糖多孢菌属中新种的鉴定

从云南省昆明市郊水田土样中分离到Y84—4001和Y84一4003两株菌。其特点是不抗酸,气丝形成孢子链,菌落中心的基丝断裂,胞壁IV型,应置于糖多孢菌属。根据形态、培养特征和生理生化特性的研究,将菌株Y84—4001定名为橙黄糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora auranti-aca sp. Nov.),菌株Y8-4003定名为橙黄糖多孢菌昆明亚种(Saccharopolyspora aurantiacasubsp．Kunmingcnsis subsp. Nov.)。     

链霉菌质粒pSET152电转化稀有放线菌小单孢菌的研究

利用链霉菌(Streptomyces)噬菌体ΦC31所构建的整合型载体pSET152作为供体质粒,分别以小单孢菌(Micromonospora)40027菌株的萌发孢子和新鲜菌丝体作为受体菌,在不同的电场强度下进行电转化实验,结果表明:以小单孢菌40027菌株萌发孢子为受体菌,未获得电转化子;以小单孢菌40027菌株新鲜菌丝体为受体菌,获得了电转化子。电场强度为13kV/cm时可获得最高转化效率。Southern杂交结果表明:质粒pSET152可通过菌丝体电转化法导入小单孢菌40027菌株,并整合到小单孢菌40027菌株的染色体上,暗示链霉菌噬菌体ΦC31的整合酶基因和整合位点在异源宿主小单孢菌40027菌株中仍具有相同的功能。质粒稳定性检测实验表明:质粒pSET152可稳定地存在于小单孢菌40027菌株中。     

新型生物杀虫剂--刺糖菌素

刺糖菌素是由土壤放线菌多刺糖多孢菌（Saccharopolyspora spinosa）产生的次级代谢产物,是一种具有触杀及摄食毒性的广谱杀虫剂。对鳞翅目害虫而言,刺糖菌素是目前已发现的杀虫剂中选择性最高的化合物之一。中就刺糖菌素的结构、生物合成、性质以及生产方法进行了综述。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在刺糖多孢菌中整合表达促进多杀菌素的生物合成

为解决刺糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora spinosa)高密度深层培养过程中的供氧不足问题, 促进多杀菌素的生物合成, 采用重叠PCR 技术将透明颤菌(Vitreoscillastercoraria)血红蛋白基因(vgb)可读框(ORF)置于红霉素抗性基因启动子(P_ermE)之下, 并将其克隆到整合型载体pSET152 上, 构建成vgb 表达载体pSET152EVHB; 通过接合转移方式将其导入刺糖多孢菌SP06081 中, 利用载体上ΦC31 整合性位点通过位点特异性重组将vgb 定点整合到SP06081 菌株染色体上, 获得一株遗传性能稳定的重组菌株S078-1101; 重组工程菌的PCR 与Southern blotting 检测显示vgb 已整合到染色体上, 一氧化碳结合差光谱分析表明在S078-1101 工程菌中表达了有活性的透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb); 摇瓶发酵结果显示, 在正常溶氧与中度限氧状态下, vgb 的表达均可显著促进多杀菌素的生物合成(P<0.01). 这说明vgb 在刺糖多孢菌中的整合表达改善了菌体对溶氧的吸收性能, 是一种有效的定向遗传改良手段.     

新型生物杀虫剂——刺糖菌素*

刺糖菌素是由土壤放线菌多刺糖多孢菌 (Saccharopolysporaspinosa)产生的次级代谢产物 ,是一种具有触杀及摄食毒性的广谱杀虫剂。对鳞翅目害虫而言 ,刺糖菌素是目前已发现的杀虫剂中选择性最高的化合物之一。文中就刺糖菌素的结构、生物合成、性质以及生产方法进行了综述。     

亮氨酰氨肽酶基因的阻断对刺糖多孢菌生长及次级代谢产物合成的影响

【目的】构建亮氨酰氨肽酶基因(pep A)被阻断的刺糖多孢菌工程菌株,并鉴定该基因对刺糖多孢菌菌丝形态、生物量、菌体全蛋白表达水平及产多杀菌素能力的影响,探究该基因调控多杀菌素合成的可能机制。【方法】利用PCR扩增刺糖多孢菌中的pep A基因同源片段,经酶切连接技术构建敲除载体p OJ260-pep A;通过接合转移和单交换同源重组将该载体整合至刺糖多孢菌染色体中,获得工程菌株S.sp-△pep A;利用培养特征、形态学、高效液相色谱、SDS-PAGE等方法对菌株进行研究分析。【结果】工程菌株S.sp-△pep A菌丝片段化程度加剧,生长态势被延缓且生物量降低,但有效促进了多杀菌素的生物合成。阻断亮氨酰胺肽酶基因的表达使刺糖多孢菌菌体全蛋白表达情况发生明显改变,找到表达水平显著上调的差异蛋白核糖体蛋白亚基和醛基脱氢酶,核糖体蛋白亚基通过影响蛋白质代谢对菌体生长产生影响;醛基脱氢酶则可与乙醇脱氢酶、乙酰辅酶A的合成酶相互作用影响辅酶A合成,而辅酶A是合成多杀菌素的重要底物。【结论】在刺糖多孢菌合成多杀菌素的次级代谢过程中,pep A基因作为负调控因子发挥作用。     

