桂林岩溶石山青冈群落植物功能性状的种间和种内变异研究

研究植物功能性状的种间和种内变异,有助于揭示植物对环境的适应策略及其群落构建机制研究。以桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要木本植物为研究对象,选取叶干物质含量（LDMC）、叶厚度（LT）、比叶面积（SLA）和木材密度（WD）4个功能性状,采用混合线性模型结合方差分解方法对其在种内和种间尺度的变异程度和相对贡献进行分析,同时运用零模型方法探讨驱动岩溶石山青冈群落构建的潜在机制。结果表明：（1） LDMC,LT,SLA和WD这4个性状在种内和种间水平上均存在不同程度的变异幅度,种间变异大于种内变异,但种内变异亦不容忽略。（2）零模型检验表明,将种内变异纳入考虑的环境过滤检测得到改善,基于个体性状值的尺度考虑群落构建机制研究是必要的。（3）对于桂林岩溶石山青冈群落,环境过滤作用确实是群落构建的重要驱动机制,与相似性限制作用和随机作用共同塑造了以青冈为优势物种的群落构建。     

植物性状研究的机遇与挑战:从器官到群落

植物性状(Plant trait)或植物功能性状(Plant functional trait)通常是指植物对外界环境长期适应与进化后所表现出的可量度、且与生产力优化或环境适应等密切相关的属性。近几十年来,植物性状研究在性状-生产力、性状-养分、性状间相互关系、性状-群落结构维持等方面取得了卓越成就。然而,由于大多数性状调查都是以植物群落内优势种或亚优势种为对象,使其在探讨群落尺度的性状-功能关系、性状数据如何用于改进或优化模型、性状数据如何与遥感连接等问题时,存在空间尺度和量纲不匹配的极大挑战。为了破解上述难题,亟需发展新的、基于单位土地面积的群落性状(Community trait)概念体系、数据源和计算方法等,推动植物性状数据与快速发展的宏观生态学新技术(遥感、模型和通量观测等)相结合,既拓展了植物性状研究范畴,又可推动其更好地服务于区域生态环境问题的解决。所定义的群落性状(如叶片氮含量、磷含量、比叶面积、气孔密度、叶绿素含量等),是在充分考虑群落内所有物种的性状实测数据,再结合比叶面积、生物量异速生长方程和群落结构数据等,推导而成的基于单位土地面积的群落性状。受测试方法的影响,传统的直接算术平均法或相对生物量加权平均法所获得的群落水平的植物性状(如叶片氮含量g/kg或%),虽然可以有效地探讨群落结构维持机制,由于无法实现对群落性状在量纲上向单位土地面积转换,使它很难与模型和遥感数据相匹配。基于单位土地面积的群落性状,可在空间尺度匹配(或量纲匹配)的前提下实现个体水平测定的植物性状数据与生态模型和遥感观测相联系,更好地探讨区域尺度下自然生态系统结构和功能的关系及其对全球变化的响应与适应。同时,它也可更好地建立群落水平的性状-功能的定量关系(非物种水平),为更好地探讨自然群落结构维持机制和生产力优化机制提供了新思路。     

青州南部山区冬季鸟类群落生态的初步研究

青州南部山区冬季鸟类群落生态的初步研究丛建国（山东潍坊教育学院生物系,青州２６２５００）ＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＷｉｎｔｅｒＢｉｒｄｓｉｎＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＭｏｕｎｔｏｉｎｏｕｓＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＱｉｎｇｚｈｏｕ￥ＣｏｎｇＪｏａｎｇｕｏ（Ｄｅ－ｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＷｅｉｆａｎｇＥｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,ＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｑｉｎｇｚｈｏｕ２６２５００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏＬｙｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：５２－５５。ＡｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｎｂｉｒｄｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｏｆＱｉｎｇＺｈｏｕ,ＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,ｉｓｃｏｕｄｕｃｔｅｄ３０ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓａｒｅｆｏｕｎｄａｎｄ４ｔｉｍｅ;ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅａ,Ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｐｅｃｉｅｓａｎｄｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｂｉｒｄｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙａｒｅｖａｒｉｅｄｗｉｔｈｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｈａｂｉｔａｔｓ,ＵｓｉｎｇＦｕｚｚｙａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｍｅｔｈｏｄ,６ｂｉｒｄ．Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓａｒｅｃｌａｓｓｉｔｉｅｄ     

