景观生态学中的格局分析：现状、困境与未来

作为景观格局分析的重要手段,景观格局指数的提出与发展极大地推动了景观生态学的发展,但是由于众多景观格局指数在指示生态学过程方面的不足,近年来景观格局分析已经走入困境。在总结近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,对景观格局分析的现状、困境及未来发展方向进行了综述。景观格局分析仍然是景观生态学的重要方面,景观格局指数仍然是景观格局分析的主要手段。但是如何建立具有生态学意义的景观格局指数和分析方法,如何将景观格局与生态过程联系起来,以及如何将＂基质—斑块—廊道＂的景观生态学理论应用到实际中是目前景观格局分析面临的主要困境。基于对景观格局分析现状及困境的认识,提出了景观格局分析未来的5个发展方向：（1）景观格局分析应该从目前的静态格局描述发展到对动态格局的刻画,只有找到刻画动态格局的方法,才能将格局和过程有机地联系在一起;（2）通过对多种景观格局指数的联合应用,发掘景观格局指数集合体对生态过程的解释能力;（3）发展基于生态过程的景观格局指数和分析方法;（4）通过多维景观格局分析,定量研究景观格局演变与生态过程之间的关系;（5）多尺度景观格局分析,将为解决格局与过程的关系提出有效手段。     

毛乌素沙化草地景观生态分类与排序的研究

 本文通过对毛乌素沙地景观生态数据的处理与分析,以广泛应用于植被科学的数量分类方法TWINSPAN为工具,对毛乌素沙地景观生态类型进行了自上而下的等级式的数量分类研究,并与实际情况相结合,提出了毛乌素沙化草地景观生态分类系统。然后又利用算法上与TWINSPAN相似的DCA对沙化草地景观生态类型进行了排序分析,并与数量分类结果相结合,辅以逐步回归分析等多元分析方法,对所划分的各景观生态类型之间的关系进行了分析与探讨,指出毛乌素沙化草地具有较为丰富的景观生态类型,地下水位,覆沙厚度,基质类型控制着沙化草地景观生态类型的发生与演化;提出了毛乌素沙化草地景观生态的演化模式。本文还表明,TWINSPAN和DCA是景观生态研究比较有效的数量分析方法。     

景观空间分析的特征和主要内容

在综合前人对景观空间格局与异质性,景观镶嵌动态,尺度,格局,过程相关等景观生态学基本原理的基础上,初步提出了景观空间分析的框架,认为景观空间分析主要包括景观空间形态分析,空间关系分析与空间构型分析,并对景观空间分析的特征及与一般空间分析之间的关系进行了探讨。     

关帝山林区景观要素空间分布及其动态研究

在ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ支持下,应用ＧＩＳ技术结合景观生态学原理,从一个侧面对关帝册林森林景观空间分布格局进行了分析研究,提出了一套适用于森林景观空间格局分析方法和指标,揭示了研究地区森林景观空间分布动态的一些基本规律,研究结果表明,在ＧＩＳ支持下,通过网格样方全景观取样,采用基准面积样方取值法确定样方观测值,分别景观要素计算Ｍｏｒｉｓｉｔａ指数或Ｅ－指标,可以对研究对象的空间分布特征做出客观的分析,并     

干旱区内陆流域区域景观生态风险分析--以阜康三工河流域为例

本文以新疆阜康三工河流域为研究区域,分析了干旱区内陆流域的景观生态的基本特点。在此基础上,基于景观格局构造了景观损失指数和综合风险指数作为区域景观生态风险评价指标,并利用空间分析方法对风险指数进行变量空间化,通过对生态风险指数采样结果进行半方差分析和空间插值,揭示了该区域的生态环境状况的空间分布特征。结果表明：研究区内的生态风险有不断扩大的趋势,区域内形成三个高的景观生态风险区域。根据评价结果,提出了内陆流域生态环境的重点保护与治理区以及合理的保护与综合整治对策。     

