台湾海峡上升流区浮游植物对营养盐添加的响应

2006年6月在台湾海峡近岸上升流区通过表层水体营养盐添加的现场培养实验,研究该海区营养盐限制情况及其浮游植物水华产生的主要影响因素.对营养盐,叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物细胞丰度进行了测定,结果表明,实验中不存在明显的硅限制;氮磷营养盐均存在明显的限制,且氮限制情况更为严重.营养盐添加后,冰河拟星杆藻(Asterionellopsis glacialis)等硅藻迅速生长成为优势藻种,其对氮磷的利用机制有所不同.对氮营养盐采取吸收后迅速同化利用,相较于硝酸盐的补充,氨氮补充条件下优势硅藻更易迅速生长并迅速死亡;对磷营养盐的利用则由于体内磷库的存在,采用迅速吸收后贮存在体内慢慢消耗的利用机制.氮营养盐的补充是上升流期间浮游植物水华产生的主要因素.     

引黄水库藻类变化特征及其影响因素研究

以济南鹊山引黄水库为研究对象,系统研究了2008-2012 年间其水中浮游藻类的种类和数量变化特征以及藻类细胞密度与总氮、总磷浓度的相关性,并在实验室模拟条件下分析了温度、光照、氮磷营养盐等条件对其藻类生长影响。结果表明,该水库水藻密度年际、年内变化较大,年平均值均在500 万个/L 以上,藻种共7 个门,37 个属,蓝藻和硅藻为水库的优势藻种。该水库藻类生长的最佳温度为25℃,光强为3 000 lx,氮磷营养盐对藻类生长影响排序为硝酸盐>磷酸盐>亚硝酸盐>氨氮。磷可能是藻生长的限制性因子,在夏、秋季及水库磷浓度大幅变化时易发生水华。     

高州水库氮磷营养盐变化特征及水质管理对策

通过2012-2013 年对广东省高州水库氮磷营养盐的趋势变化进行分析, 探讨了水库中氮磷浓度的变化特征,并从水库管理与水动力学两方面对水库水质管理对策进行了讨论。研究结果表明: 高州水库总氮、总磷浓度均表现为丰水期高, 说明受强降雨的影响, 农业面源污染携带大量的氮磷随地表径流进入库区, 致使库区氮磷营养盐含量升高。其次, 入库河流是库区氮磷营养盐的主要来源。氮磷比分析结果表明, 高州水库流域内部分水体在时空上处于氮限制与磷限制交替出现的状态, 且氮磷比与总磷呈现显著地正相关, 进一步反应了高州水库水体主要处于磷素限制状态。水库上游集雨区人口分布集中, 大量的生活排污与农业面源污染的输入是库区营养盐的主要来源; 合理处理上游居民生活垃圾并严格控制工业污染, 是降低库区营养盐的主要途径。此外, 人为改变高州水库的出流方式, 可以抑制浮游植物及藻类的生长, 从而减少水库富营养化的可能。     

氮、磷营养盐对底栖硅藻的生长及生化组成影响

目的:研究了从福建连江海域分离得到的一株野生底栖硅藻(Nitzschia.constricta)的生长和生理特性.方法:测定了在不同氮磷浓度条件下比增长速率、色素,以及不同时期底栖硅藻蛋白和胞外多糖的积累情况.结果:当硝酸氮浓度为900mg/l时,获得最大比增长速率0.21和叶绿素a含量4.31mg/l、类胡萝卜素含量3.44mg/l、胞外多糖产率90.57μg/ml.当氮浓度为75mg/l时,在第10d得到最大蛋白产率28.90μg/ml.当磷浓度为4.4mg/l时,可得到最大比增长速率0.13、叶绿素a含量3.42mg/l、类胡萝卜素2.82mg/l、蛋白含量23.16μg/ml,无磷培养基中第5d的胞外多糖产率最高13.51μg/ml.结论:氮磷营养盐浓度的增加促进了此种底栖硅藻的生长,但不一定会促进蛋白及胞外多糖的产生.     

