一氧化氮合酶的若干研究进展

一氧化氮合酶(NOS)是一氧化氮(NO)生物学与医学研究的重要内容.近年来,对NOS酶本质及其生化与分子生物学特性甚至某些分子遗传学方面的认识都在迅速发展和深化.研究表明,干预NOS-NO途径的某些环节,如酶激活、NO合成、释放与转运甚至有关酶的编码基因及其表达,将为某些临床问题的解决提供新的思路和手段．     

血立停胶囊对早孕大鼠RU486药流后NO、NOS表达的影响

目的:研究血立停胶囊对早孕大鼠RU486药物流产后的子宫平滑肌一氧化氮(NO)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)水平变化的影响。方法:选择妊娠Wistar大鼠,随机分为5组,即对照组,米非司酮组,大剂量血立停组,小剂量血立停组,催产素组。于妊娠第7天,开始相应处理,妊娠第14天分别监测早孕大鼠RU486药物流产后的子宫平滑肌一氧化氮(NO)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)水平后处死。结果:大剂量血立停可明显降低大鼠子宫肌组织匀浆中NO、NOS含量,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:血立停胶囊可降低子宫肌组织匀浆中NO、NOS水平,从而起到对药物流产后阴道出血的治疗作用。     

神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)与疼痛

一氧化氮(NO)是神经元细胞内一种新型的神经递质,它由一氧化氮合酶(NOS)催化而成。在神经系统中神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)是NO合成的关键酶。大量研究表明,nNOS可调节多种生理和病理过程诸如炎性痛和神经病理性疼痛。该文通过介绍nNOS的结构、分布和影响nNOS活性的因素,阐述了nNOS在病理性疼痛中的重要作用,为此可通过调节nNOS表达来达到调节生理和病理过程。     

HIF-NOS信号通路对哺乳动物卵巢NO依赖性功能的调控作用

一氧化氮(NO)作为气体明星分子和信号分子,在哺乳动物体内不同的生理调节过程中具有非常重要的作用,尤其是哺乳动物卵巢功能的调控.一氧化氮合酶(NOS)是NO合成的限速酶,是调节NO合成的关键环节,也是NO依赖性功能调控的重要环节.因此,调节NOS转录/合成的信号通路对哺乳动物卵巢NO依赖性功能具有至关重要的调控作用.最近的研究发现,缺氧诱导因子(HIF)作为转录因子,参与许多与缺氧相关靶基因的转录调控,如NOS和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)等.本文一方面描述了NO合成及其调控的分子机制,另一方面阐明了HIF作为转录因子对NOS的转录调控,从而揭示HIF在NO依赖性卵巢功能调控中的重要作用,同时为进一步研究哺乳动物卵巢功能的调控提供新的研究方向和理论基础.     

雌性动物生殖系统中的一氧化氮

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)属于无机自由基气体,作为一种特殊的生物传递信号分子,日益受到生命科学各领域的普遍重视。机体内的NO是由三种一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)合成的。NOS在体内的分布极为广泛,几乎遍布机体的每一个系统。研究表明,生殖系统中的NO参与了卵泡的发育和成熟、胚胎的植入、妊娠的维持、分娩等许多生理过程。现就NO在雌性生殖系统中的作用进行阐述。     

尾加压素对新生大鼠心肌细胞一氧化氮合成的影响

应用半定量逆转录－多聚酶链反应法,观察尾加压素（urotensin Ⅱ,UⅡ）对培养的新生SD大鼠心肌细胞内皮型一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)mRNA表达的影响,并测定UⅡ对心肌细胞内一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活性和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO)释放的影响。结果显示：UⅡ抑制培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞eNOS mRNA表达、抑制NOS的活性及NO释放;0.1μmol/L浓度的UⅡ呈时间依赖性抑制心肌细胞NOS的活性及NO生成。上述实验结果提示UⅡ的心血管作用可能与NO合成系统有关。     

植物体内一氧化氮合成途径研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种气体信号分子,在植物生理过程中发挥重要作用,它参与调节植物的生长、发育及对外界环境的应激反应.植物体内主要通过酶催化途径和非酶催化途径合成NO.酶催化途径合成NO的主要酶包括一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase,NR),以及在某些植物的特定组织或器官或在特殊环境条件下存在的一氧化氮氧化还原酶(nitric oxide oxidoreductase,Ni-NOR)和黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(xanthine oxidoreductase,XOR).非酶催化合成途径主要是在酸性和还原剂存在条件下将亚硝酸盐还原成NO.该文主要结合研究方法,综述了植物体内NO合成途径的研究进展,为植物体内NO信号的作用机理的深入研究提供信息资料.     

