凝血酶滴定法测定水蛭素活性的改进

目的：通过改进,建立一种简便经济且重复性和准确度好,又省时的凝血酶滴定法测定水蛭素活性。方法：用Markwardt提出的凝敌国酶滴定法和改进后的滴定法分别对同一批样品进行滴定比较,论述改进后的滴定法的过程和优点。结果：改进后,配制不同浓度梯度的凝血酶溶液,采用逐步缩小活性范围,多次换试管重滴的浓度梯度法,结果重复性和准确度较好,省时。     

重组低出血抗凝蛋白在毕赤酵母中的中试发酵工艺研究及其纯化与鉴定

目的:通过对毕赤酵母中试发酵工艺的改进,建立一种简便可行的重组低出血抗凝蛋白(EH)的中试发酵工艺,为EH蛋白的放大生产研究奠定基础。方法:首先通过摇瓶培养绘测毕赤酵母工程菌的生长曲线,然后根据生长曲线,将对数生长期的菌种经过两级摇瓶培养放大后,直接接种到500 L的发酵罐中放大培养,通过发酵液的D600nm值、溶氧值(DO2)及菌体湿重动态监测细菌的生长状态,并用流加甲醇的方法诱导表达目的蛋白;表达上清经超滤、两步离子交换层析纯化获得目的蛋白;用非还原型SDS-PAGE和HPLC检测目的蛋白的纯度;用SDS-PAGE和质谱方法分析目的蛋白的相对分子质量;用Western印迹验证目的蛋白;用凝块法检测目的蛋白的抗凝活性。结果:发酵结束时,上清中蛋白含量达1.41 g/L,经后期分离纯化,得到约21 g EH蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析可见EH蛋白在还原状态下表观相对分子质量约为13.2×103±0.2×103,质谱分析相对分子质量约为7.3×103±0.73×103;Western印迹表明检测条带为目的蛋白,能被抗水蛭素抗体特异性结合;非还原型SDS-PAGE和HPLC测得EH蛋白的纯度均高于95%;凝块法检测EH蛋白的抗凝比活性为512~1024 ATU/mg。结论:建立了一条简便可行的EH蛋白的中试放大发酵生产工艺。     

水蛭素12肽与低分子量单链尿激酶融合基因的构建、表达及产物特性分析

用化学合成的方法合成了水蛭素12肽基因的编码序列,通过DNA重组技术将水蛭素12肽基因片段与低分子量单链尿激酶cDNA片段连接构建了融合基因。融合基因在大肠杆菌中获得表达。体外实验结果表明,表达的融合蛋白具有溶纤活性和抗凝活性。     

重组水蛭素相关肽Hi-lys的表达与纯化(英文)

为开发一种新的有临床应用价值的抗血栓药物,根据水蛭素保持抗凝活性的2 0肽片段,设计并构建了水蛭素相关肽(Hi lys)与天冬酰胺酶C端的融合表达系统.为方便目的肽与融合伙伴的分离,增加了富含带电序列的8肽(KRKRKKSR)及酸敏感的天冬氨酰 脯氨酸(Asp Pro)位点,获得了表达质粒pED P8 Hi lys.将其转化E .coliBL 2 1,玉米浆培养基(kanr)培养,乳糖诱导获得融合蛋白(AnsB C P8 Hi lys)的高效表达.通过细菌裂解、包涵体洗涤、尿素溶解、乙醇沉淀、酸水解和DEAE 纤维素5 2柱层析纯化获得目的肽Hi lys ,用凝血酶测定法测得其抗凝活性为5 0ATU mg .     

抗凝良药水蛭素的研究进展

从水蛭素的分子生物学性质,克隆表达研究,以及临床应用研究等主要方面论述抗凝防栓良药水蛭素的研究进展,并对水蛭的临床应用价值,开发研究成为抗栓领域的一大热点进行了论述。     

