资源竞争策略：民营医院发展策略初探

为解决民营医院发展中遇到的困境,本文从基于资源观的竞争力理论入手,在分析民营医院所处内外环境中的有利与不利因素的基础上,阐述了民营医院资源竞争力的内涵。作者建议民营医院一般发展策略包括优化现有资源运营与配置能力、强化资源整合能力,核心策略是培育创新资源的创新能力,通过这三种竞争力的强化以促进民营医院获取竞争优势,实现可持续发展。     

自花授粉作物种质资源繁殖更新的策略研究

有效的种质资源繁殖更新是保持作物异位保存种质资源活力和遗传完整性的首要工作.降低贮藏种子基因突变的累积效应,控制种质资源繁殖更新过程中由于遗传漂变、选择和污染所引起的遗传改变,对制定科学的种质资源繁殖更新策略十分重要.本文综述了国内外自花授粉作物种质资源繁殖更新策略研究的最新进展,并对更新种质资源活力、繁殖群体规模和种子收获方式对种质资源遗传完整性的影响进行讨论.     

我国电子商务发展策略分析

随着互联网环境的成熟,电子商务已融入我们的衣食住行各个方面,为我们的各个方面都带来了便利,但同时也存在弊端;为进一步了解电子商务的发展,实施有效的策略尽量避免弊端的出现,我们从电子商务发展、资源扩张、资金成本、人员培训、营销手段与风险几个方面分析电子商务发展策略。     

能源木薯种质资源面临的问题与解决策略

本文从种质资源角度,探讨了如何通过木薯新品种引进及基因工程开展木薯的定向培育研究。对淀粉品质、抗逆境特别是抗低温能力及采后生理性变质涉及的分予机制与生物技术研究策略进行了的解析和讨论,为我国木薯生物技术发展提供参考。     

我国民营医院发展现状集聚度评价

目的 对我国各地区民营医院的发展现状进行评价，为推动民营医院发展、民营医疗产业集聚的形成提供参考依据。方法 基于卫生资源集聚度的评价方法，分析我国各地区民营医院集聚度，以及与人口、经济和公立医院集聚度的相关性。结果 （1）经济集聚度较人口集聚度与民营医院集聚度的相关性更大。（2）我国少数地区民营医院集聚度与公立医院集聚度接近，绝大部分地区民营医院集聚度较低、规模偏小。（3）我国民营医院市场中综合医院比重较大，专科医院在经济发达地区集聚度较高。结论 民营医疗产业集聚速度缓慢、规模偏小，亟需政府积极引导，加快民营医疗产业集聚，发挥市场有效配置卫生资源的作用。     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因资源与分子育种策略

稻瘟病是水稻主要病害之一。利用抗病品种是防治稻瘟病最经济、有效和安全的措施。近年来,随着植物先天免疫机制、抗病分子生物学以及水稻和稻瘟菌基因组学研究的不断深入,一系列参与病原菌识别和防卫信号传导与应答,以及外源抗菌蛋白、病原菌激发子等抗病相关基因陆续被鉴定和克隆,为提高水稻抗稻瘟病能力提供了一些新的基因资源、育种策略和技术。本文概述了国内外近年来克隆的主要抗稻瘟病基因资源及其在分子育种研究中应用的进展,提出了通过转基因手段整合不同防卫反应关键调控基因的抗稻瘟病聚合育种策略。     

中国林业资源、投资与建设的空间分布与发展策略选择

基于2014年林业统计数据, 采用Stata13.0对我国31个省市进行聚类分析, 从而描绘林业资源、投资与建设的发展水平空间分布并对不同地区选择差异化发展策略。聚类结果体现出空间异质性: 发展较差的第一、二类主要分布在中部地区, 第三、四类分别分布在沿海和东部沿海地区, 发展较好的第五类主要分布在西北部地区, 同时发展水平相似的地区呈现集群性。且其空间分布图体现了“胡焕庸线”的规律, 即人口密度较高的东南部地区, 林业资源、投资与环境水平较低, 表明人口、资源与地理分布的紧密相关。从结果得出, 相比经济要素来说, 林业发展更应关注自然禀赋。不同地区应采取共同但有区别的发展策略, 总体上制定生态红线, 同时各地因地制宜以更好促进林业的永续经营。     

