凝血酶滴定法测定水蛭素活性的改进

目的：通过改进,建立一种简便经济且重复性和准确度好,又省时的凝血酶滴定法测定水蛭素活性。方法：用Markwardt提出的凝敌国酶滴定法和改进后的滴定法分别对同一批样品进行滴定比较,论述改进后的滴定法的过程和优点。结果：改进后,配制不同浓度梯度的凝血酶溶液,采用逐步缩小活性范围,多次换试管重滴的浓度梯度法,结果重复性和准确度较好,省时。     

重组低出血抗凝蛋白在毕赤酵母中的中试发酵工艺研究及其纯化与鉴定

目的:通过对毕赤酵母中试发酵工艺的改进,建立一种简便可行的重组低出血抗凝蛋白(EH)的中试发酵工艺,为EH蛋白的放大生产研究奠定基础。方法:首先通过摇瓶培养绘测毕赤酵母工程菌的生长曲线,然后根据生长曲线,将对数生长期的菌种经过两级摇瓶培养放大后,直接接种到500 L的发酵罐中放大培养,通过发酵液的D600nm值、溶氧值(DO2)及菌体湿重动态监测细菌的生长状态,并用流加甲醇的方法诱导表达目的蛋白;表达上清经超滤、两步离子交换层析纯化获得目的蛋白;用非还原型SDS-PAGE和HPLC检测目的蛋白的纯度;用SDS-PAGE和质谱方法分析目的蛋白的相对分子质量;用Western印迹验证目的蛋白;用凝块法检测目的蛋白的抗凝活性。结果:发酵结束时,上清中蛋白含量达1.41 g/L,经后期分离纯化,得到约21 g EH蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析可见EH蛋白在还原状态下表观相对分子质量约为13.2×103±0.2×103,质谱分析相对分子质量约为7.3×103±0.73×103;Western印迹表明检测条带为目的蛋白,能被抗水蛭素抗体特异性结合;非还原型SDS-PAGE和HPLC测得EH蛋白的纯度均高于95%;凝块法检测EH蛋白的抗凝比活性为512~1024 ATU/mg。结论:建立了一条简便可行的EH蛋白的中试放大发酵生产工艺。     

水蛭素12肽与低分子量单链尿激酶融合基因的构建、表达及产物特性分析

用化学合成的方法合成了水蛭素12肽基因的编码序列,通过DNA重组技术将水蛭素12肽基因片段与低分子量单链尿激酶cDNA片段连接构建了融合基因。融合基因在大肠杆菌中获得表达。体外实验结果表明,表达的融合蛋白具有溶纤活性和抗凝活性。     

重组水蛭素相关肽Hi-lys的表达与纯化(英文)

为开发一种新的有临床应用价值的抗血栓药物,根据水蛭素保持抗凝活性的2 0肽片段,设计并构建了水蛭素相关肽(Hi lys)与天冬酰胺酶C端的融合表达系统.为方便目的肽与融合伙伴的分离,增加了富含带电序列的8肽(KRKRKKSR)及酸敏感的天冬氨酰 脯氨酸(Asp Pro)位点,获得了表达质粒pED P8 Hi lys.将其转化E .coliBL 2 1,玉米浆培养基(kanr)培养,乳糖诱导获得融合蛋白(AnsB C P8 Hi lys)的高效表达.通过细菌裂解、包涵体洗涤、尿素溶解、乙醇沉淀、酸水解和DEAE 纤维素5 2柱层析纯化获得目的肽Hi lys ,用凝血酶测定法测得其抗凝活性为5 0ATU mg .     

抗凝良药水蛭素的研究进展

从水蛭素的分子生物学性质,克隆表达研究,以及临床应用研究等主要方面论述抗凝防栓良药水蛭素的研究进展,并对水蛭的临床应用价值,开发研究成为抗栓领域的一大热点进行了论述。     