一氧化氮参与炎症及自身免疫反应

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是一种无机气体。在生物体内有多种生理和毒性作用。哺乳动物体内多种细胞可产生NO,如内皮细胞、神经细胞、巨噬细胞、血小板等,其靶细胞也多种多样。NO在体内是通过一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)由L-精氨酸合成。NOS有原生酶和诱生酶两种。原生酶为钙依赖     

两种常用的免疫组化染色方法对NOS染色效果的比较

目的比较ABC法和SP法两种免疫组织化学染色方法的染色效果。方法通过免疫组化检测一氧化氮合酶的三个亚型的蛋白i NOS、e NOS和n NOS的表达,观察三种蛋白的染色结果。结果 SP法检测i NOS和e NOS的敏感性要明显强于ABC法;SP法蛋白染色结果明显优于ABC法。结论 SP法检测NOS优于ABC法。     

核因子κB在精氨酸血管升压素诱导大鼠心肌成纤维细胞一氧化氮合成中的作用

本文探讨了精氨酸血管升压素(AVP)刺激下体外培养的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞(CFs)内一氧化氮(NO)含量、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因表达的变化及其与核因子κB(NF-κB)的关系。用胰酶消化法分离培养Sprague Dawley仔鼠的CFs,分别采用硝酸还原酶法、分光光度法、逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、免疫荧光-共聚焦显微镜和蛋白质印迹检测AVP干预下CFs的NO含量、NOS活性、iNOS mRNA表达和NF-κB的活化。结果显示,AVP浓度依赖性(0．001—0．1μmol／L)地增加CFs的NO含量,提高NOS活性,增加iNOS mRNA表达;AVP能够活化NF—κB,使其由细胞浆转位于细胞核;NF-κB特异性抑制剂吡咯啉烷二甲基硫脲(PDTC)能够抑制AVP诱导的CFs NO含量增加、NOS活性提高和iNOS mRNA表达增加。上述结果提示,AVP干预下CFs iNOS mRNA表达增加、NOS活性增高、NO合成增多可能通过NF-κB激活途径,NF-κB激活参与心肌纤维化的发生和发展。     

双歧杆菌对菌群失调大鼠血清NO及NOS的影响

目的观察双歧杆菌对抗生素诱导的菌群失调大鼠血清一氧化氮(Nitricoxlcle,NO)及一氧化氮合成酶(Nitric oxide synthase,NOS)的影响。方法肠道盐酸林可霉素脱污染制备肠道菌群失调大鼠。造模成功后用双歧杆菌活菌灌胃治疗,14 d后血清学检测细胞因子NO、NOS水平。结果与模型组相比,NO含量明显增多(P<0.05);NOS含量降低(P<0.05)。结论双歧杆菌活菌可能通过调节细胞因子NO、NOS含量而调整菌群失调大鼠肠道内有益菌的比例。     

口服L-瓜氨酸对大鼠勃起功能的影响

给予雄性SD大鼠口服不同剂量组的L-瓜氨酸8周后,检测电刺激大鼠阴茎海绵体神经海绵体内压(ICP)的变化;比色法检测血清和组织中的一氧化氮(NO)含量、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性及血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量等。结果高剂量(4.5 g.kg-1)L-瓜氨酸组ICP、NO含量、NOS活性显著增高;低、高剂量组SOD活性、GSH含量变化差异均无显著性。     

一氧化氮合酶与脓毒症的研究进展

脓毒症在外科临床工作中较常见,治疗相当困难;本文主要概述了一氧化氮合酶的基因定位、结构特点以及一氧化氮合酶与脓毒症的关系,进一步说明由一氧化氮合酶介导的一氧化氮生成与脓毒症关系密切,而选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂在脓毒症各阶段恰当的应用可能是有效治疗脓毒症、降低病死率的一个重要途径,也将成为今后研究的热点。     