景观格局-土壤侵蚀研究中景观指数的意义解释及局限性

景观格局分析是景观生态学研究的重要组成部分。景观指数是景观格局分析的有力工具。近年来,景观格局与土壤侵蚀关系的相关研究增多,常规景观格局指数得到应用。但针对土壤侵蚀过程的景观指数意义解释不足,景观指数在刻画景观格局-土壤侵蚀过程关系存在局限。选择了连接性、多样性、边界/斑块密度、形状4个方面的12个常用景观指数,对这些指数在景观格局-土壤侵蚀过程关系研究中的意义进行阐述,对指数应用的局限性及其原因进行了分析。景观数据属性、景观指数本身性质和土壤侵蚀过程的复杂性使得常规景观格局指数在景观格局-土壤侵蚀关系研究中存在不足。这3方面的影响使得常规景观格局指数与土壤侵蚀表征变量之间不存在确定的关系,从而难以通过景观指数来表征景观土壤侵蚀特征。缺乏土壤侵蚀过程基础是常规景观指数在土壤侵蚀研究应用中存在局限的主要原因。因此,构建基于土壤侵蚀过程的景观指数是景观格局-土壤侵蚀关系研究的需要和新的发展方向。     

无人机影像在铁路景观格局定量分析中的应用

以京沪高速铁路(镇江南站段)为例, 利用无人机遥感数据, 借助GIS 空间分析方法对该段的土地利用分类现状进行分析, 并在此基础上使用与土地分类变化关联性较强的景观格局指数, 对研究区生态系统结构及高速铁路建设后的景观格局特征进行了定量分析评价。结果表明: 无人机影像在铁路景观生态环境评价中能够得到很好的应用; 本文所选取的景观格局指数代表的景观结构及其特征是适合的, 能够保证生态环境影响评价的科学性; 建成后的京沪高铁(镇江南站段)景观格局整体较为一般, 生态系统遭受破碎, 需要更科学合理的生态规划来设计和改变景观结构。     

景观异质性研究评述

通过对国内外大量资料的整理分析,对景观异质性的产生机制、分类、 在景观生态学研究中的地位及其测度方法进行了评述,在对景观异质性与景观稳定性、景观规划和管理以及生态学上的干扰、尺度、生物多样性之间相互依存关系论述的基础上,指出了当前景观异质性研究的复杂性,测度方法的不系统性,景观异质性建模在理论与实践上的困难性与局限性,并对生态复杂性研究的理论和方法应用于景观异质性研究进行了展望。     

基于QuickBird卫星影像的贵港市城市景观格局分析

以QuickBird卫星影像解译的贵港市城市建成区景观类型图为基础,选取合适的格局指数对该区域的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明,整个景观区为一个较典型的居住、公共市政和工业用地城市景观镶嵌体;整个景观的多样性指数和景观破碎度比自然景观高5.1%~64.7%;各种不同类型城市景观的斑块面积及形状复杂程度和破碎度差异明显。     

三维城市景观生态研究

城市景观元素的三维分析是城市景观研究发展的重要趋势之一。城市形态的结构特征与功能的空间作用不仅体现在二维空间中,同时在三维向度上表现出城市社会经济发展态势与空间演变的相互作用,因此在城市空间格局、过程与功能的讨论中,不能局限于二维平面。首先由三维视角提出城市景观格局及功能网络特征,并结合对航空摄影测量、卫星遥测、机载激光扫描等三维信息获取方法的认识,介绍目前城市景观三维信息提取的相关方法;其次,在三维城市景观生态研究内容方面,重点介绍城市景观要素提取、格局特征及其动态变化、生态环境效应和城市景观功能等相关研究,探讨城市内部的三维建成景观以及绿地景观要素提取与应用,并在传统景观格局分析方法基础上,提出了三维城市景观格局特征测量方法、动态变化监测方法以及动态模拟等相关内容,进一步对三维城市景观在生物多样性、局部气候变化等生态环境效应方面的研究进行了归纳总结;最后借助构建三维景观功能网络的思路,以作为三维城市景观功能优化研究的切入点。     