重组抗凝蛋白-新蛭素的原核表达研究

目的:重组新蛭素(EH)是在抗凝蛋白水蛭素的氨基末端添加3个氨基酸(EPR)的衍生物,以往EH的表达工艺沿用水蛭素的酵母表达工艺,生产周期长、目标蛋白表达效率相对较低。而水蛭素类的蛋白在大肠杆菌中往往以包涵体形式表达,后期的分离纯化收率较低,无法适应产业化。为了提高EH的生产效率,探索了EH在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达。方法:首先通过PCR的方法获得eh的cDNA,PCR产物连接入原核表达载体pET-22或pET-24中获得重组表达质粒,将重组表达质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)或BL21(plySs),获得重组工程菌BL21(DE3)-pET-24-eh,BL21(DE3)-pET-22-eh,BL21(plySs)-pET-22-eh。重组工程菌进行IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定表达产物。结果:EH在3个重组工程菌中均可实现可溶性表达。表达水平较高的为BL21(DE3)-pET-24-eh工程菌;之后通过优化诱导温度,时间,诱导剂浓度、诱导前菌种密度,确定最佳条件为:37℃,诱导6h,IPTG浓度为0.4μmol/L,诱导前菌种密度在OD₆₀₀=1左右。诱导产物经分离纯化,其纯度可达96.93%。最后通过蛋白含量测定及抗凝活性检测,确定表达的EH蛋白本身无抗凝活性,被FXa裂解后可以释放出水蛭素的抗凝活性。结论:实现了EH在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达,表达周期短,有望提高EH的生产效率,为EH的产业化奠定了基础,也为水蛭素类产品的生产提供了新的工艺途径。     

线虫抗凝血蛋白c2的融合表达及其抗凝活性分析

目的:在大肠杆菌中表达硫氧还蛋白-线虫抗凝血蛋白c2(Trx-NAPc2)融合蛋白,并检测其抗凝活性。方法:将扩增的NAPc2基因经BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切后连接到表达载体pET-32a中,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),分别经IPTG和乳糖诱导表达;表达产物经镍琼脂糖凝胶FF纯化后,用体外凝血酶原时间(PT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(aPTT)试验检测抗凝血活性。结果:构建了pET-32a/NAPc2表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中高效表达,表达产物主要以可溶形式存在,纯化的Trx-NAPc2融合蛋白能明显延长PT及aPTT。结论:在大肠杆菌中高效表达了具有生物活性的Trx-NAPc2融合蛋白,为进一步研究NAPc2的功能及应用奠定了基础。     

人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂-水蛭素融合基因的构建及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

构建并表达兼有溶栓和抗凝活性、减少出血副作用的人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)和水蛭素(HV2)的融合蛋白。通过提取总RNA和RT-PCR获得t-PA基因,与HV2基因通过活化凝血因子X(Fxa)识别序列（IEGR）的对应碱基序列连接构成融合蛋白基因,融合蛋白基因经pGEM-T、pIC9克隆至表达载体pIC9K上,电转导入毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）GS115。转化子摇瓶内甲醇诱导表达。纤维蛋白平板溶圈法和纤维蛋白凝块法分别检测溶栓和抗凝活性。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示克隆的t-PA基因片段大小为1700bp,序列测定结果表明其35位氨基酸由文献报道的精氨酸突变为色氨酸。限制性酶切和PCR鉴定结果均表明融合蛋白基因已克隆入表达载体和宿主菌。甲醇利用实验、G418抗性筛选获得多拷贝甲醇利用快型克隆。甲醇诱导表达产物具有纤溶活性并可被抗t-PA抗体抑制。完整融合蛋白无抗凝活性,但以Fxa裂解后可释放抗凝活性。同时,融合蛋白以单链和双链两种形式存在。融合蛋白在血栓部位特有的Fxa作用下靶向释放抗凝活性,具有溶栓抗凝双功能,有望降低临床出血副作用。     

静电纺丝纳米纤维体外释放与蛋白活性的研究

目的:通过选择不同的模型蛋白,探讨准确的研究静电纺丝纳米纤维支架的体外释放和快速的测定蛋白活性的方法.方法:通过O/W乳液法静电纺丝制备纳米纤维,并用扫描电镜对纳米纤维表面进行了表征.以GM-CSF为模型蛋白,采用ELISA双抗体夹心法考察纤维的体外释放行为;以BSA为模型蛋白,用SEC-H-PLC比较纤维制备前后蛋白的聚集情况;以β-半乳糖苷酶为模型蛋白,用ONPG法比较纤维制备前后酶的催化活性.结果:纤维表面平滑,直径均一,呈现互相连通的三维网状结构.纤维在5天内释放90％以上;纤维中回收的BSA单体比例为66.53％;β-半乳糖苷酶在纤维中的催化活性保持原活性的3.37％.结论:通过选择不同的模型蛋白,能够准确的测定静电纺丝纤维的体外释放,快速的考察纤维中的蛋白活性,对于更好的研究蛋白药物纳米纤维支架具有重要的参考价值.     