一氧化氮合酶与脓毒症的研究进展

脓毒症在外科临床工作中较常见,治疗相当困难;本文主要概述了一氧化氮合酶的基因定位、结构特点以及一氧化氮合酶与脓毒症的关系,进一步说明由一氧化氮合酶介导的一氧化氮生成与脓毒症关系密切,而选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂在脓毒症各阶段恰当的应用可能是有效治疗脓毒症、降低病死率的一个重要途径,也将成为今后研究的热点。     

Irradiation of the rabbit cornea with UVB rays stimulates the expression of nitric oxide synthases-generated nitric oxide and the formation of cytotoxic nitrogen-related oxidants

Until now, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in cornea irradiated with UVB rays remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated nitric oxide synthase isomers (NOS), enzymes that generate NO, nitrotyrosine (NT), a cytotoxic byproduct of NO, and malondialdehyde (MDA), a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, in rabbit corneas repeatedly irradiated with UVB rays (312 nm, 1x daily for 6 days, the dose per day 1.01 J/cm2) using immunohistochemical methods. The biochemical measurement of nitrite and nitrate has been used for the indirect investigation of NO concentration in the aqueous humor. Results show that in contrast to normal corneas, where of the NOS isomers only endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) was expressed in a significant amount (in the epithelium and endothelium), in irradiated corneas all NOS isomers (also brain nitric oxide synthase, NOS1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, NOS2) as well as an indirect measure of ONOO-formation and MDA were gradually expressed, first in the epithelium, the endothelium and the keratocytes beneath the epithelium and finally in the cells of all corneal layers and the inflammatory cells that invaded the corneal stroma. This was accompanied by an elevated concentration of NO in the aqueous humor. In conclusion, repeated irradiation with UVB rays evoked the stimulation of NO production, peroxynitrite formation (demonstrated by NT residues) and lipid peroxidation (evaluated by MDA staining).     

The participation of brain NO synthase in blood pressure control of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats

Increased blood pressure (BP) in genetic hypertension is usually caused by high activity of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) which is enhanced by central angiotensin II but lowered by central nitric oxide (NO). We have therefore evaluated NO synthase (NOS) activity as well as neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) protein expression in brainstem and midbrain of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) characterized by enhanced sympathetic vasoconstriction. We also studied possible participation of brain NO in antihypertensive effects of chronic captopril treatment of adult SHR. NOS activity was increased in midbrain of SHR compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. This could be ascribed to enhanced iNOS expression, whereas nNOS expression was unchanged and eNOS expression was reduced in this brain region. In contrast, no significant changes of NOS activity were found in brainstem of SHR in which nNOS and iNOS expression was unchanged, but eNOS expression was increased. Chronic captopril administration lowered BP of adult SHR mainly by attenuation of sympathetic tone, whereas the reduction of angiotensin II-dependent vasoconstriction and the decrease of residual BP (amelioration of structural remodeling of resistance vessels) were less important. This treatment did not affect significantly either NOS activity or expression of any NOS isoform in the two brain regions. Our data do not support the hypothesis that altered brain NO formation contributes to sympathetic hyperactivity and high BP of adult SHR with established hypertension.     

Nitric Oxide:from a mysterious labile factor to the molecule of the Nobel Prize Recent progress in nitric oxide research

INTR0DUCTI0N:Nitric0xideandN0belPrizeScientificbreakthrough0ftenc0mesfr0munexpected0bserwtions,andimaginativeadventurousreseaxch.Intheearly8O'sattheNewYorkLab0ratoryofSunyHealthCentre,Dr.RobertFurchgottwaspresentedcontradictingresultsbyhistwotechnicians.Onetechnicianalwaysf0undtheacetycholinerelaxedthebloodvessel,whereasthe0therfounditalwayscausedcontraction.Furchg0ttnoticedthatonetechnicianhandledthevesselsroughlyandinadvertentlyrubbedoffthethinlayerofendotheliumfromthesurfaceoftheve…     

Nitric oxide releasing reagent,S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine,enhances the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase mRNA in rat vascular smooth muscle cells

Cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) produce nitric oxide (NO) under stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). NO synthase (NOS) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) mRNA expressions are simultaneously induced by these stimulants in rat VSMCs. In VSMCs, S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP), one of the NO releasing reagents, induces Mn-SOD mRNA which may protect the VSMCs themselves. This suggests that NO itself may enhance the expression of Mn-SOD to protect the VSMC themselves against NO radicals in cultured rat VSMCs. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.