壳聚糖作为药物缓释控释载体的研究进展

壳聚糖因其具有良好的生物学特性而成为多种药物载体研究的热点。药物经过壳聚糖负载后,不仅能够达到缓释控释的目的,还能够改变药物的给药方式,以此减少给药次数,降低药物不良反应,提高药物生物利用度。本文就壳聚糖和改性壳聚糖作为普通药物和生物大分子药物载体的研究进展作一综述。     

海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球作为药物载体的研究进展

海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球是具有生物粘附性且能结合和传递大分子药物的天然高分子材料,且在生物医学领域具有广阔应用前景的药物载体。它具有生物黏附性、生物相容性、生物可降解性、对人体无毒性且能够结合和传递大分子药物的天然高分子材料。海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球作为载药微球具有提高药物的生物利用度、延长药物的作用时间等优点。国内外近些年已将其应用于药剂学领域,以及将其作为药物载体经微球化与药物结合形成给药系统的研究也在逐步开展并取得了较多成果。本文主要阐述海藻酸钠壳聚糖微球的主要生物特性、作用特点及其在医学领域中应用的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行探讨。     

无机纳米粒子作为基因载体的研究进展

转染是将具生物功能的核酸转移、运送到细胞内,并使其在细胞内维持生物功能的过程。作为现代生物化学和分子生物学中的一种主要技术手段,转染对于基因治疗有重要的意义。无机纳米粒子作为基因载体受到人们日益广泛的关注,其具有易于制备,可进行多样化的表面修饰等多种优势。本文将概述无机纳米粒子作为基因载体的现状及其对基因表达的影响。     

抗肿瘤药物壳聚糖载体的研究进展

壳聚糖载抗肿瘤药物在各类具体药物中的应用取得了很大进展.用壳聚糖载抗肿瘤药物制成不同的剂型,可以有效解决抗癌药所具的低效、高毒、无选择性等问题,具有很大的研究开发潜力和良好的应用前景.本文就壳聚糖作为药物载体在杭肿瘤领城应用概况进行综述.     

壳聚糖及其衍生物作为药物载体研究进展

壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰化的衍生物,是自然界中唯一的碱性多糖.壳聚糖及其衍生物是一类资源丰富、可生物降解的天然聚合物,具有生物相容性、高电荷密度、无毒性和粘膜粘附性,广泛应用于生物医学和药物制剂领域.壳聚糖作为药物载体可以控制药物释放、提高药物疗效、降低药物毒副作用,可以提高疏水性药物对细胞膜的通透性和药物稳定性及改变给药途径,还可以加强制刑的靶向给药能力.本文分别从壳聚糖及其衍生物在大分子药物载体、缓控释系统及不同部位给药系统中的应用进行了综述,以说明壳聚糖及其衍生物是一种优良的药物传递载体和新型药用辅料.     

磁性纳米颗粒作为载体在基因转染中的研究进展

磁性纳米颗粒具有很强的结合、浓缩与保护DNA的作用,具有超顺磁性、较高的安全性和低的免疫原性,可以结合大片段DNA,在外加磁场的作用下可实现安全、高效的基因靶向性运输,提高外源基因的转染效率。由于磁性纳米颗粒的独特性质,使得其作为非病毒载体在基因治疗中的应用进展迅速。我们简要介绍磁性纳米材料的特点、种类及结构,磁性纳米基因载体的特点,以及磁性纳米颗粒作为载体在基因转染中的应用情况。     

壳聚糖作为基因治疗载体的研究

本文从壳聚糖－DNA复合物／微球的形成方法和机理,稳定性,转染细胞效率等方面综述了壳聚糖在基因治疗领域目前的研究现状。     

磁性纳米颗粒作为基因转染载体的研究

通过扫描电子显微镜和Zeta电位仪对磁性纳米颗粒的形貌、粒径、表面电位等进行了表征。利用凝胶电泳阻滞试验分析磁性纳米颗粒与DNA的结合情况,研究磁性纳米颗粒对DNA的保护效果,运用MTT和流式细胞术分析磁性纳米颗粒对细胞的毒性。以绿色荧光蛋白基因为报告基因进行293T细胞的转染,研究磁性纳米颗粒与质粒DNA不同比例条件下对293T细胞的转染效率,并与脂质体(Lipofectamine2000)介导的转染进行比较分析。结果表明,磁性纳米颗粒与DNA可以稳定结合,可以保护DNA免受酶的消化作用,当磁性纳米颗粒与DNA比为1 1时,转染效率最高,优于脂质体(Lipotamine2000)介导的转染,且对细胞的毒害作用小于Lipotamine2000。     