Antithrombin activity of the hirudin N-terminal core domain residues 1–43

Hirudin N-terminal core domain residues 1–43 (r-Hir^1–43) were prepared from limited proteolysis of recombinant hirudin by V8 Staphylococcal protease followed by purification with reversed-phase HPLC. r-Hir^1-43 lacks the putative reactive site of hirudin (Lys⁴⁷), but binds to thrombin (with K_i of 300 nM) and blocks the catalytic activity of the protease. The structural element which accounts for the thrombin inhibitory activity of r-Hir^1–43 is analyzed in this report.     

EH domain of EHD1

EHD1 is a member of the mammalian C-terminal Eps15 homology domain (EH) containing protein family, and regulates the recycling of various receptors from the endocytic recycling compartment to the plasma membrane. The EH domain of EHD1 binds to proteins containing either an Asn-Pro-Phe or Asp-Pro-Phe motif, and plays an important role in the subcellular localization and function of EHD1. Thus far, the structures of five N-terminal EH domains from other proteins have been solved, but to date, the structure of the EH domains from the four C-terminal EHD family paralogs remains unknown. In this study, we have assigned the 133 C-terminal residues of EHD1, which includes the EH domain, and solved its solution structure. While the overall structure resembles that of the second of the three N-terminal Eps15 EH domains, potentially significant differences in surface charge and the structure of the tripeptide-binding pocket are discussed.     

Platelet factor 4 neutralizes heparan sulfate-enhanced antithrombin inactivation of factor Xa by preventing interaction(s) of enzyme with polysaccharide

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a heparin-binding protein which exhibits anti-heparin activities through the inhibition of antithrombin (AT)-dependent reactions with the serine proteases thrombin and factor Xa. PF4 also neutralizes heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present on the surface of endothelial cells, thereby possibly modulating an anticoagulant response. Previous models of PF4 mechanism did not distinguish whether PF4 causes steric hindrance of AT binding to fXa or of AT binding to the surface of the GAG chain. To shed light on the mechanism of PF4, studies of HS/heparin-catalyzed fXa inactivation by AT were undertaken. The results were consistent with PF4 directly interfering with AT binding to fXa rather than AT binding to the GAG chain, since PF4 did not prevent the heparin-dependent increase in AT intrinsic fluorescence. In fact, PF4 mechanism was competitive with respect to AT and non-competitive with respect to fXa, suggesting inhibition of important regulatory/catalytic interactions of fXa with the polysaccharide. Altogether, the results suggested a model by which PF4 bound to proximal (but distinct) sites to AT, resulting in steric interference of fXa binding to both polysaccharide and AT. It is proposed that PF4 inhibited the sequence of events recapitulated in the template mechanism describing heparin-dependent inhibition of fXa.     

The Eps15 homology (EH) domain

The Eps15 homology (EH) domain was originally identified as a motif present in three copies at the NH2-termini of Eps15 and of the related molecule Eps15R. Both of these molecules are substrates for the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor and hence the name 'Eps15 homology' or EH domain [Wong et al. (1994) Oncogene 9, 1591-1597; Wong et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9530-9534; Fazioli et al. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 5814-5828] was derived. The motif was subsequently found in several proteins from yeast to nematode, thus establishing its evolutionary conservation. Initial studies with filter-binding assays and phage-displayed libraries demonstrated its protein:protein interaction abilities and identified specific ligands. Subsequently, structural analyses established the molecular bases of recognition between EH domains and cognate peptides. To date, several EH-containing and EH-binding proteins have been identified, which establish in the cell a network of protein:protein interactions, defined as the EH network. This network coordinates cellular functions connected with endocytosis, actin remodeling and intracellular transduction of signals.     

Antimicrobial Effects of Helix D-derived Peptides of Human Antithrombin III

Antithrombin III (ATIII) is a key antiproteinase involved in blood coagulation. Previous investigations have shown that ATIII is degraded by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, leading to release of heparin binding fragments derived from its D helix. As heparin binding and antimicrobial activity of peptides frequently overlap, we here set out to explore possible antibacterial effects of intact and degraded ATIII. In contrast to intact ATIII, the results showed that extensive degradation of the molecule yielded fragments with antimicrobial activity. Correspondingly, the heparin-binding, helix d-derived, peptide FFFAKLNCRLYRKANKSSKLV (FFF21) of human ATIII, was found to be antimicrobial against particularly the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy studies demonstrated that FFF21 binds to and permeabilizes bacterial membranes. Analogously, FFF21 was found to induce membrane leakage of model anionic liposomes. In vivo, FFF21 significantly reduced P. aeruginosa infection in mice. Additionally, FFF21 displayed anti-endotoxic effects in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest novel roles for ATIII-derived peptide fragments in host defense.     

