木薯生料发酵生产燃料乙醇的工艺优化

为了实现生料发酵更好的应用,考察料水比、发酵温度、氮源及接种量等因素对木薯生料发酵生产燃料乙醇的影响,并通过正交试验分析主要因素之间的相互作用。结果表明:木薯生料发酵产燃料乙醇的最佳条件为料水比1∶2.0,活性干酵母接种量0.15%(质量分数),发酵温度32℃,发酵周期120 h,尿素添加量0.20%(质量分数)。在最佳条件下,发酵得到的燃料乙醇的酒精度可达到15.12%(体积分数)。本实验为高效利用木薯生料发酵生产燃料乙醇的工业化生产提供了重要参数。     

戊糖和己糖共发酵生产燃料乙醇条件研究

利用嗜鞣管囊酵母P-01对木糖和葡萄糖共发酵生产燃料乙醇的条件进行了试验研究,结果表明,木糖和葡萄糖混合液生产燃料乙醇的最佳条件为发酵液的pH值5.5、30℃、摇床转速120 r/min、接种量10%、发酵液初始糖浓度6%、葡萄糖与木糖之比为2、发酵周期为84h。在最佳发酵条件下,发酵醪液中的燃料乙醇浓度为2.101%,糖醇转化率为35%。     

适合甘蔗汁发酵高产酒精酵母的选育

目的:选育出适合发酵甘蔗汁生产燃料乙醇的高产酿酒酵母的菌株.方法:以酵母菌株 YS,作为出发菌株,将酶解破壁后获得的原生质体进行紫外诱变,通过初筛和复筛进行选育.结果:获得一株高产酒精的酿酒酵母突变株 YSs-1,该突变株发酵甘蔗汁的乙醇含量可达12.6%(V/V),较出发菌株的 11.6%(V/V)提高了 8.6%,其糖的转化率高达 94.5%,高于出发菌株的 87.0%.结论:通过 5 次连续传代培养后其突变株的乙醇产量保持稳定,表明该突变株完全可以用于发酵甘蔗汁生产燃料乙醇.     

适于二代燃料乙醇生产酿酒酵母的精准构制

以木质纤维素为原料的二代燃料乙醇工业生产对发酵微生物的基本要求,一是可对木质纤维素组分中的全糖发酵,二是对预处理过程产生的毒性物质具有高耐受性。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)是具有优良生产性能的传统乙醇发酵生产菌株,是适合包括二代燃料乙醇等生物基化合物转化的理想底盘细胞。近30年来,利用理性代谢工程改造、非理性适应性进化以及新兴起的合成生物学等策略,对酿酒酵母进行精准构制,极大地提高了其二代燃料乙醇生产的产业化性能。综述了适于二代燃料乙醇生产酿酒酵母精准构制过程中的己糖和戊糖代谢途径工程、辅酶工程、糖转运蛋白、抗性元件发掘以及产业化推进等方面的研究进展。     

先进固态发酵技术生产甜高粱乙醇中试研究

先进固态发酵(advanced solid state fermentation,ASSF)生产甜高粱乙醇技术与传统榨汁发酵技术相比,在生产燃料乙醇方面凸显技术优势,近期有望实现大规模商业化.以系列摇瓶实验和10L 固态发酵罐试验为基础,在内蒙巴市五原县就ASSF 法生产甜高粱乙醇中试获得成功:选取醇甜1 号和2 号甜高粱秆(可发酵糖13%~15%,wt)为原料,单批处理量1.0 ～ 1.5t,以专有高产乙醇TS-Sc-1 酵母菌和5m3 转鼓式固态发酵罐为核心,ASSF法生产燃料乙醇,直接固态发酵与蒸馏后获得30% ～ 40%(体积分数)的粗醇溶液,折算可得99.5% 的无水乙醇70 ～ 100kg,0.07 ～ 0.08g 乙醇/g 发酵料(湿基);糟渣粗蛋白含量7%,可替代"黄储"饲料.ASSF 技术外来水消耗很少,几乎无废水产生.中试结果表明:平均13.5 ～ 15.5t 甜高粱秆产1t99.5% 无水乙醇,发酵时间40 ～ 44h,可发酵糖转化率超过95%,最高97% ;无水乙醇实际收率超过90%,最高94%.     