硅纳米颗粒作为基因转染载体的研究

通过不同浓度的NaCl、NaI修饰硅纳米颗粒,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析硅纳米颗粒与DNA结合力及对DNA的保护作用,同时用绿色荧光蛋白基因作报告基因,以硅纳米颗粒作为基因转染的载体,转染HT1080细胞。经电镜观察证实硅纳米颗粒进入细胞内;硅纳米颗粒与DNA结合后,能对DNA起保护作用;并且硅颗粒作为基因转染的载体,将绿色荧光蛋白基因导入HT1080细胞,用荧光显微镜观察到发绿色荧光的细胞。结果表明,硅纳米颗粒可作为基因转染的载体。     

Chitosan lactate as a nonviral gene delivery vector in COS-1 cells

The purpose of this research was to evaluate chitosan lactate (CL) of different molecular weights (MWs) as a DNA complexing agent for its efficiency in transfecting COS-1 cells (green monkey fibroblasts) and its effect on cell viability compared with polyethylenimine (PEI), a commercially available cationic polymer. CL and chitosan base dissolved in dilute acetic acid (chitosan acetate, [CA]) of different MWs (20, 45, 200, 460 kDa) and N/P ratios (2∶1, 4∶1, 8∶1, 12∶1, 24∶1) formed complexes with pSV β-galactosidase plasmid DNA. The complexes were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis and investigated for their ability to transfect COS-1 cells compared with PEI. Additionally, the effect of CL on the viability of COS-1 cells was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethyliazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The binding of CL/DNA and CA/DNA was dependent on chitosan MWs. The N/P ratio of CL to completely form the complex with the DNA was higher than that of CA. Both CL and CA were comparable in transfection efficiencies at an N/P ratio of 12∶1, but less efficient than PEI (P<.05). The cell viability in the presence of CL and CA at all MWs was over 90%, whereas that of PEI-treated cells was ≈50%. These results suggest the advantage of CL for in vitro gene transfection, with the ease of preparation of polymer/DNA complexes and low cytotoxicity. Published: August 4, 2006     

巯基化壳聚糖季铵盐用于基因输送的研究

目的:本研究诣在对壳聚糖进行修饰,以解决其水溶性问题和基因释放困难的问题。方法:本研究通过2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵和N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸对壳聚糖进行修饰,得到巯基化壳聚糖季铵盐(TMC-SH),使其在生理条件下带正电并含有一定量的游离巯基。以TMC-SH为基因载体,形成基因复合物。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳考察其稳定性,并测定其粒径和ζ-电位。通过DTT条件下的粒径测定,考察基因复合物的还原响应性。结果:核磁结果表明合成TMC-SH的季铵盐取代度为22%,游离巯基-SH含量为79.22μmol/g;琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明以TMC-SH为载体形成的二硫键交联的基因复合物TMC-SS/p DNA具有较好的稳定性;而且,二硫键交联以后基因复合物粒径较小,结构更为密实;在还原条件下粒径变大,表明二硫键交联的基因复合物变得疏松,说明其粒径具有还原响应性。结论:对壳聚糖进行低取代度的季铵盐修饰和一定量的巯基化修饰后,其具有较好的包载p DNA能力和还原响应性的基因释放能力。     

Development of Novel Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles-in-Microsphere Formulation for Local Plasmid DNA Delivery in the Gastrointestinal Tract

There is a critical need for development of novel delivery systems to facilitate the translation of nucleic acid-based macromolecules into clinically-viable therapies. The aim of this investigation was to develop and evaluate a novel nanoparticles-in-microsphere oral system (NiMOS) for gene delivery and transfection in specific regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Plasmid DNA, encoding for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP-N1), was encapsulated in type B gelatin nanoparticles. NiMOS were prepared by further protecting the DNA-loaded nanoparticles in a poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) matrix to form microspheres of less than 5.0 μm in diameter. In order to evaluate the biodistribution following oral administration, radiolabeled (¹¹¹In-labeled) gelatin nanoparticles and NiMOS were administered orally to fasted Balb/C mice. The results of biodistribution studies showed that, while gelatin nanoparticles traversed through the GI tract fairly quickly with more than 54% of the administered dose per gram localizing in the large intestine at the end of 2 h, NiMOS resided in the stomach and small intestine for relatively longer duration. Following oral administration of EGFP-N1 plasmid DNA at 100 μg dose in the control and test formulations, the quantitative and qualitative results presented in this study provide the necessary evidence for transfection potential of NiMOS upon oral administration. After 5 days post-administration, transgene expression in the small and large intestine of mice was observed. Based on these results, NiMOS show significant potential as novel gene delivery vehicle for therapeutic and vaccination purposes.     