中国微生物学会微生物资源专业委员会发展历程北大核心

中国微生物学会微生物资源专业委员会成立于2009年,致力于推动微生物资源科研工作的开展,为微生物资源的保护与可持续利用提供技术支撑和战略指导。积极开展各种形式的学术交流、人才培养和国际合作,促进微生物资源领域的创新与发展,推动我国微生物学科的不断进步。随着科技的不断进步和经济的快速发展,微生物资源的研究和利用已成为国际科技领域的重要热点之一。因此,微生物资源专业委员会的建设与发展具有重要意义,将进一步推动我国微生物学科的发展,提高我国在该领域的学术地位和国际竞争力。     

微藻生物炼制研究现状及发展策略

前言 资源短缺和环境污染问题已成为制约世界经济可持续发展的瓶颈.以可再生且环境友好的生物质资源替代化石资源已成为解决资源和环境问题的主要途径之一①,Henry R.Bungay②在1982年针对生物质资源开发与利用提出了生物炼制(Bio-Refinery)这一概念.美国国家可再生能源实验室(U.S.NREL)将生物炼制定义为将生物质原料转化为燃料、电热能和化学产品的生物质转化工艺与设备的集成.生物炼制的原料主要有:含纤维素的生物质和废弃物、谷类或玉米、青草、苜蓿、微藻等.其中微藻是一类在海洋、湖泊等水体中广泛分布的微型植物,能够利用光能固定CO2实现自养,其细胞中含有丰富的油脂、色素、蛋白质、维生素等成分.微藻生物炼制是以微藻为原料,生产各种化学品、燃料、生物基材料和食品等产品的工艺与设备的集成.     

基于边界分析的民营医院发展问题的探析和启示

采用文献边界分析,形成问题系统并进行边界分析。基于问题视角,指出解决问题的思路包括需完善政府和民营医院对其发展定位和管理,重塑医院品牌等。基于研究视角,指出民营医院的研究需与实践紧密配合,考虑研究设计的合理性和策略措施的可操作性等。     

Interspecific Competition Models Derived from Competition Among Individuals

This paper demonstrates how discrete-time models describing population dynamics of two competing species can be derived in a bottom-up manner by considering competition for resources among individuals and the spatial distribution of individuals. The competition type of each species is assumed to be either scramble, contest, or an intermediate between them. Individuals of two species are distributed over resource sites or patches following one of three distribution functions. According to the combination of competition types of the two species and the distribution of individuals, various interspecific competition models are derived. Furthermore, a general interspecific competition model that includes various competition models as special cases is derived for each distribution of individuals. Finally, this paper examines dynamics of some of the derived competition models and shows that the likelihood of coexistence of the two species varies greatly, depending on the type of spatial distribution of individuals.     

加快完善我国社会资本办医的基本策略研究

总结了我国新医改政策实施以来社会资本办医事业的发展现状，梳理我国现阶段发展社会资本办医事业所亟需解决的问题，提出完善社会资本办医疗机构相关政策的基本思路，为发展我国社会资本办医事业提供一定参考。     

新形势下医院人力资源管理的思考

现阶段医院之间的竞争已经逐渐演变为人力资源之间的竞争,而我国受计划经济的影响,医院人力资源管理体制落后。分析了国内外人力资源管理的相关文献,并结合我国医院人力资源管理的现状,提出了改革思路以及相关的政策建议。

     

Competition for two resources

Summary Tadpoles of the tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis, were raised at low and high levels of two independent, growth-limiting resources: solid food substrates and ingestible particles. The effect of resource level on intraspecific competition was measured as the relative importance of interference versus exploitative competitive mechanisms. The levels of both solid food substrates and particles affected the outcome of competition among the tadpoles, despite their independent effects on growth. Current models of competition generally allow only one resource to limit population growth. This result implies that more than one resource may influence the outcome of intraspecific competition.     

Competition between two species for two complementary or substitutable resources

The classical models of interspecific competition are phenomenological, that is, they purport to describe the trajectories followed by the abundances of both competitors, without specifying either mechanisms or the dynamics of what the competition is for, i.e. resources. Yet the conditions for the different outcomes of competition inferred from these models are most often interpreted in terms of resources. Here it is contended that the dynamics of resource supply and exploitation must be explicitly taken into account if these conditions are to be obtained in any accurate form. First, the distinction between perfectly substitutable, imperfectly substitutable and perfectly complementary resources is examined. This leads to an array of models intended to mirror interspecific exploitative competition for two resources for each category considered. Then, the conditions for the coexistence of the two competitors in each case are derived and presented with direct reference to the modes of resource use.     