木质纤维生产燃料乙醇工艺的研究进展

利用丰富而廉价的木质纤维原料代替粮食生产燃料乙醇,对经济和社会的可持续发展有着重要的意义。以木质纤维为原料发酵生产燃料乙醇可分为4种工艺:分步糖水解化发酵法、同步糖化发酵法、同步糖化共发酵法和直接微生物转化法。介绍了以上4种工艺的研究进展,并对今后进一步研究提出了建议。     

生物燃料乙醇产业迎来发展好时机

正在常温、常压下乙醇是一种易燃、易挥发的无色透明液体,易溶于水。众所周知,乙醇是酒的有效成分,而酒是有着几千年历史的发酵产物,发酵酿酒也几乎是与人类文明同步的古老工艺。如今,乙醇产品家族却衍生出一个新成员——生物燃料乙醇。生物燃料乙醇是指添加变性剂进行变性处理后,可以混入汽油用作车用点燃式内燃机燃料的无水乙醇。由于生物燃料乙醇和乙醇汽油的大规模应用,使得历史悠久的发酵酿酒工艺进入液体运输燃料领     

木薯纤维素乙醇发酵的纤维素酶成本评价

木薯中的纤维素成分约占木薯干重的10％(W/W).文中以木薯燃料乙醇生产的木薯纤维素酒渣为原料,从纤维素酶成本角度评估了三种利用木薯纤维素组分发酵生产乙醇的方法,包括木薯纤维素酒渣的直接糖化和乙醇发酵、木薯纤维素酒渣预处理后的糖化与乙醇发酵、木薯乙醇发酵中同步淀粉与纤维素糖化以及乙醇发酵.结果表明,前两种方法的纤维素利用效率不高,酶成本分别达到13602、11659元/吨乙醇.第三种方法,即在木薯乙醇发酵过程同时加入糖化酶和纤维素酶,进行同步淀粉与纤维素糖化,进而进行乙醇发酵,木薯纤维素乙醇的收益最高.发酵结束时的乙醇浓度从101.5g/L提高到107.0g/L,纤维素酶成本为3 589元/吨乙醇.此方法利用木薯纤维素与木薯淀粉同时进行,不会带来额外的设备及操作投入,酶成本低于产品乙醇价格,可实现盈利,因此第三种方法为木薯纤维用于乙醇发酵的最适方法,本研究结果将为木薯乙醇产业深度利用木薯纤维提供依据.     

燃料乙醇的发展现状分析及前景展望

随着社会经济的高速发展,化石燃料不断消耗及其使用过程所带来的能源短缺、环境污染等问题日益凸显,寻找新的绿色可再生替代能源迫在眉睫。燃料乙醇作为资源丰富、积炭少、可减排温室气体及使用方便的优良燃油品质改善剂及清洁可再生能源,已成为国内外关注并推广使用的绿色燃料。主要对燃料乙醇生产技术的发展进行了综述,重点对燃料乙醇发展历程中各阶段乙醇生产的原料来源、工艺技术进行了论述,讨论了各代燃料乙醇生产过程中所遇到的瓶颈问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。目前,燃料乙醇的生产技术主要经历了三代发展,第一代以玉米等糖质和淀粉质粮食作物为原料的乙醇发酵已经实现商业化生产,虽然工艺成熟,但存在粮食安全问题;第二代以农作物秸秆等废弃植物纤维为原料的乙醇生产目前已具备产业化示范条件,其原料来源广泛,转化技术不断提高,最有发展前景;第三代以藻类等绿色植物为原料的燃料乙醇正处于研发阶段,是未来发展的希望。在燃料乙醇生产技术发展过程论述的基础上,讨论了目前其主要技术瓶颈及发展趋势,旨在为燃料乙醇生产的产业化、经济化及可持续化发展提供相关的理论依据。     

国内简讯

葛根燃料乙醇生产技术取得重要进展葛根是一种高淀粉含量的非粮作物,其环境适应性强,在山地、林地、斜坡和未开垦的荒地都能较好地生长,被认为是发展燃料乙醇产业最有潜力的原料之一。近期,中国科学院过程工程研究所在葛根燃料乙醇生产技术研究方面取得重要进展,研究人员创新性地将“汽爆”预处理技术与连续耦合固态发酵技术相结合。有效解决了传统发酵技术能耗高、污染重、组分利用单一等问题。     

湿氧化爆破稻秆的同步糖化发酵条件研究

探讨了木质纤维素经过湿氧化爆破后在同步糖化发酵过程中酵母产乙醇的基本规律.采用单因素方法对湿氧化爆破条件、酶系组成和添加量以及预酶解时间和温度进行了优化.不同湿氧化爆破预处理条件下的稻秆对同步糖化发酵工艺的影响较大,在预处理温度160 ℃,进氧压力为4×105 Pa,碱用量为6%(w/w),反应时间为20 min的条件...     