全新世东北平原森林-草原生态过渡带的迁移

根据先前完成的化石花粉分布图,对我国东北权辽平源过去１万ａ森林－草原生态过渡带的摆动历史进行了重建。这项研究表明,在没在人类活动干扰的条件下,松辽平原森林－草原生态过渡带最偏西的时间既不在早全新世,也不在中全新世,而是在晚全新世;在过去的１万ａ内,森林－草原生态过渡带的最大摆动幅度不超过１５０ｋｍ,其最偏西时的位置距离现代位置约为１００ｋｍ。因此,东北松辽平原的主体部分在全新世中始终是草原,没有发     

贺兰山木本植物群落物种多样性的海拔格局

 贺兰山位于中国温带草原和温带荒漠的过渡带,是研究干旱区山地物种多样性海拔格局的理想区域。该文通过样方法调查研究区的森林和灌丛群落,并运用广义可加模型分析物种多样性的海拔分布格局。结果表明：1）海拔是物种丰富度的重要影响因子,一般能解释原始数据30%～40%的变差。2）对于森林和灌丛群落,草本植物都是群落中比例最高的物种, 而且决定了群落总物种丰富度的海拔分布格局。3）森林群落的乔木层物种丰富度在中海拔区域最高,反映了中海拔区域相对优越的水热条件。灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度明显受到乔木层郁闭度的影响,有随海拔升高而降低的趋势。4）灌丛群落的灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均呈单峰格局,皆因低海拔的干旱和高海拔的寒冷抑制了多数物种的生存,仅气候条件适宜的中海拔区域能够生存丰富的物种。     

Patterns of plant biodiversity in the woodland-steppe ecotone in southeastern Inner Mongolia

Biodiversity patterns of the woodland-steppe ecotone in southeastern Inner Mongolia were investigated. Controlled by climatic factors, the plant species diversity of the woodland-steppe ecotone is moderate as compared with the adjacent woodland and steppe communities. From woodland through woodland-grassland and woodland-steppe to steppe, about 2/3 species were replaced at each boundary; only seven herb species were detected to be distributed in all four vegetation zones. Landscape classification based on landform, climate, and vegetation shows that landform condition is most critical to landscape diversity in the studied area. The most fragmented landform in the woodland zone does not necessarily lead to low plant species diversity. However, similar understory species in different woodland types lead to continuous woodland vegetation and, hence, high species richness. High fragmentation in the woodland-steppe zone and discontinuous distribution of woodlands might be a driving factor for lower species richness. Reconstruction of the Holocene climatic changes and vegetation development demonstrates that the highest plant species diversity occurred in the ecotone from 4500 to 2500 ¹⁴C yr BP at different sites, while the woodland zone extended much farther northwestward. When woodlands retreated from the current ecotone with climatic drying, the fragmentation of woodlands in the current ecotone led to plant species loss.     

Multitemporal analysis of forest fragmentation in the upstream region of the Nenjiang River Basin,Northeast China

The present study investigated the forest transition and fragmentation process using historical topographic maps and multi-temporal satellite images in the upstream region of Nenjiang River Basin, Northeast China from 1954 to 2010. Area-weighted centroid method, associated with the area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) and core area percentage of landscape (CPL), were used to estimate the spatial movement of forest as well as its spatial fragmentation process. The forest was further classified into high dense forest, low dense forest, and shrub forest to analyze the forest transition process, among these forest types or between forests and other landscape types. An obvious deforestation was observed during 1954–2000, with two different fragmentation processes in two periods: the first fragmentation process from 1954 to 1976 was mainly observed along the ecotone between forest and other landscape classes while the second fragmentation process from 1976 to 2000 was observed both in the ectone and interior area of forest patches. The afforestation process was observed during 2000–2010 due to the issue of a series of policies by the national and local government. GIS-based landscape index, coupled with socio-economic and political driving forces analysis, proved its unique value and effective in assessing landscape pattern and dynamics.     