哺乳动物抗凝血酶基因的分子特征、微共线性与适应性进化

抗凝血酶(AT)是哺乳动物体内重要的天然抗凝血因子之一,它隶属于丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物家族,主要参与并调节复杂的血凝过程。基于比较基因组学手段,共挖掘出17个哺乳动物抗凝血酶基因(AT),并剖析了它们的基因结构、微共线性、保守基序、功能结构域、以及系统进化关系。基因结构与微共线分析表明,哺乳动物AT基因具有5-12个外显子,大多数是7个外显子;不同物种AT基因所处区段之间具有较好的共线性。哺乳动物AT蛋白特征分析显示,SERPIN功能结构域与保守基序1、2、3、4、5、8和9存在相互重叠的部分。AT基因进化树揭示基因进化和通常认为的物种进化几乎一致。同时,利用PAML中Codeml的位点特异模型在AT基因中发掘了1个正选择位点328D。     

四氮唑类化合物的合成及体外抑菌活性研究

目的:利用点击化学反应合成四氮唑类化合物,寻找温和的反应条件。对合成的四氮唑类化合物进行体外抑菌活性研究,以期发现抑菌活性化合物并初步研究其构效关系。方法:以氰基类化合物和叠氮钠为原料,溴化锌为催化剂,通过点击化学反应合成一类四氮唑结构化合物并研究其合成工艺条件的优化。利用微量二倍稀释法对合成的四氮唑类化合物进行体外抑菌活性测试。结果:利用所得到的优化点击化学反应条件合成了11个四氮唑类化合物,并发现化合物2h具有广谱抑菌活性。结论:优化后的点击化学反应条件温和,后处理方便,产率较高。抑菌活性和构效关系研究为后续的四氮唑类化合物抑菌活性研究工作提供了一定的基础。     

Role of P2 glycine in determining the specificity of antithrombin reaction with coagulation proteases

Structural data suggests that bulky hydrophobic residues at the S2-S4 sub-sites of factor Xa (fXa) restrict the preference of this pocket for small and non-polar residues like Gly at the P2 position of substrates and inhibitors. However, kinetic studies monitoring the cleavage specificity of 10-residue peptides by fXa have identified Phe as the most preferred P2 residue and Gln-Phe-Arg-Ser-Leu-Ser as the most preferred P3-P3′ residues for recognition by fXa. To determine whether this mechanism of specificity is also true for fXa reaction with antithrombin (AT), we prepared two AT mutants having either a Phe at the P2 or Gln-Phe-Arg-Ser-Leu-Ser at the P3-P3′ positions of the reactive center loop. Inhibition kinetic studies indicated that the reactivity of P2-Phe with fXa was significantly (∼5-fold) impaired, however, the P3-P3′ mutant exhibited 1.5-fold improved reactivity with the protease, suggesting cooperative effects between P3-P3′ residues influence the P2 specificity of AT. Substitution of Tyr-99 of fXa with a Gly dramatically impaired the reactivity of fXa with wild-type AT, but improved its reactivity with the serpin mutants in the absence, but not in the presence of pentasaccharide. AT with a P2-Phe inhibited thrombin with >150-fold impaired reactivity, however, the defect was restored by either pentasaccharide or by replacing Leu-99 of thrombin with a Gly. The P3-P3′ mutant rapidly inhibited factors VIIa and XIa independent of pentasaccharide. These results indicate that P2-Gly plays a key role in determining the S2 sub-site specificity and target protease selectivity of AT in circulation.     

表达神经营养因子Neurturin的骨髓间充质干细胞的构建及体外活性检测

研究神经营养因子Neurturin(NTN)在由于神经元损伤而造成的神经退行性疾病中对神经元的保护和修复作用。利用重组腺病毒载体将NTN基因转入恒河猴骨髓间充质干细胞(rMSC),通过RT-PCR、IF及Western blot方法检测NTN的转录和表达,并采用鸡胚背根神经节体外培养实验和胚胎大鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元存活实验对NTN进行体外活性检测。结果表明NTN在rMSC中稳定表达和分泌,并具有体外生物学活性,为由于神经元损伤造成的神经退行性疾病的干细胞移植治疗奠定了一定的基础。