乙醇预处理麦秆的酶解性能研究简

采用H2 SO4催化和自催化乙醇法对麦秆进行预处理,比较预处理后麦秆的主要化学组成、纤维素酶解性能和半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇特性,并进行物料衡算。结果表明：H2 SO4催化和自催化乙醇预处理过程中纤维素固体回收率大于90％。添加非离子表面活性剂吐温20和吐温80没有显著提高H2 SO4催化乙醇预处理后纤维素的酶解葡萄糖得率及半同步糖化发酵过程中乙醇的产量,而对自催化乙醇处理后麦秆的酶解和半同步糖化发酵过程有一定程度的促进作用,相应的酶解葡聚糖转化率由72.7％提高到85.0％,而半同步糖化发酵过程中乙醇质量浓度提高了11.4％。物料衡算结果表明：酸催化和自催化乙醇预处理后葡聚糖回收率分别为91.0％和95.4％;半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的得率分别为10.4和11.6 g（按100 g原料计）。     

响应面法优化玉米秸秆同步酶解发酵产乙醇条件

对汽爆玉米秸秆同步酶解发酵生产乙醇的条件进行优化。首先利用Fractional Factorial设计法对影响乙醇产量的7个因素进行评价,筛选出具有显著效应的3个因素,即反应温度、酶添加量、总反应时间,再以Box—Behnken设计法及响应面分析法确定主要因素的最佳水平,即反应温度37℃,每g纤维素添加纤维素酶32u,反应时间87h,此时乙醇体积分数达到3．69％。新工艺条件实验结果表明,乙醇体积分数在87h可达到3．76％,和原工艺相比,反应时间缩短了9h,乙醇体积分数提高了13％。     

Ethanol production from maize silage as lignocellulosic biomass in anaerobically digested and wet-oxidized manure

In this communication, pretreatment of the anaerobically digested (AD) manure and the application of the pretreated AD manure as liquid medium for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) were described. Furthermore, fermentation of pretreated maize silage and wheat straw was investigated using 2 l bioreactors. Wet oxidation performed for 20 min at 121 °C was found as the most suitable pretreatment conditions for AD manure. High ammonia concentration and significant amount of macro- and micro-nutrients in the AD manure had a positive influence on the ethanol fermentation. No extra nitrogen source was needed in the fermentation broth. It was shown that the AD manure could successfully substitute process water in SSF of pretreated lignocellulosic fibres. Theoretical ethanol yields of 82% were achieved, giving 30.8 kg ethanol per 100 kg dry mass of maize silage.     

A comparison between simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and separate hydrolysis and fermentation using steam-pretreated corn stover

Two different process configurations, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), were compared, at 8% water-insoluble solids (WIS), regarding ethanol production from steam-pretreated corn stover. The enzymatic loading in these experiments was 10 FPU/g WIS and the yeast concentration in SSF was 1 g/L (dry weight) of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. When the whole slurry from the pretreatment stage was used as it was, diluted to 8% WIS with water and pH adjusted, SSF gave a 13% higher overall ethanol yield than SHF (72.4% versus 59.1% of the theoretical). The impact of the inhibitory compounds in the liquid fraction of the pretreated slurry was shown to affect SSF and SHF in different ways. The overall ethanol yield (based on the untreated raw material) decreased when SSF was run in absence on inhibitors compared to SSF with inhibitors present. On the contrary, the presence of inhibitors decreased the overall ethanol yield in the case of SHF. However, the SHF yield achieves in the absence of inhibitors was still lower than the SSF yield achieves with inhibitors present.     

Ethanol production from alfalfa fiber fractions by saccharification and fermentation

This work describes ethanol production from alfalfa fiber using separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with and without liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment. Candida shehatae FPL-702 produced 5 and 6.4 g/l ethanol with a yield of 0.25 and 0.16 g ethanol/g sugar respectively by SHF and SSF from alfalfa fiber without pretreatment. With LHW pretreatment using SSF, C. shehatae FPL-702 produced 18.0 g/l ethanol, a yield of 0.45 g ethanol/g sugar from cellulosic solids or ‘raffinate’. Using SHF, it produced 9.6 g/l ethanol, a yield of 0.47 g ethanol/g sugar from raffinate. However, the soluble extract fraction containing hemicelluloses was poorly fermented in both SHF and SSF due to the presence of inhibitors. Addition of dilute acid during LHW pretreatment of alfalfa fiber resulted in fractions that were poorly saccharified and fermented. These results show that unpretreated alfalfa fiber produced a lower ethanol yield. Although LHW pretreatment can increase ethanol production from raffinate fiber fractions, it does not increase production from the hemicellulosic and pectin fractions.     