营养盐因子对细基江蓠繁枝变种氮、磷吸收速率的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了营养盐因子对细基江蓠繁枝变种的氮、磷吸收速率的影响。分别进行了营养盐浓度与温度双因子试验,氮磷比与荧 浓度双因子试验肽不同化合态氮比例单因子试验。（1）氮、磷的吸收速率随营养盐浓度的升高而增大,氮的吸收速率在21℃,总氮浓度为100μmol/L时最大,达2.58μmol/(g.h);磷的吸收速率在31℃,总磷为6．3μmol/L时最大,达0.17μmol/(g.h),温度与营养盐浓度有显著的交互作用效应。（2）当氮浓度一定时,环境氮磷比对氮的吸收率无显著影响,但对磷的吸收速率有显著影响,藻中收的氮磷比随环境氮磷比的不同而变化,（3）对3种不同化合态氮的吸收速率与培养液中各种氮占总无机氮的比例呈正相关,当三比例相同时,对NH4^ -N、NO3^--N格NO2^-析吸收分别占总吸收氮的40．7％、28．5％和30．8％。     

硝态氮与无机磷浓度及其比例对簇生舟形藻生长生理及细胞形态的影响

为探究水体中不同氮、磷营养盐水平对硅藻生长的影响以及硅藻对营养盐污染的指示作用,该研究以簇生舟形藻(Navicula gregaria Donkin)为研究对象,采用不同浓度硝态氮(NO~-_3-N,0.5～500 mg·L~(-1))、无机磷(H_2PO~-_4-P,0.05～25 mg·L~(-1))及氮磷浓度比(5∶1～100∶1)于室内培养13 d,胁迫期间测定分析各处理组簇生舟形藻的生长状况、生理指标及细胞畸形率。结果显示:(1)当NO~-_3-N、H_2PO~-_4-P浓度及氮磷比分别低于50 mg·L~(-1)、1 mg·L~(-1)和50∶1时,簇生舟形藻13 d内的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量和蛋白质含量均随着浓度的增加逐渐升高,藻细胞内的MDA含量及SOD、CAT活性呈现持续下降的趋势;当NO~-_3-N浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、H_2PO~-_4-P浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、氮磷比为50∶1时,簇生舟形藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、蛋白质含量以及比生长速率最高;高浓度NO~-_3-N( 250 mg·L~(-1))、H_2PO~-_4-P( 5 mg·L~(-1))和高氮磷比( 50∶1)处理下,簇生舟形藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、蛋白质含量多显著降低,MDA含量及SOD、CAT活性与其他处理组相比却呈现明显上升趋势。(2)在500 mg·L~(-1)NO~-_3-N和25 mg·L~(-1)H_2PO~-_4-P处理第13天时,分别有8.6%和7.2%藻细胞形态发生畸变,表面不规则,细胞严重变形,细胞中心区域增宽,细胞末端微尖等现象。研究表明,水体中增加适当浓度和比例的氮磷营养盐可以促进簇生舟形藻类的生长和生理活性,但当环境中氮、磷及氮磷比过高时则会抑制簇生舟形藻的主要生理指标,最终影响其在水体中的生长情况甚至导致其生态群落结构发生变化。     

乌梁素海全季不同形态氮磷及浮游植物分布特征

为监测乌梁素海全季不同形态氮磷及浮游植物分布特征, 研究了乌梁素海2016年4—11月和2017年1月的不同形态氮磷和藻类的浓度变化。实验结果表明: 总氮浓度秋季最高, 总磷浓度冬季最高, 应加强对河套灌区农事行为的管理以减少氮磷等营养盐排入; 对乌梁素海12个监测点浮游植物镜检知共监测到浮游植物6门69属, 全年以硅藻、绿藻种群占优势; 乌梁素海各采样点浮游植物丰度在6.88×107—96.66×107 cell•L -1间变化, 浮游植物各种群丰度表现为春冬季低, 夏秋季高; 空间采样点丰度值由大到小顺序为南部明水区和出水口、N13（芦苇区）、进水口附近点位和Q10（旅游区）。掌握全季不同形态氮磷及浮游植物分布特征对各季度有针对性地治理湖泊水体意义重大, 为乌梁素海以及寒区富营养化湖泊的进一步修复提供理论支持与参考。     

铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻对氮磷饥饿的耐受能力研究

在太湖微囊藻水华暴发期间 , 监测了梅梁湾水体中叶绿素 a 和氮磷营养盐的动态变化, 并通过批量培养实验研究了氮磷缺乏对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响 , 以探讨两种藻对氮磷饥饿的耐受能力对微囊藻水华形成的影响。结果表明 , 在水华期间 , 水体的氮磷营养盐浓度并不高, 并处于波动状态; 铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻对氮磷饥饿的耐受能力存在很大差异 : 在无磷培养基中 , 铜绿微囊藻能保持 8 天的指数生长, 而斜生栅藻在无氮或无磷培养基中生长都非常缓慢。两种藻对磷饥饿的耐受能力均高于氮。通过生长速率的比较, 发现铜绿微囊藻对磷饥饿的耐受能力明显高于斜生栅藻, 因此更能够适应波动的营养供给条件。对营养盐饥饿耐受能力的不同导致两种藻在营养盐波动的情况下微囊藻更易取得优势, 成为水华期间浮游植物的优势种。     

流溪河水库水动力学对营养盐和浮游植物分布的影响

流溪河水库2001年年降雨量2250mm,其中79％来自4月至9月的丰水期。入库流量变幅4．25～414．00m^3／s,近60％的入库水量流来自吕田河。流域营养盐输送量取决于流域降雨径流强度,吕田河高于玉溪河。由于营养盐被泥沙吸附沉积,丰水期湖泊区营养盐浓度明显低于河流区。浮游植物密度为17～1245cells／ml,以硅藻为主要优势种群。硅藻密度分布与水流流速和透明度的相关程度明显高于与营养盐和温度的相关程度。在丰水期,由于受水流和透明度的强烈控制,尽管营养盐供应比较充足,硅藻密度处于比较低的水平。丰水期硅藻密度稍低于枯水期,河流区明显低于大坝处。浮游植物香农-威纳多样性指数为0．97～2．75。受水库水动力学(水位波动等因素)的影响,最大浮游植物多样性出现于水位波动比较大的8月份,最小值则出现于水位波动最小的6月份。     

氮磷比率对3种典型赤潮藻生长的影响

采用实验室内一次性培养的方法,在贫磷和富磷条件下分别测定了不同氮磷比率对3种典型赤潮藻东海原甲藻、球形棕囊藻和尖刺拟菱形藻生长的影响。结果表明,这3种藻的最适氮磷比率分别为30：1、30：1和10：1。当N：P比率介于0—100：1之间时,3种赤潮藻的生长速率与营养盐浓度的关联度大于氮磷比率。东海原甲藻和球形棕囊藻对营养盐的需求量相对较高,在贫磷条件下的生长速率显著低于富磷条件;尖刺拟菱形藻对营养盐的需求量明显较低,在贫磷条件下可保持较高的生长速率。     

Ingestion by deposit-feeding macro-zoobenthos in the aphotic zone does not affect the pool of live pelagic diatoms in the sediment