重组抗凝蛋白-新蛭素的原核表达研究

目的:重组新蛭素(EH)是在抗凝蛋白水蛭素的氨基末端添加3个氨基酸(EPR)的衍生物,以往EH的表达工艺沿用水蛭素的酵母表达工艺,生产周期长、目标蛋白表达效率相对较低。而水蛭素类的蛋白在大肠杆菌中往往以包涵体形式表达,后期的分离纯化收率较低,无法适应产业化。为了提高EH的生产效率,探索了EH在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达。方法:首先通过PCR的方法获得eh的cDNA,PCR产物连接入原核表达载体pET-22或pET-24中获得重组表达质粒,将重组表达质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)或BL21(plySs),获得重组工程菌BL21(DE3)-pET-24-eh,BL21(DE3)-pET-22-eh,BL21(plySs)-pET-22-eh。重组工程菌进行IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定表达产物。结果:EH在3个重组工程菌中均可实现可溶性表达。表达水平较高的为BL21(DE3)-pET-24-eh工程菌;之后通过优化诱导温度,时间,诱导剂浓度、诱导前菌种密度,确定最佳条件为:37℃,诱导6h,IPTG浓度为0.4μmol/L,诱导前菌种密度在OD₆₀₀=1左右。诱导产物经分离纯化,其纯度可达96.93%。最后通过蛋白含量测定及抗凝活性检测,确定表达的EH蛋白本身无抗凝活性,被FXa裂解后可以释放出水蛭素的抗凝活性。结论:实现了EH在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达,表达周期短,有望提高EH的生产效率,为EH的产业化奠定了基础,也为水蛭素类产品的生产提供了新的工艺途径。     

人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂-水蛭素融合基因的构建及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

构建并表达兼有溶栓和抗凝活性、减少出血副作用的人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)和水蛭素(HV2)的融合蛋白。通过提取总RNA和RT-PCR获得t-PA基因,与HV2基因通过活化凝血因子X(Fxa)识别序列（IEGR）的对应碱基序列连接构成融合蛋白基因,融合蛋白基因经pGEM-T、pIC9克隆至表达载体pIC9K上,电转导入毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）GS115。转化子摇瓶内甲醇诱导表达。纤维蛋白平板溶圈法和纤维蛋白凝块法分别检测溶栓和抗凝活性。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示克隆的t-PA基因片段大小为1700bp,序列测定结果表明其35位氨基酸由文献报道的精氨酸突变为色氨酸。限制性酶切和PCR鉴定结果均表明融合蛋白基因已克隆入表达载体和宿主菌。甲醇利用实验、G418抗性筛选获得多拷贝甲醇利用快型克隆。甲醇诱导表达产物具有纤溶活性并可被抗t-PA抗体抑制。完整融合蛋白无抗凝活性,但以Fxa裂解后可释放抗凝活性。同时,融合蛋白以单链和双链两种形式存在。融合蛋白在血栓部位特有的Fxa作用下靶向释放抗凝活性,具有溶栓抗凝双功能,有望降低临床出血副作用。     

线虫抗凝血蛋白c2的融合表达及其抗凝活性分析

目的:在大肠杆菌中表达硫氧还蛋白-线虫抗凝血蛋白c2(Trx-NAPc2)融合蛋白,并检测其抗凝活性。方法:将扩增的NAPc2基因经BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切后连接到表达载体pET-32a中,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),分别经IPTG和乳糖诱导表达;表达产物经镍琼脂糖凝胶FF纯化后,用体外凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT)试验检测抗凝血活性。结果:构建了pET-32a/NAPc2表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中高效表达,表达产物主要以可溶形式存在,纯化的Trx-NAPc2融合蛋白能明显延长PT及aPTT。结论:在大肠杆菌中高效表达了具有生物活性的Trx-NAPc2融合蛋白,为进一步研究NAPc2的功能及应用奠定了基础。     

Platelet factor 4 neutralizes heparan sulfate-enhanced antithrombin inactivation of factor Xa by preventing interaction(s) of enzyme with polysaccharide

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a heparin-binding protein which exhibits anti-heparin activities through the inhibition of antithrombin (AT)-dependent reactions with the serine proteases thrombin and factor Xa. PF4 also neutralizes heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present on the surface of endothelial cells, thereby possibly modulating an anticoagulant response. Previous models of PF4 mechanism did not distinguish whether PF4 causes steric hindrance of AT binding to fXa or of AT binding to the surface of the GAG chain. To shed light on the mechanism of PF4, studies of HS/heparin-catalyzed fXa inactivation by AT were undertaken. The results were consistent with PF4 directly interfering with AT binding to fXa rather than AT binding to the GAG chain, since PF4 did not prevent the heparin-dependent increase in AT intrinsic fluorescence. In fact, PF4 mechanism was competitive with respect to AT and non-competitive with respect to fXa, suggesting inhibition of important regulatory/catalytic interactions of fXa with the polysaccharide. Altogether, the results suggested a model by which PF4 bound to proximal (but distinct) sites to AT, resulting in steric interference of fXa binding to both polysaccharide and AT. It is proposed that PF4 inhibited the sequence of events recapitulated in the template mechanism describing heparin-dependent inhibition of fXa.     