青海湖地区植被及其分布规律

青海湖地区位于青藏高原东北部。境内复杂的地貌类型及青海湖的存在对植被有重要影响。本区植物种类贫乏,现有种子植物52科、174属、445种。主要植被类型有寒温性针叶林、高原河谷灌丛、高寒灌丛、沙生灌丛、温性草原、高寒草原、高寒草甸、沼泽草甸、高寒流石坡植被等。植被分布表现出明显的规律性变化。草原分布于湖盆及河谷地带,由东而西植被类型有更加适应寒旱趋势。温性草原以青海湖为中心;呈环带状分布,而高寒草原的分布则与生境寒冷干旱相一致。山地垂直带谱表现为草原带、高寒灌丛与高寒草甸带以及高寒流石坡植被带。本区植被水平地带性分异受到青海湖的影响,其植被组合及特征表现出与青藏高原植被的明显相似性。作为祁连山南麓中部地区的一个大型山间盆地,其东西方向界于青海省东部地区和柴达木盆地之间,植被东西方向的水平地带性并未表现出明显的过渡特征。根据植被特点及分布规律分析,本区植被有其自身的特殊性,并与青藏高原隆升之后气候寒冷干旱相一致。因此,青海湖地区就整体而言应属祁连山地区植被一个相对独立的组成部分。     

测量的区域土地覆盖格局研基于多尺度遥感究

 利用1km、4km和8km 3种空间分辨率的NOAA/AVHRR数字影像,对中国NECT样带西部地区进行了土地覆盖分类及其景观特征的比较研究。重点比较了几种空间分辨率遥感数据分类结果边界的一致性和空间差异,以及影像所记录的景观格局的差异。为进一步在不同尺度上研究景观变化过程以及尺度转换研究奠定了基础。研究表明：3种空间分辨率的遥感影像所反映的区域土地覆盖的宏观空间格局是一致的,但类型的边界、每一类型斑块的形状和数量均产生较大的差异;经过对反映景观空间结构的4种指标（分维数、破碎度、多样性、优势度）的比较显示出随着遥感影像空间分辨率的变化,影像所反映的景观结构发生了较大的变化。其中,各覆盖类型的分维数表现出最大差异,表征着空间分辨率的变化对斑块复杂程度的影响最大。     

测量的区域土地覆盖格局研基于多尺度遥感究

利用1km、4km和8km 3种空间分辨率的NOAA/AVHRR数字影像,对中国NECT样带西部地区进行了土地覆盖分类及其景观特征的比较研究。重点比较了几种空间分辨率遥感数据分类结果边界的一致性和空间差异,以及影像所记录的景观格局的差异。为进一步在不同尺度上研究景观变化过程以及尺度转换研究奠定了基础。研究表明：3种空间分辨率的遥感影像所反映的区域土地覆盖的宏观空间格局是一致的,但类型的边界、每一类型斑块的形状和数量均产生较大的差异;经过对反映景观空间结构的4种指标（分维数、破碎度、多样性、优势度）的比较显示出随着遥感影像空间分辨率的变化,影像所反映的景观结构发生了较大的变化。其中,各覆盖类型的分维数表现出最大差异,表征着空间分辨率的变化对斑块复杂程度的影响最大。     

Tropical montane forest ecotones: climate gradients, natural disturbance, and vegetation zonation in the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic

Aim We examined relationships between climate–disturbance gradients and patterns of vegetation zonation and ecotones on a subtropical mountain range. Location The study was conducted on the windward slopes of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic, where cloud forest appears to shift in a narrow ecotone to monodominant forest of Pinus occidentalis. Methods Climate, disturbance and vegetation data were collected over the elevation range 1100–3100 m and in 50 paired plots along the ecotone. Aerial photographs were georeferenced to a high‐resolution digital elevation model in order to enable the analysis of landscape‐scale patterns of the ecotone. Results A Shipley–Keddy test detected discrete compositional ecotones at 2200 and 2500 m; the distributions of tree species at lower elevations were continuous. The elevation of the ecotone determined with aerial photographs was fairly consistent, namely ± 164 m (SD) over its 124‐km length, but it exhibited significant landscape variation, occurring at a lower elevation in a partially leeward, western zone. The ecotone also occurred significantly lower on ridges than it did in drainage gullies. Ecotone forest structure and composition differed markedly between paired plots. In pine paired plots, the canopy height was 1.7 times higher and the basal area of non‐pine species was 6 times lower than in the cloud forest directly below. Fire evidence was ubiquitous in the pine forest but rare in the abutting cloud forest. Mesoclimate changed discontinuously around the elevation of the ecotone: humidity and cloud formation decreased markedly, and frost frequency increased exponentially. Main conclusions The discreteness of the ecotone was produced primarily by fire. The elevational consistency of the ecotone, however, resulted from the overarching influence of mesoclimate on the elevational patterns of fire occurrence. Declining temperature and precipitation combine with the trade‐wind inversion to create a narrow zone where high‐elevation fires extinguish, enabling fire‐sensitive and fire‐tolerant taxa to abut. Once established, mesotopography and contrasting vegetation physiognomy probably reinforce this boundary through feedbacks on microenvironment and fire likelihood. The prominence of the pine in this study – and of temperate and fire‐tolerant taxa in subtropical montane forests in general – highlights the importance of climate‐disturbance–biogeography interactions in ecotone formation, particularly where fire mediates a dynamic between climate and vegetation.     

小叶、中间和柠条三种锦鸡儿的分布式样及其生态适应

确定了小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿3种植物的分布式样:小叶锦鸡儿为蒙古高原东部-F松辽平原西部-华北山地分布种,中间锦鸡儿为东戈壁-鄂尔多斯高原-黄土高原北部分布种,柠条锦鸡儿为南阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯分布种。小叶锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原典型草原带和森林草原带以及华北山地落叶阔叶林带,在草原带高平原上可形成灌丛化草原的景观,在草原带的沙地上可形成以小叶锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;中间锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原的荒漠化草原及草原化荒漠带、鄂尔多斯高原的典型草原和荒漠化草原带的沙地及梁地上、黄土高原北部的黄土丘坡上,常形成以中间锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;柠条锦鸡儿则适应分布于草原化荒漠和典型荒漠带的固定和半固定沙地上。近缘的3种锦鸡儿的地带性分布从东至西或从北向南形成明显的有规律的地理替代分布格局。     

The Forest Ecotone Effect on Species Richness in an Arid Trans-Himalayan Landscape of Nepal

Changes in species composition and richness across the sub-alpine forest ecotone are well known phenomena. The total number of species at a regional scale drops substantially above the forest-line in the central Himalayas of Nepal. This study tests the effect of a forest border ecotone on a local scale using a grain size of 100 m². We sampled a set of vertical transects across a sloping sub-alpine forest line where canopy and temperature covary, and a set of horizontal transects across a forest ecotone where there was no altitudinal difference to eliminate the influence of temperature. Detrended correspondence analysis revealed a continuous change in species composition across the forest border ecotone. Species turnover was, in general, low, and species richness did not vary very much between the forest and open landscapes. We attribute this to the grazing and browsing pressure in the area, which may have lowered the tree line. A reduced tree line compared to the climatic limit may facilitate enhanced species richness above the forest line. There was no significant difference in species richness between forest and open landscapes along horizontal transects where temperature variations were minimized. This study exemplifies the difficulties encountered on a local scale when one aims to test diversity hypotheses deduced from general models on forest-ecotone effect and mass effect. The low species turnover and minor differences in alpha diversity may be because the area is a cultural landscape and the homogenizing effect of domestic animals overrides some of the edge effects of the ecotone.