mRNA疫苗非病毒载体递送系统研究进展*

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情的暴发导致全球迫切需要大量有效的疫苗来应对。mRNA疫苗具有良好的安全性,且研发周期短,成为目前最有潜力的疫苗之一,在传染病和肿瘤研究领域也引发了更多关注。随着技术创新,mRNA不稳定性、翻译效率低等缺点得到较大改善。如何安全高效地将mRNA递送至靶细胞仍是阻碍mRNA研究的一大挑战。综述目前应用于mRNA疫苗体内递送的非病毒载体递送系统,以及mRNA在传染病疫苗和肿瘤疫苗中的应用现状,旨在为mRNA疫苗研发提供参考。     

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cell Responses to Electroporation,a Classical Gene Delivery Approach

Electroporation, as an established nonviral technology for breaching cell membrane, has been accepted for the delivery of nucleic acids. Despite satisfactory delivery efficiencies have been achieved on multiple cell kinds by simply exhausting all possible electrical parameters, electroporation is still inefficient, or even invalid, for various kinds of cells. This is largely due to the lack of comprehensive understanding of cell responses to electrical stimulation at biological aspect. Moreover, a systematically investigation of protein variation of electroporated cells is also required for biosafety evaluation before clinically applying electroporation. By employing quantitative proteomic analysis, the biological mechanism of electroporation is explored from the molecular level. The results reveal that electrical stimulations widely influence many biological processes including nucleic acid stabilization, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton dynamic, inflammation, and cell apoptosis. It is found that several antivirus‐related processes appeared in the enrichment results. Moreover, SAMD9, a broad spectrum antiviral and antitumor factor, is dramatically downregulated on easy‐to‐transfect cells while electroporation can not alter SAMD9 expression on hard‐to‐transfect cells, hinting that electroporation, a pure physical treatment, can induce antivirus‐like defensive responses and the altering of SAMD9 can be used to predict the effectiveness of electroporation on transfecting specific kinds of cells.     

一种新的非病毒基因转移载体及其体外细胞转染活性研究

目的：用低分子量的聚乙亚胺(PEI)有效地进行基因转染,为基因转染在基因治疗中的应用提供一种可靠、廉价、高效的方法。方法：将带有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)报告基因的真核表达质粒与阳离子聚合物聚乙亚胺(PEI)结合,用肝癌细胞系SMMC7721实验,研究PEI分子量与转染活性以及可能引起的细胞毒性之间的关系;进一步研究在血清存在的情况下,PEG(聚乙二醇8000)、叶酸等物质对PEI介导的转染效率的影响。结果：分子量为600Da的PEI在pH值为6．0时与质粒DNA以1：1的质量比混合,细胞转染效率最高为43．6 /-7．3％,随着分子量的增大,转染活性略有下降;进一步研究发现,在血清存在下,20μM的叶酸和15％的PEG能有效地改善PEI介导的转染活性,使其转染活性提高了13％;用光学相差显微镜检测了PEI潜在的细胞毒性,结果发现分子量为600Da的PEI没有使细胞形态改变或死亡,但是随着分子量的增大,PEI潜在的细胞毒性也相应增大。结论：PEI是一种高效、有用的非病毒载体,能够在培养的哺乳动物细胞中进行基因转移,这对疾病的基因治疗具有潜在的应用价值。     

Rational Vector Design for Efficient Non-viral Gene Delivery: Challenges Facing the Use of Plasmid DNA

Although non-viral gene delivery is a very straightforward technology, there are currently no FDA-approved gene medicinal products available. Therefore, improving potency, safety, and efficiency of current plasmid DNA vectors will be a major task for the near future. This article will provide an overview on factors influencing production yield and quality as well as safety issues that emerge from the vector design itself. Special focus will be on generating bacterial pDNA vectors by circumventing the use of antibiotic resistance genes, to generate safer gene medicinal products as well as smaller, more efficient DNA vectors.     

用作基因传递系统的阳离子纳米载体的 细胞毒性及其机制研究进展

作为基因治疗中的非病毒基因载体,阳离子纳米载体可通过电荷作用与核酸类药物相结合,具有广阔的应用前景。然而,其细胞毒 性,主要表现为诱导细胞凋亡,限制了其临床开发与应用,也成为阳离子纳米载体研究所关注的重点。揭示和准确评价阳离子纳米载体的 细胞毒性及其机制,将有助于设计和开发更安全、更高效地用于基因传递的阳离子纳米载体。综述常用作基因传递系统的阳离子纳米载体 材料阳离子脂质体、聚乙烯亚胺、多聚赖氨酸、聚苯乙烯纳米粒以及其他阳离子聚合物的细胞毒性及其机制研究进展。