长白山温带森林不同演替阶段群落功能性状的空间变化

群落构建机制研究是生态学研究的热点。长白山自然保护区拥有完整的原始阔叶红松林生态系统, 近年来随着物种多样性丧失愈发严重, 对该地区开展群落构建机制研究显得尤为重要。该研究以长白山不同演替阶段的3块5.2 hm ²固定监测样地(次生杨桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始椴树红松林)为研究对象, 通过采集样地内主要树种的6个关键功能性状(叶面积、比叶面积、叶片厚度、叶氮含量、叶磷含量、最大树高), 分析不同空间尺度下(5 m × 5 m, 10 m × 10 m, 20 m × 20 m, 30 m × 30 m, 40 m × 40 m, 50 m × 50 m和60 m × 60 m)及不同演替阶段群落性状空间值的变化, 结合零模型的模拟结果对长白山温带森林演替过程中的群落构建机制进行讨论。结果表明: 种库大小对于研究结果具有重要影响。在较大的种库下, 环境过滤作用影响显著。而在样地水平进行研究时, 演替早期和中期, 群落性状空间值与零模型模拟值无显著差异, 在演替的晚期, 群落性状空间值显著高于零模型模拟值。结合多个群落功能多样性指数分析发现, 环境过滤和竞争作用共同决定该地区顶级群落的物种组成。在演替早期大量物种迁入, 群落内物种间存在强烈的资源竞争, 而随着演替进行, 部分物种逐渐被竞争排除出群落, 群落中的物种呈现明显的生态位分化, 竞争作用是维持物种共存的主要机制。     

亚高寒草甸群落结构决定群落生产力实例验证

在植物物种丰富度与生产力之间关系的研究中,多以物种丰富度和生产力作为双变量,常常忽略在同一物种丰富度水平下可能影响群落生产力的其他因素,例如物种组合与组成等。该研究采用盆栽法,以中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为研究对象,设置4个物种丰富度水平(1、2、3、4),并在最高物种丰富度水平下,保持总种植密度不变,改变各组成物种的相对比例(10%、20%、30%、40%),探讨群落物种组合、组成及物种所属功能群对群落生产力的影响。结果表明:1)在较低物种丰富度下,群落生产力随物种丰富度增加而增加,在较高物种丰富度下,群落生产力随物种丰富度的增加不再显著变化。2)群落物种组合及组成对群落生产力具有显著影响,配置垂穗披碱草的群落及垂穗披碱草占比大的群落具有更高生产力。3)混播物种所属功能群对群落生产力具有显著影响,豆科植物对其他混播物种生产力表现出促进或抑制作用,禾本科物种垂穗披碱草对群落生产力有正效应,中华羊茅和鸭茅对群落生产力影响不明显。由此推测,物...     

甲虫群落构建研究进展

甲虫作为节肢动物中一个庞大的类群,具有繁简各异的生活习性,在生态系统中发挥极为重要的作用.甲虫群落构建是群落生态研究的重要内容之一,可揭示不同生态环境下生物多样性的形成与维持机制.现阶段对甲虫群落构建的研究主要通过物种的功能性状,或将系统发育结构与物种功能性状相结合的方法,对群落构建过程进行解析,用以判断主要的驱动因素...     