糖多孢菌属的多相分类

在糖多孢菌属的分类学研究中,最初是根据形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征进行研究。随着“多相分类”方法的广泛应用,化学分类和分子分类在糖多孢菌属的分类学研究中起到越来越重要的作用。糖多孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生重要的生物活性物质,如抗生素、酶类、维生素、藻类促生长因子、纤维素降解促进因子、免疫抑制剂等。     

乳杆菌电转化条件的研究

用Pgk12、Pmg36c等质粒电转化不同的乳杆菌。研究了影响转化效率的多种因素。受体细胞经20μg/ml氨苄青霉素处理1h,可以提高转化效率200倍。同时,发现电击后的细胞必需在高渗培养基中才能存活,电击后2～3h的复苏表达期和用亚抑制抗生素浓度选择转化子,这些对电转化成功以及提高转化效率都是十分关键的。在改进电转化方法中,各种参数为电场强度8.75kV/cm,电阻100Ω或200Ω,电容25μF和2×磷酸缓冲液。     

铜绿假单胞菌最佳电转化条件的研究

以临床分离的一株铜绿假单胞菌 (Pseudomonasaeruginosa)PA68作受体菌 ,将具有卡那霉素抗性标记的质粒pSMC2 8通过电转化导入到受体菌中 ,研究细胞生长状态、电击电压、细胞浓度、感受态细胞的贮备方式对转化效率的影响。结果表明 ,在细胞生长至OD5 40 =0 7～ 0 8时收集菌体 ,在低温 (2℃ )条件下 ,制备浓度为 10 11个细胞 mL的感受态细胞 ,在较高的电压 (2 6kV)电击下 ,能获得较高的转化效率。最高可达 1 68× 10 8个转化子 μgDNA(CFU μgDNA)。用此优化的转化条件 ,在国际上首次成功地将Mu转座复合物导入到P .aeruginosa中 ,并获得 2 4× 10 4 CFU μgDNA的高转化效率。由于Mu转座重组技术具有随机单点插入的优点 ,克服了传统转座子能在染色体上迁移的缺点 ,保证了表型的改变与转座子插入位点所在的基因突变的一一对应关系 ,为进一步研究P .aerugi nosa的基因组功能奠定基础     

Genes for the biosynthesis of spinosyns: applications for yield improvement in Saccharopolyspora spinosa

Spinosyns A and D are the active ingredients in an insect control agent produced by fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosyns are macrolides with a 21-carbon, tetracyclic lactone backbone to which the deoxysugars forosamine and tri-O-methylrhamnose are attached. The spinosyn biosynthesis genes, except for the rhamnose genes, are located in a cluster that spans 74 kb of the S. spinosa genome. DNA sequence analysis, targeted gene disruptions and bioconversion studies identified five large genes encoding type I polyketide synthase subunits, and 14 genes involved in sugar biosynthesis, sugar attachment to the polyketide or cross-bridging of the polyketide. Four rhamnose biosynthetic genes, two of which are also necessary for forosamine biosynthesis, are located outside the spinosyn gene cluster. Duplication of the spinosyn genes linked to the polyketide synthase genes stimulated the final step in the biosynthesis — the conversion of the forosamine-less pseudoaglycones to endproducts. Duplication of genes involved in the early steps of deoxysugar biosynthesis increased spinosyn yield significantly. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 399–402. Received 31 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 09 July 2001     

Electrotransformation of whole cells of Brevibacterium sp. R312 a nitrile hydratase producing strain: Construction of a cloning vector

Abstract: A rapid and effective method is described for electroporation of Brevibacterium sp. R312, a coryneform strain producing nitrile hydratase and amidase. The transformation efficiency of the method is 10⁸ transformants per μg of plasmid under optimal conditions. Parameters optimised included field strength (11.8 kV cm⁻¹), pulse length (2.4 ms), plasmid DNA concentration (0.25 μg ml⁻¹ and cell density (10¹⁰ cells ml⁻¹). Surprisingly, the transformation efficiency did not vary with the growth stage, in contrast to results in the literature. A shuttle vector was constructed containing several unique cloning sites down-stream of the SP6 RNA polymerase promoter.     

High frequency transformation of the industrial erythromycin-producing bacterium Saccharopolyspora erythraea

The DNA transformation in the industrial erythromycin-producing Saccharopolyspora erythraea was investigated as standard protoplast transformation methods are ineffective. Intergeneric conjugal transfer of DNA from E. coli demonstrated transformation efficiencies from 0.05 × 10⁻⁸ to 7.2 × 10⁻⁸ exconjugants generated per recipient. Electroporation-mediated methodologies were also established. More than 10⁵ transformants were acquired per μg DNA. The proposed protocol provides an alternative route for the introduction of DNA into industrial strains.     