The ability of deposit feeders to utilise the pool of live planktonic diatoms in the sediment was investigated after the spring bloom in 2001 and 2002 at four sediment sites in the aphotic zone in the Kattegat. Seven species of deposit-feeding bivalves, gastropods and polychaetes were allowed to defecate in containers with filtered seawater. A total of 22 containers were set up holding between 3 and 32 animals, grouped by station and taxa. When defecation was completed, the animals were re-introduced to different stocks of homogenised sediment which were manipulated by addition of luminophores and spores of the diatom Chaetoceros diadema, and the faeces again collected and analysed. Our analysis included the number of germinable planktonic diatoms, measured by the dilution extinction method, and the concentrations of the algae pigments fucoxanthin and chl a, in the faeces samples, in the sediment stocks and in the sediment at the sampling location. Comparison between the sediment composition at the sampling locations, and the composition of the corresponding faeces, showed that the concentration of germinable diatoms averaged about 50,000 g⁻¹ dry weight (DW) in the surface sediment as well as in the faeces in 2001, while in 2002, the average concentration was about 390,000 g⁻¹ DW in both faeces and in the sediment. A similar comparison in the second part of the experiments also showed that the diatoms in the sediment were unaffected by gut passage and the added spores of C. diadema germinated in the same quantity in the faeces as in the sediment. The taxonomic composition of the diatoms in the faeces matched the composition at the respective stations and sediment stocks. Finally, the concentration of pigments did not change significantly during gut passage. The biomass of live planktonic diatoms in the area of study was estimated to be 2-10 g DW/m² or 0.2-5% of the total organic content in the top 3 cm of the sediment. It is concluded that this pool of diatoms is largely unaffected by deposit feeders and seems to be unimportant as a food source. It is hypothesised that the input of the spring bloom should be considered as composed of two fractions playing different roles for the benthic ecosystem. One fraction of dead organic material may be utilised immediately, while the fraction of live planktonic diatoms serve as a stable food buffer, which gradually become available to deposit feeders after the diatoms die and degradation starts.     

OPTIMUM N:P RATIOS AND COEXISTENCE OF PLANKTONIC ALGAE1

The optimum atomic ratio of N to P, the ratio at which one nutrient limitation changes over to the other, was determined in seven species of freshwater planktonic algae. The ratio varied over a wide range among species; the average for these species was 17. If the cellular nutrient ratios in marine species are comparable with those in freshwater organisms, Redfield's ratio of 15 is remarkably close to the average. Cellular N:P ratios varied over a 24-h period under a light:dark cycle. The variation of the optimum ratio between species and diel change in cellular N:P ratios within a species could play an important role in population dynamics by enhancing the probability of coexistence of species.     

不同氮、磷配比人工海水对海带胚孢子早期发育的影响

利用不同氮、磷配比的人工海水培养海带胚孢子,观察其对海带早期发育的影响.结果表明：培养于人工海水中的海带胚孢子80%能够正常发育,但与培养于天然海水中的对照组仍存在显著差异,且人工海水中海带胚孢子的萌发和配子体的形成时间滞后,人工海水培养所形成的海带雌配子体数量显著高于雄配子体（P<0.001）;不同氮、磷配比的人工海水对海带胚孢子萌发率的影响不同,N∶P＞15∶1的氮磷比会降低海带胚孢子的萌发率,而缺乏氮或磷营养盐的人工海水则极显著抑制海带胚孢子的萌发（P<0.001）;海带胚孢子能够在人工海水中进行早期发育,但人工海水中的氮、磷营养盐浓度以及氮/磷比均会对海带发育初期胚孢子的萌发率产生影响;人工海水中氮、磷营养盐的缺乏会导致海带配子体形成时间的滞后,并对其雌雄分化产生一定影响.     

Lake warming favours small-sized planktonic diatom species

Diatoms contribute to a substantial portion of primary production in the oceans and many lakes. Owing to their relatively heavy cell walls and high nutrient requirements, planktonic diatoms are expected to decrease with climate warming because of reduced nutrient redistribution and increasing sinking velocities. Using a historical dataset, this study shows that diatoms were able to maintain their biovolume with increasing stratification in Lake Tahoe over the last decades; however, the diatom community structure changed. Increased stratification and reduced nitrogen to phosphorus ratios selected for small-celled diatoms, particularly within the Cyclotella genus. An empirical model showed that a shift in phytoplankton species composition and cell size was consistent within different depth strata, indicating that altered nutrient concentrations were not responsible for the change. The increase in small-celled species was sufficient to decrease the average diatom size and thus sinking velocity, which strongly influences energy transfer through the food web and carbon cycling. Our results show that within the diverse group of diatoms, small-sized species with a high surface area to volume ratio were able to adapt to a decrease in mixing intensity, supporting the hypotheses that abiotic drivers affect the size structure of planktonic communities and that warmer climate favours small-sized diatom cells.     