大针茅草原蝗虫的群落结构和能流研究

大针茅草原蝗虫的常见种类有１１种,其中７种属蝗亚科。毛足棒角蝗短星翅蝗和鼓翅皱膝蝗狭翅雏蝗分别构成蝗虫早、中、晚期的优势种类蝗虫九落的物 丰富度及多样性指数在蝗虫的性中期较高。蝗虫的次级生产力为５．１８ｋＪ／ｍ＾２．ａ,是地上净初级生产国物０．１８％。通过整个蝗虫群落的能流为１６．８４ｋＪ／ｍ＾２．ａ不同的蝗虫各 在生态秕有流中具有不同的贡献;其中毛尼中棒角蝗天整个蝗虫 能流中直着十分重要的作用,     

DNA分子进化的研究基础和策略

从研究方法和技术手段等方面讨论了分子进化研究上的一些重大问题．阐述了基因的基本结构及DNA分子的进化方式：净化选择、中性进化和分化选择。探讨了利用DNA分子进化数据构建系统树的原理,评价了NJ、UPGMAM、MP和ML4种算法在构建进化树时的合理性与不足,以及进化树可靠性检验的方法,并对未来分子进化生物学的发展加以展望。     

功能多样性和谱系多样性对热带云雾林群落构建的影响

近年来, 功能多样性和谱系多样性为探究群落构建机制提供了新方法。为了更准确地了解海南岛高海拔热带云雾林群落构建机制, 该研究以海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林为对象, 测定7个环境因子和13个植物功能性状。利用主成分分析(PCA)筛选环境因子, 以霸王岭、尖峰岭和黎母山热带云雾林分布物种建立区域物种库, 结合模型, 分析Rao二次熵(RaoQ)和平均成对谱系距离(MPD)变化对植物群落构建的影响。结果表明: 林冠开阔度、土壤全磷含量和坡度是影响植物群落构建的关键环境因子。多数功能性状的系统发育信号很低且不显著, 说明热带云雾林群落的系统发育关系与功能性状随历史进程变化不一致。RaoQ和MPD的实际观测值都显著低于期望值, 且其标准效应值与土壤磷含量显著相关, 说明生境过滤是驱动热带云雾林群落构建的关键因子, 土壤磷含量是群落构建的关键环境筛。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落植物功能性状的尺度变化与关联

研究植物功能性状在不同尺度的变异和关联,对于揭示植物对环境的适应策略和群落构建规律具有重要意义。以岩溶石山青冈群落为研究对象,测量了研究区内20个样方74种木本植物的叶面积、比叶面积和木材密度3个功能性状值,利用性状梯度分析法分析了3个性状在群落内部(α组分)及群落间(β组分)的变异格局及相关性。结果表明:(1)群落内3个植物功能性状的α值范围均大于β值范围,即物种相对于共生物种性状值的变化大于沿着群落平均性状梯度的变化。(2)植物功能性状比叶面积的种内差异引起的变化小于群落水平。(3)叶面积与比叶面积、比叶面积与木材密度、叶面积与木材密度的β组分相关性均最强,而α组分间无相关性或相关性较弱,即叶面积与比叶面积、比叶面积与木材密度、叶面积与木材密度两两性状间的相关性在群落间的依赖程度比群落内共生物种的依赖性要强,暗示物种在群落内和群落间采取不同的生态策略来适应环境。     

Species assembly and the evolution of community structure

Summary In this paper I consider the evolutionary and ecological implications of an assembly rule which was derived empirically from studies on a heathland small-mammal community in south-eastern Australia. This rule has been tested successfully against 52 heathland small-mammal assemblages. Here it is shown to hold also for 80 forest assemblages of small mammals spanning a latitudinal range from 27°S to 43°S in south-eastern Australia. The observed forest communities are predicted by the rule and they deviate significantly from random assemblages. I suggest that the unique evolutionary history of the Australian fauna has made these patterns more apparent. The rule is simply stated as: There is a much higher probability that each species entering a community will be drawn from a different functional group (genus or other taxonomically related group of species with similar diets) until each group is represented, before the cycle repeats. A theoretical basis for the rule is proposed which extends the niche compression hypothesis to cover evolutionary time. Evolutionary constraints on adaptations for diet selection are greater than those operating on habitat selection. Successful tests in North America for the granivorous desert rodent guild and the mixed-forest insectivore guild support a wider application of this rule than the Australian communities from which it was derived. A speculative model is proposed in which the mechanisms involved in the operation of this rule shape the evolution of community structure.     