Role of P2 glycine in determining the specificity of antithrombin reaction with coagulation proteases

Structural data suggests that bulky hydrophobic residues at the S2-S4 sub-sites of factor Xa (fXa) restrict the preference of this pocket for small and non-polar residues like Gly at the P2 position of substrates and inhibitors. However, kinetic studies monitoring the cleavage specificity of 10-residue peptides by fXa have identified Phe as the most preferred P2 residue and Gln-Phe-Arg-Ser-Leu-Ser as the most preferred P3-P3′ residues for recognition by fXa. To determine whether this mechanism of specificity is also true for fXa reaction with antithrombin (AT), we prepared two AT mutants having either a Phe at the P2 or Gln-Phe-Arg-Ser-Leu-Ser at the P3-P3′ positions of the reactive center loop. Inhibition kinetic studies indicated that the reactivity of P2-Phe with fXa was significantly (∼5-fold) impaired, however, the P3-P3′ mutant exhibited 1.5-fold improved reactivity with the protease, suggesting cooperative effects between P3-P3′ residues influence the P2 specificity of AT. Substitution of Tyr-99 of fXa with a Gly dramatically impaired the reactivity of fXa with wild-type AT, but improved its reactivity with the serpin mutants in the absence, but not in the presence of pentasaccharide. AT with a P2-Phe inhibited thrombin with >150-fold impaired reactivity, however, the defect was restored by either pentasaccharide or by replacing Leu-99 of thrombin with a Gly. The P3-P3′ mutant rapidly inhibited factors VIIa and XIa independent of pentasaccharide. These results indicate that P2-Gly plays a key role in determining the S2 sub-site specificity and target protease selectivity of AT in circulation.     

Antithrombin activity of the hirudin N-terminal core domain residues 1–43

Hirudin N-terminal core domain residues 1–43 (r-Hir^1–43) were prepared from limited proteolysis of recombinant hirudin by V8 Staphylococcal protease followed by purification with reversed-phase HPLC. r-Hir^1-43 lacks the putative reactive site of hirudin (Lys⁴⁷), but binds to thrombin (with K_i of 300 nM) and blocks the catalytic activity of the protease. The structural element which accounts for the thrombin inhibitory activity of r-Hir^1–43 is analyzed in this report.     

Arg-129 plays a specific role in the confirmation of antithrombin and in the enhancement of factor Xa inhibition by the pentasaccharode sequence of heparin

Small amounts of a variant antithrombin (AT) bearing an Arg-129 to Gln mutation were purified from plasma by means of affinity chromatography on insolubilized herapin at very low ionic strength. As a control, two variant antithrombins, one bearing on Pro-41 to Leu mutation and the other an Arg-47 to His mutation, were purified in the same way. The biochemical characterization of the variants and the kinetic study of thrombin and activated factor X (F Xa) inhibition in the presence of heparin and heparin derivatives suggest that Arg-129 plays a specific role in AT conformation and F Xa inhibition enhancement. Indeed, the purified variant adopted the locked conformation described ,for AT submitted to mild denaturing conditions (Carrell, R.W., Evans, D.Li and Stein, P.E. (1991) Nature 353, 576–578) and resembling the latent form of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) (Mottonen J., Strand, A., Symersky, J., Sweet, R.M., Danley, D.E., Geohegan, K.F., Gerard, R.D. and Goldsmith, E.J. (1992) Nature 355, 270–273). Moreover, the mutant AT was partially reactivated by heparin for thrombin inhibition, but did not respond to the specific pentasaccharide domain of heparin for F Xa inhibition.     

Interaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound thrombin with hirudin

The human thrombin bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) in a 1:1 stoichiometry is still able to interact with one of its specific inhibitors, hirudin. The dissociation constant of the complex hirudin--alpha 2M-bound thrombin is 1 X 10(-7) M, whatever the mode of thrombin binding, covalent or non-covalent.     

On substrate specificity of the donor site of the Escherichia coli ribosomal peptidyl transferase center: Synthesis of dipeptides from 3′-terminal fragments of aminoacyl-tRNA

The insulin receptor of human placenta even after extensive purification is phosphorylated in the presence of [γ-³²P]ATP and NaF, and is dephosphorylated again on incubation in NaF-free medium. Insulin stimulates phosphate incorporation into the M_r95 000 subunit probably by activation of the phosphorylation step. Our data suggest that the insulin receptor contains both kinase and phosphatase activities that may control the phosphorylation state of the receptor.