity of [¹¹C]MPA to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, its low nonspecific binding, and especially the slower dissociation kinetics of the [¹¹C]MPA from the putative high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding site compared with (S)-[¹¹C]nicotine and [¹¹C]ABT-418 raise the level of interest in [¹¹C]MPA for application in positron emission tomography.     

A Pitfall of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5(3-carboxymethonyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) Assay due to Evaporation in wells on the Edge of a 96 well Plate

The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5(3-carboxymethonyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) calorimetric assay is replacing the traditional 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay as a fast, one-step assay of cell viability. We have observed that evaporation of the outer wells of a 96 well plate increases the absorbancy by 52% compared to the inner wells. Filling the outer 2 rows of wells with media and replacement of the media prior to addition of the MTS reagent will, however, correct this inaccuracy.     

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile via asymmetric transcyanation of acetyltrimethylsilane with acetone cyanohydrin in an aqueous/organic biphasic system catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal was successfully carried out for the first time. The optimal volume ratio of aqueous to organic phase, buffer pH value and reaction temperature were 15% (v/v), 5.0 and 30°C, respectively, under which both substrate conversion and product enantiomeric excess (ee) were 99%. Silicon atom in the substrate showed great effect on the reaction. Acetyltrimethylsilane was a much better substrate for (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica than its carbon analogue.     

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal

Synthesis of (R)-2-trimethylsilyl-2-hydroxyl-propionitrile via asymmetric transcyanation of acetyltrimethylsilane with acetone cyanohydrin in an aqueous/organic biphasic system catalyzed by (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica seed meal was successfully carried out for the first time. The optimal volume ratio of aqueous to organic phase, buffer pH value and reaction temperature were 15% (v/v), 5.0 and 30°C, respectively, under which both substrate conversion and product enantiomeric excess (ee) were 99%. Silicon atom in the substrate showed great effect on the reaction. Acetyltrimethylsilane was a much better substrate for (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus japonica than its carbon analogue.     

An Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of S-(-)-Fenpropimorph

First enantioselective synthesis of S-(-)-1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl]propyl-cis-3,5-dimethylmorpholine (6), biologically active enantiomer of the systematic fungicide fenpropimorph, is reported. It comprises reacting 4-tert-butylbenzylbromide with methyldiethylmalonate, decarbethoxylation of 2 into racemic 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid ethylester (3) in DMSO in the presence of alkali, then Pseudomonas sp. lipase catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic 3 into S-(+)-acid (4), base-catalyzed racemization and recycling of the R-(-)-ester 3, acylation of cis-3,5-dimethylmorpholine, and final reduction of the intermediary amide 5 to provide enantiomerically pure S-(-)-6.     

An Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of S-(-)-Fenpropimorph

First enantioselective synthesis of S-(-)-1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl]propyl-cis-3,5-dimethylmorpholine (6), biologically active enantiomer of the systematic fungicide fenpropimorph, is reported. It comprises reacting 4-tert-butylbenzylbromide with methyldiethylmalonate, decarbethoxylation of 2 into racemic 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid ethylester (3) in DMSO in the presence of alkali, then Pseudomonas sp. lipase catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic 3 into S-(+)-acid (4), base-catalyzed racemization and recycling of the R-(-)-ester 3, acylation of cis-3,5-dimethylmorpholine, and final reduction of the intermediary amide 5 to provide enantiomerically pure S-(-)-6.     

Enantiospecific enzymatic preparation of (2S,3S)-3-alkylaspartic acids of current interest in the synthesis of stereoregular poly[β-(2S,3S)-3-alkylmalic acids] as new optically active functional polyesters

(2S,3S)-3-methyl- and 3-isopropylaspartic acids were synthesized by bioconversion of the corresponding alkylfumarates (mesaconate and 3-isopropylfumarate) using β-methylaspartase from cell-free extracts of Clostridium tetanomorphum. Optically pure (2S,3S)-3-alkylaspartic acids were transformed in several steps to benzyl (3S,4R)-3-alkylmalolactonates without any racemization of the two chiral centers. These optically active α,β-substituted-β-lactones were polymerized by anionic ring opening polymerization yielding optically active semi-crystalline polyesters. ¹³C NMR analysis of poly[benzyl β-3-isopropylmalate] in CDCl₃ has shown that only the iso-type stereosequence is present in the polymer, indicating that the macromolecular chain is constituted by the only units of benzyl β-(2S,3S)-3-isopropylmalate monomer. The polymerization reaction was done without any racemization of the two stereogenic centers as in the case of benzyl (3S,4R)-3-methylmalolactonate. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.