生态学的多样性指数:功能与系统发育

生物多样性是生态学的核心问题。传统的多样性指数仅包含物种数和相对多度的信息,这类基于分类学的多样性指数并不能很好地帮助理解群落构建和生态系统功能。不同物种对群落构建和生态系统功能所起到的作用类型和贡献也不完全相同,且物种在生态过程中的作用和贡献往往与性状密切相关,因此功能多样性已经成为反映物种群落构建、干扰以及环境因素对群落影响的重要指标。同时,由于亲缘关系相近的物种往往具有相似的性状,系统发育多样性也可以作为功能多样性的一个替代。功能多样性和系统发育多样性各自具有优缺点,但二者均比分类多样性更能揭示群落和生态系统的构建、维持与功能。     

Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution

MOTIVATION: The increasing availability of phylogenetic and trait data for communities of co-occurring species has created a need for software that integrates ecological and evolutionary analyses. Capabilities: Phylocom calculates numerous metrics of phylogenetic community structure and trait similarity within communities. Hypothesis testing is implemented using several null models. Within the same framework, it measures phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution for species traits. A range of utility functions allow community and phylogenetic data manipulation, tree and trait generation, and integration into scientific workflows. Availability: Open source at: http://phylodiversity.net/phylocom/.     

Pseudomonas community structure and antagonistic potential in the rhizosphere: insights gained by combining phylogenetic and functional gene-based analyses

The Pseudomonas community structure and antagonistic potential in the rhizospheres of strawberry and oilseed rape (host plants of the fungal phytopathogen Verticillium dahliae) were assessed. The use of a new PCR-DGGE system, designed to target Pseudomonas-specific gacA gene fragments in environmental DNA, circumvented common biases of 16S rRNA gene-based DGGE analyses and proved to be a reliable tool to unravel the diversity of uncultured Pseudomonas in bulk and rhizosphere soils. Pseudomonas-specific gacA fingerprints of total-community (TC) rhizosphere DNA were surprisingly diverse, plant-specific and differed markedly from those of the corresponding bulk soils. By combining multiple culture-dependent and independent surveys, a group of Pseudomonas isolates antagonistic towards V. dahliae was shown to be genotypically conserved, to carry the phlD biosynthetic locus (involved in the biosynthesis of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol - 2,4-DAPG), and to correspond to a dominant and highly frequent Pseudomonas population in the rhizosphere of field-grown strawberries planted at three sites in Germany which have different land use histories. This population belongs to the Pseudomonas fluorescens phylogenetic lineage and showed closest relatedness to P. fluorescens strain F113 (97% gacA gene sequence identity in 492-bp sequences), a biocontrol agent and 2,4-DAPG producer. Partial gacA gene sequences derived from isolates, clones of the strawberry rhizosphere and DGGE bands retrieved in this study represent previously undescribed Pseudomonas gacA gene clusters as revealed by phylogenetic analysis.     

Phylogenetic structure of mammal assemblages at large geographical scales: linking phylogenetic community ecology with macroecology

Phylogenetic community ecology seeks to explain the processes involved in the formation of species assemblages by analysing their phylogenetic structure, and to date has focused primarily on local-scale communities. Macroecology, on the other hand, is concerned with the structure of assemblages at large geographical scales, but has remained largely non-phylogenetic. Analysing the phylogenetic structure of large-scale assemblages provides a link between these two research programmes. In this paper, I ask whether we should expect large-scale assemblages to show significant phylogenetic structure, by outlining some of the ecological and macroevolutionary processes that may play a role in assemblage formation. As a case study, I then explore the phylogenetic structure of carnivore assemblages within the terrestrial ecoregions of Africa. Many assemblages at these scales are indeed phylogenetically non-random (either clustered or overdispersed). One interpretation of the observed patterns of phylogenetic structure is that many clades underwent rapid biome-filling radiations, followed by diversification slowdown and competitive sorting as niche space became saturated.     