Modelling ethanol production from cellulose: separate hydrolysis and fermentation versus simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

In ethanol production from cellulose, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentative conversion may be performed sequentially (separate hydrolysis and fermentation, SHF) or in a single reaction vessel (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, SSF). Opting for either is essentially a trade-off between optimal temperatures and inhibitory glucose concentrations on the one hand (SHF) vs. sub-optimal temperatures and ethanol-inhibited cellulolysis on the other (SSF). Although the impact of ethanol on cellobiose hydrolysis was found to be negligible, formation of glucose and cellobiose from cellulose were found to be significantly inhibited by ethanol. A previous model for the kinetics of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis was, therefore, extended with enzyme inhibition by ethanol, thus allowing a rational evaluation of SSF and SHF. The model predicted SSF processing to be superior. The superiority of SSF over SHF (separate hydrolysis and fermentation) was confirmed experimentally, both with respect to ethanol yield on glucose (0.41 g g^?1 for SSF vs. 0.35 g g^?1 for SHF) and ethanol production rate, being 30% higher for an SSF type process. High conversion rates were found to be difficult to achieve since at a conversion rate of 52% in a SSF process the reaction rate dropped to 5% of its initial value. The model, extended with the impact of ethanol on the cellulase complex proved to predict reaction progress accurately.     

Effect of substrate and cellulase concentration on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-pretreated softwood for ethanol production

Economic optimization of the production of ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) requires knowledge about the influence of substrate and enzyme concentration on yield and productivity. Although SSF has been investigated extensively, the optimal conditions for SSF of softwoods have yet not been determined. In this study, SO2-impregnated and steam-pretreated spruce was used as substrate for the production of ethanol by SSF. Commercial enzymes were used in combination with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effects of the concentration of substrate (2% to 10% w/w) and of cellulases (5 to 32 FPU/g cellulose) were investigated. SSF was found to be sensitive to contamination because lactic acid was produced. The ethanol yield increased with increasing cellulase loading. The highest ethanol yield, 68% of the theoretical based on the glucose and mannose present in the original wood, was obtained at 5% substrate concentration. This yield corresponds to 82% of the theoretical based on the cellulose and soluble glucose and mannose present at the start of SSF. A higher substrate concentration caused inefficient fermentation, whereas a lower substrate concentration, 2%, resulted in increased formation of lactic acid, which lowered the yield. Compared with separate hydrolysis and fermentation, SSF gave a higher yield and doubled the productivity.     

Temperature cycling to improve the ethanol production with solid state simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) widely used in submerged state could be effective in solid state. Solid state SSF was first compared with solid state separate hydrolysis and fermentation on ethanol production. Ethanol yield using solid state separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) in 5 days was only half of that in solid state SSF in 3 days. In solid state SSF, the ethanol concentration using temperature cycling (10 h at 37 degrees C followed by 15 min at 42 degrees C) was 2 times that using constant 37 degrees C within 72 h, reached 5.2%.     

Ethanol production of semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation from mixture of cotton gin waste and recycled paper sludge

Ethanol production from the steam-exploded mixture of 75% cotton gin waste and 25% recycled paper sludge in various conditions was investigated by semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) consisting of a pre-hydrolysis and a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Four cases were studied: 24-h pre-hydrolysis + 48-h SSF (SSSF 24), 12-h pre-hydrolysis + 60-h SSF (SSSF 12), 72-h SSF, and 48-h hydrolysis + 24-h fermentation (SHF). The ethanol concentration, yield, and productivity of SSSF 24 were higher than those of the other operations. A model of SSF was used to simulate the data for four components in SSF. The analysis of the reaction rates of cellobiose, glucose, cell, and ethanol using the model and the parameters from the experiments showed that there was a transition point of the rate-controlling step at which the cell growth control in the initial 2 h was changed to the cellobiose reaction control in later period during ethanol production of SSF from the mixture.