Interspecific Resource Competition Effects on Fisheries Revenue

In many fisheries multiple species are simultaneously caught while stock assessments and fishing quota are defined at species level. Yet species caught together often share habitat and resources, resulting in interspecific resource competition. The consequences of resource competition on population dynamics and revenue of simultaneously harvested species has received little attention due to the historical single stock approach in fisheries management. Here we present the results of a modelling study on the interaction between resource competition of sole (Solea solea) and slaice (Pleuronectus platessa) and simultaneous harvesting of these species, using a stage-structured population model. Three resources were included of which one is shared with a varied competition intensity. We find that plaice is the better competitor of the two species and adult plaice are more abundant than adult sole. When competition is high sole population biomass increases with increasing fishing effort prior to plaice extinction. As a result of this increase in the sole population, the revenue of the stocks combined as function of effort becomes bimodal with increasing resource competition. When considering a single stock quota for sole, its recovery with increasing effort may result in even more fishing effort that would drive the plaice population to extinction. When sole and plaice compete for resources the highest revenue is obtained at effort levels at which plaice is extinct. Ignoring resource competition promotes overfishing due to increasing stock of one species prior to extinction of the other species. Consequently, efforts to mitigate the decline in one species will not be effective if increased stock in the other species leads to increased quota. If a species is to be protected against extinction, management should not only be directed at this one species, but all species that compete with it for resource as well.     

Local Competition, Inbreeding, and the Evolution of Sex-Biased Dispersal

Using game theory, we developed a kin-selection model to investigate the consequences of local competition and inbreeding depression on the evolution of natal dispersal. Mating systems have the potential to favor strong sex biases in dispersal because sex differences in potential reproductive success affect the balance between local resource competition and local mate competition. No bias is expected when local competition equally affects males and females, as happens in monogamous systems and also in polygynous or promiscuous ones as long as female fitness is limited by extrinsic factors (breeding resources). In contrast, a male-biased dispersal is predicted when local mate competition exceeds local resource competition, as happens under polygyny/promiscuity when female fitness is limited by intrinsic factors (maximal rate of processing resources rather than resources themselves). This bias is reinforced by among-sex interactions: female philopatry enhances breeding opportunities for related males, while male dispersal decreases the chances that related females will inbreed. These results meet empirical patterns in mammals: polygynous/promiscuous species usually display a male-biased dispersal, while both sexes disperse in monogamous species. A parallel is drawn with sex-ratio theory, which also predicts biases toward the sex that suffers less from local competition. Optimal sex ratios and optimal sex-specific dispersal show mutual dependence, which argues for the development of coevolution models.     

Competition for Resources and Its Behavioral Consequences Among Female Primates

Via the current model on the evolutionary ecology of female social relationships, Sterck et al. (1997) argue that ecological conditions determine how competition over food resources affects female fitness. The relative importance of different modes of competition then affects female social relationships and dispersal patterns. I outline the model and review relevant data. There are 3 modes of feeding competition: within-group scramble (WGS), within-group contest (WGC), and between-group contest (BGC), which occur in various combinations in different populations of nonhuman primates. Ecological measures support predictions that limiting resources lead to WGS and clumped resources induce WGC. The ecological basis of BGC remains elusive, but it is probably linked to resource abundance. Tests of the proxies of feeding competition support the idea that short-term search substrates and increasing group size lead to WGS, while high-quality patches of intermediate size relative to group size lead to WGC. However, when tested across populations, independent measures of aggression rates do not always match the actual or presumed competitive regimes. This mismatch might be explained by confounding factors and the predominately indirect measures of feeding competition. Predicted relationships between feeding competition and female social relationships/dispersal are only partly supported. This might be attributed to the fact that few studies have taken ultimate approaches using mechanistic correlates of fitness (net energy gain) or lifetime reproductive success to measure consequences of feeding competition. But to resolve existing inconsistencies, additional factors need to be taken into account as well, for example, male sexual strategies may affect female feeding competition; constraints on group size may enforce female dispersal; and demography may alter rates of alliances. More explicitly, ultimate approaches are needed to test the consistency of the socioecological model.     

Pattern Formation by Competition: A Biological Example

We present a simple model based on a reaction-diffusion equation to explain pattern formation in a multicellular bacterium (Streptomyces). We assume competition for resources as the basic mechanism that leads to pattern formation; in particular we are able to reproduce the spatial pattern formed by bacterial aerial mycelium in the case of growth in minimal (low resources) and maximal (large resources) culture media.