Change in community phylogenetic structure during tropical forest succession: evidence from New Guinea

Ecologists have recently interpreted patterns of phylogenetic distance among coexisting species as indicative of processes affecting community assembly during forest succession. We investigated plant community phylogenetic structure along a successional gradient in New Guinean lowland rain forest. We surveyed all trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm in nineteen 0.25 ha plots representing younger secondary, older secondary, and primary forest. We estimated plant community phylogeny from rbcL gene sequences to quantify change in phylogenetic structure during succession. Mean phylogenetic distance among co‐occurring trees increased with total basal area per plot, a proxy for forest age. Significant phylogenetic clustering was detected in secondary forest whereas primary forest was significantly over‐dispersed relative to null expectations. We examined the sensitivity of these patterns to various methods of branch length estimation and phylogenetic uncertainty. Power to detect community phylogenetic patterns when equal branch lengths were assumed was weak in comparison to direct molecular and time‐calibrated measures of divergence. Inferred change during forest succession was also robust to phylogenetic uncertainty so long as temporal information was incorporated in estimates of divergence. The observed patterns are consistent with processes of environmental filtering during tropical forest succession giving way to other processes in primary forests including density‐dependence.     

Disturbance regime changes the trait distribution,phylogenetic structure and community assembly of tropical rain forests

A rapidly increasing effort to merge functional community ecology and phylogenetic biology has increased our understanding of community assembly. However, studies using both phylogenetic‐ and trait‐based methods have been mainly conducted in old‐growth forests, with fewer studies in human‐disturbed communities, which play an increasingly important role in providing ecosystem services as primary forests are degraded. We used data from 18 1‐ha plots in tropical old‐growth forests and secondary forests with different disturbance histories (logging and shifting cultivation) and vegetation types (tropical lowland and montane forests) on Hainan Island, southern China. The distributions of 11 functional traits were compared among these six forest types. We used a null model approach to assess the effects of disturbance regimes on variation in response and effect traits and community phylogenetic structure across different stem sizes (saplings, treelets, and adult trees) and spatial scales (10–50 m). We found significant differences in the distribution of functional traits in highly disturbed lowland sites versus other forest types. Many individuals in highly disturbed lowland sites were deciduous, spiny, with non‐fleshy fruits and seeds dispersed passively or by wind, and low SLA. The response traits of coexisting species were clustered in all sites except for highly disturbed lowland sites where evenness was evident. There were different distributions of effect traits for saplings and treelets among different forest types but adult trees showed stronger clustering of trait values with increasing spatial scale among all forest types. Phylogenetic clustering predominated across all size classes and spatial scales in the highly disturbed lowland sites, and evenness in other forest types. High disturbance can lead to abiotic filtering, generating a community dominated by closely related species with disturbance‐adapted traits, where biotic interactions play a relatively minor role. In lightly disturbed and old growth forests, multiple processes simultaneously drive the community assembly, but biotic processes dominate at the fine scale.     

Unravelling fish community assembly in shallow lakes: Insights from functional and phylogenetic diversity

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries - Global biodiversity loss has increased interest in identifying the patterns and mechanisms that shape community assembly. Growing empirical evidence...     

植物DNA条形码促进系统发育群落生态学发展

系统发育群落生态学是近年兴起的一个重要牛态学研究分支,它以群落生态学为基础并引入了系统发育的分析方法,全面动态地反映了群落中物种内和物种间的相互作用关系,揭示了群落格局形成的生态学过程,研究了生物多样性的形成及维持机制.巴拿马BCI(Barro Colorado Island)样地的成功例子说明,在固定样地进行长期的群落生态与系统发育研究切实可行且极具意义;DNA条形码的快速兴起对这一研究发挥着重要作用.本文先列举了群落生态与系统发育综合分析能解决的群落系统发育结构、群落生态位结构、生物地理学和性状进化等生态学问题;接着介绍了标准植物DNA条形码以及利用片段组合(rbcL+matK+trnH-psbA)进行快速物种识别和近缘种区分、精确群落系统发育关系的构建以及群落生态学研究;随后提出DNA条形码研究在类群水平上需注意两片段的条形码组合(matK+rbcL)在同属种鉴别能力上的不足,而在较大尺度群落水平上需对实验设计进行优化.DNA条形码将为探讨物种多样性及其维持机理、系统发育beta多样性以及群落水平上功能性状进化研究提供新的思路.