Stimulative and inhibitory effects of bacteria on the growth of microalgae

Several examples of stimulative and inhibitoryeffects of bacteria on microalgal growth areintroduced, and the importance of bacteria in algalmass culture is investigated. Diatoms are often usedas live food for planktonic larvae of sea urchin andbivalves. Monodispersed Chaetoceros ceratosporum hasbeen cultivated by using clean, high nutrient content,deep seawater (DSW). However, the growth rate and cellyield of diatoms fluctuated, to relatively largeextent, with the season that DSW was collected. Whensome bacterial strains isolated from DSW were added tothe culture, diatom growth was often stimulated and arelatively constant cell yield was obtained. Anotherdiatom species, C. gracilis, was also stimulated byadding some bacterial strains to cultures. Thepositive effect of bacteria on diatoms was observednot only for planktonic species, but also on attachedspecies. A benthic diatom, Nitzschia sp., wasstimulated by a bacterial film of Alcaligenes on thesurface of the substratum. On the other hand, a strainof Flavobacterium sp. isolated from natural seawaterduring the decline period of an algal bloom had a strongalgicidal effect on the red tide plankton,Gymnodinium mikimotoi. Recent reports demonstratethat many bacterial strains have significantalgicidal effects on many species of red tideplankton. These results indicate that bacterialeffects should be taken into account to obtain stablemass culture of food microalgae.     

Response of temperate microplankton communities to N:Si ratio perturbation

In order to study the effect of the nitrogen:silicon (N:Si)ratio on temperate microplankton food webs, mesocosm experimentswere conducted in Trondheim (Norway) using two different ratios(molar ratios of 1:1 and 4:1). With the exception of diatoms,the increase in abundance of all microbial groups [phototrophicnanoflagellates, autotrophic dinoflagellates, bacteria, heterotrophicnanoflagellates (HNAN), heterotrophic microflagellates and ciliates]was significantly greater in the high N:Si treatment. Midwaythrough the experiment, HNAN biovolume exceeded that of bacteriain the high N:Si treatment, indicating strong top-down grazingcontrol. Heterotrophic microflagellate biovolume exceeded ciliatebiovolume under both nutrient regimes. However, heterotrophicplankton failed to respond rapidly to increased diatom biomass.The heterotrophic:autotrophic biovolume ratio remained <0.1for the majority of the experiment, suggesting that, given similarnutrient concentrations and ratios, much of the autotrophicproduction would be lost from surface waters through diatomaggregation and sinking before the micrograzer community wasable to respond. Measured differences in diatom physiology betweentreatments are discussed with respect to nutritional qualityand consequences for planktonic grazers.     

Diatoms in recent Atlantic (20° S to 70° N latitude) sediments: abundance patterns and what they mean

Valve abundances of marine planktonic, marine benthic and freshwater diatoms in 780 sediment surface samples from the North and Equatorial Atlantic between 20° S 75° W and 70° N 10° E display patterns that do not correspond to published records of primary production in the photic zone. On the contrary, their abundance is more closely related to dissolution and dilution by terrigenous minerogenic and biogenic carbonate material. Highest abundances of marine planktonic diatoms occur in the northern North Atlantic south of Iceland and in the equatorial regions. The central North Atlantic and the central Caribbean, which feature lower primary production in the photic zone, contain few or no diatoms in surface sediments. African derived freshwater diatoms are concentrated in a lobe between 5° S and 20° N latitude decreasing in numbers from the African continent westward.Lars Gronlien died unexpectedly in January 1992.     

THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF SOME MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

We analyzed the cellular content of C, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, and Mo in 15 marine eukaryotic phytoplankton species in culture representing the major marine phyla. All the organisms were grown under identical culture conditions, in a medium designed to allow rapid growth while minimizing precipitation of iron hydroxide. The cellular concentrations of all metals, phosphorus, and sulfur were determined by high‐resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR‐ICPMS) and those of carbon and nitrogen by a carbon hydrogen nitrogen analyzer. Accuracy of the HR‐ICPMS method was validated by comparison with data obtained with ⁵⁵Fe radioactive tracer and by a planktonic reference material. The cellular quotas (normalized to P) of trace metals and major cations in the biomass varied by a factor of about 20 among species (except for Cd, which varied over two orders of magnitude) compared with factors of 5 to 10 for major nutrients. Green algae had generally higher C, N, Fe, Zn, and Cu quotas and lower S, K, Ca, Sr, Mn, Co, and Cd quotas than coccolithophores and diatoms. Co and Cd quotas were also lower in diatoms than in coccolithophores. Although trace element quotas are influenced by a variety of growth conditions, a comparison of our results with published data suggests that the measured compositions reflect chiefly the intrinsic (i.e. genetically encoded) trace element physiology of the individual species. Published field data on the composition of the planktonic biomass fall within the range of laboratory values and are generally close to the approximate extended Redfield formula given by the average stoichiometry of our model species (excluding the hard parts): While clearly this elemental stoichiometry varies between species and, potentially, in response to changes in the chemistry of seawater, it provides a basis for examining how phytoplankton influence the relative distributions of the ensemble of major and trace elements in the ocean.     

Mullet grazing on surf diatom accumulations

Grazing by southern mullet, Liza richardsoni (Smith), on surf diatoms occurring in bloom concentrations off an ocean-exposed East Cape beach, South Africa, was investigated. Field observations and stomach content analysis demonstrated that surf diatoms taken from the air-water interface were a principal source of food. A qualitative examination of stomach contents revealed a feeding transition from planktonic carnivore in juveniles to a diet consisting entirely of surf diatoms in larger fishes. This change in diet commonly occurred at a standard length of 50–135 mm. Fish larger than 135 mm fed entirely on surf diatoms which were ingested together with large quantities of beach sediment. Grazing on surf diatoms only took place during daylight hours. Energy, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate content determinations indicate a high food quality of surf diatoms. It is concluded that surf diatom accumulations form a richly concentrated and reliable food source of high nutritional quality for these fish. Possible widespread grazing on surf diatoms by mullets is considered.     

Response of a Stoichiometrically Imbalanced Ecosystem to Manipulation of Nutrient Supplies and Ratios

Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) is a desert ecosystem that hosts a large diversity of water bodies. Many surface waters in this basin have imbalanced nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) stoichiometry (total N:P > 100 by atoms), where P is likely to be a limiting nutrient. To investigate the effects of nutrient stoichiometry on planktonic and sediment ecosystem components and processes, we conducted a replicated in situ mesocosm experiment in Lagunita, a shallow pond located in the southwest region of the basin. Inorganic N and P were periodically added to mesocosms under three different N:P regimes (P only, N:P = 16 and N:P = 75) while the control mesocosms were left unamended. After three weeks of fertilization, more than two thirds of the applied P was immobilized into seston or sediment. The rapid uptake of P significantly decreased biomass C:P and N:P ratios, supporting the hypothesis that Lagunita is P-limited. Meanwhile, simultaneous N and P enrichment significantly enhanced planktonic growth, increasing total planktonic biomass by more than 2-fold compared to the unenriched control. With up to 76% of added N sequestered into the seston, it is suspected that the Lagunita microbial community also experienced strong N-limitation. However, when N and P were applied at N:P = 75, the microbes remained in a P-limitation state as in the untreated control. Two weeks after the last fertilizer application, seston C:P and N:P ratios returned to initial levels but chlorophyll a and seston C concentrations remained elevated. Additionally, no P release from the sediment was observed in the fertilized mesocosms. Overall, this study provides evidence that Lagunita is highly sensitive to nutrient perturbation because the biota is primarily P-limited and experiences a secondary N-limitation despite its high TN:TP ratio. This study serves as a strong basis to justify the need for protection of CCB ecosystems and other low-nutrient microbe-dominated systems from anthropogenic inputs of both N and P.