Fatty acid composition in the classification of Saccharopolyspora hirsuta

The long-chain fatty acids of 4 Saccharopolyspora hirsuta strains were examined as their methyl and picolinyl esters using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). All the strains had similar fatty acid profiles composed mainly of isoanteiso-, and 10-methyl-branched components. Three new substituted 10-methyl-branched fatty acids were also detected and the major component identified as 10,15-dimethylhexadecanoic acid. The implications of these data for Saccharopolyspora systematics are discussed.     

糖多孢红霉菌同源片段长度与染色体重组率关系的研究

为了探索同源片段长度与糖多孢红霉菌染色体同源重组率的关系,化学合成或用重叠PCR合成带有突变位点、在突变位点两侧长度为（26bp+27bp）、（500bp+576bp）和（1908bp+1749bp）的同源序列,克隆于糖多孢红霉菌同源重组载体pWHM3后,分别构建了pWHM1113、 pWHM1116和 pWHM1119质粒。以PEG介导转化糖多孢红霉菌A226原生质体,3个质粒分别获得每皿30个、69个和170个转化子,但pWHM1113质粒不能与染色体有效整合,pWHM1116质粒与染色体整合率为转化子的2%,而pWHM1119质粒与染色体整合率达到转化子的19%。 pWHM1116和 pWHM1119质粒均可进行有效的染色体二次重组,将突变位位点引入染色体。因此,同源片段长度为（500bp+576bp）或更长时,可与糖多孢红霉菌染色体进行有效的单重组和双重组。     

外源质粒电击转入Pseudomonas putida的条件研究

以自行筛选的恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）(命名为Rs198,Genbank登录号为FJ788425）为受体菌,将具有卡那霉素抗性标记的大肠杆菌假单胞菌穿梭质粒PDSK519通过电转化法导入到受体菌中,对细胞生长状态、电转化温度、质粒DNA及感受态细胞浓度、电击电压及电转化介质给予转化效率的影响进行研究。结果表明,在细胞生长至OD600为0.5左右时收集菌体,在低温条件下制备浓度为 4.6×1012/ml 的感受态细胞,以0.3mol/L的蔗糖为电转化介质,在13kV/cm的场强下电击能获得较高的转化效率,最高可达1.3×107个转化子/μ g DNA。为构建恶臭假单胞的遗传转化系统,利用基因工程手段为该菌的进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

多杀菌素生产菌原生质体的制备条件及其再生菌株生理特性

为了改良多杀菌素生产菌种,提高多杀菌素产量,研究了甘氨酸添加浓度、溶菌酶作用时间、温度和浓度对多杀菌素生产菌刺糖多胞菌Saccharopolyspora spinosaSP06081菌株原生质体制备和再生的影响,并考察了不同再生培养基和渗透压稳定剂对其再生的影响,确定了该菌株原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件。同时,对原生质体再生菌株的形态与多杀菌素产量变化进行了比较研究。结果表明:菌体在添加0.2%的甘氨酸的TSB培养基中培养48h收集,0.1mg/mL溶菌酶,28oC作用20min制备原生质体,将原生质体涂布于以蔗糖为渗透压稳定剂的R2YE培养基中,原生质体再生数目最多,达108个/mL以上;原生质体再生菌株在形态和抗生素产量上产生分化,29.3%的再生菌株形态上保持与亲本菌株一致,具有菌丝松散,断裂分枝多的特点,其中53.2%的再生菌株多杀菌素产量变异向正方向移动,最高产量达到582.0mg/L,比亲本菌株提高85.6%。原生质体再生菌株的形态分化与多杀菌素产量具有重要相关性。     

多杀菌素生物合成的研究进展北大核心CSCD

多杀菌素是在刺糖多胞菌发酵液中提取的一种大环内酯类生物杀虫剂,它对靶标昆虫具有独特的快速触杀和摄食毒性,兼具化学农药的速效性和生物农药的安全性,具有低残留、快速降解等优点。本文介绍了多杀菌素的生物合成途径和体外合成方法,对随机诱变、代谢工程定向改造等刺糖多孢菌工业菌株育种方法进行了介绍,对多杀菌素在异源宿主中的合成进行了讨论。     

Electrotransformation of Chlorella vulgaris

Using hygromycin B resistance as a marker for selection, we have established the conditions required for the transformation of Chlorella vulgaris. The exponentially grown C. vulgaris cells were transformed by electroporation with plasmid pIG121-Hm, and transformants were selected with hygromycin B at a concentration of 50 μg/ml. Cell extracts prepared from the late-log cultures of the transformants exhibited glucuronidase activities as conferred by the gus gene on pIG121-Hm. The maintenance of plasmid in the algal cells seemed to be transient as many cultures derived from the hygromycin B-resistant colonies gradually lost the hygromycin resistance upon prolonged growth. The result of Southern blotting of the genomic DNAs prepared from transformant cultures exhibiting persistent hygromycin resistance showed that integration of part of the plasmid DNA into the host chromosome had taken place. Received: 19 December 1997 / Revision received: 5 October 1998 / Accepted: 27 October 1998