亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus痘病毒DNA探针的构建和初步应用(英文)

用限制性内切酶酶切亚洲小车蝗痘病毒DNA,将酶切后的DNA片断克隆到质粒pGEM—7zf( )中。用随机引物法标记克隆的外源亚洲小车蝗痘病毒DNA片断为探针。经Southern及斑点杂交证明此探针对新疆戟纹蝗Dociostaurus kraussi及微孢子虫Nosema locusstae有特异性,对新疆意大利蝗Calliptomus italicus无特异性。构建的探针可检测1ng亚洲小车蝗痘病毒DNA及10~2病毒包含体,也可检测感染病虫匀浆液中的痘病毒。     

西伯利亚蝗痘病毒超微结构和发育及DNA特性

为寻找新的生物治蝗措施,采用显微镜和生化方法,对1992年从新疆木垒县西伯利亚蝗上分离的一株痘病毒(Gomphocerus sibiricus entomopoxvirus, GsEPV)的超微结构、发育循环和DNA特性进行了研究,结果表明:该病毒的包含体为球形,最大直径约6.90μm,最小直径约3.95μm,平均为5.33μm.脂肪体超薄切片中的病毒粒子呈椭圆形,大小为267nm×103nm.病毒粒子髓核折叠成2～3折,其横切面呈圆形,中间有3～4个电子非致密的圆点.GsEPV主要感染寄主脂肪体.接种后15～20天包含体大量形成,此时已没有游离病毒粒子存在,发育同步,并且比其它痘病毒发育周期短.GsEPV-DNA经三种限制性内切酶HindⅢ、BglⅡ和EcoRⅠ酶解后分别得到20、17和29条片段,其分子量分别为155.37×106D,156.45×106D和156.79×106D,平均为155.37×106D.与已报道的蝗虫痘病毒进行比较,这些痘病毒可分为二种类型:一种包含体为圆形的;另一种为椭圆形.形态相似的包含体病毒髓核结构相似,分子量也在一个范围内,具有椭圆形包含体的痘病毒如OaEPV、CiEPV、MsEPV、AcEPV和PnEPV,其病毒粒子中DNA链折叠较少(1～2折),分子量也较小,通常在125×106D范围;而具有圆形包含体的痘病毒如DkEPV和GsEPV,其DNA链折叠较多(2～3折),分子量也较大,在155×106D范围.     

西伯利亚蝗辣病毒超微结构和发育及DNA特性

为寻找新的生物治蝗措施 ,采用显微镜和生化方法 ,对 1992年从新疆木垒县西伯利亚蝗上分离的一株痘病毒 (Gomphocerussibiricusentomopoxvirus,GsEPV)的超微结构、发育循环和DNA特性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :该病毒的包含体为球形 ,最大直径约 6 90 μm ,最小直径约 3 95 μm ,平均为 5 33μm。脂肪体超薄切片中的病毒粒子呈椭圆形 ,大小为 2 6 7nm× 10 3nm。病毒粒子髓核折叠成 2～ 3折 ,其横切面呈圆形 ,中间有 3～ 4个电子非致密的圆点。GsEPV主要感染寄主脂肪体。接种后 15～ 2 0天包含体大量形成 ,此时已没有游离病毒粒子存在 ,发育同步 ,并且比其它痘病毒发育周期短。GsEPV -DNA经三种限制性内切酶 HindⅢ、BglⅡ和 EcoRⅠ酶解后分别得到2 0、17和 2 9条片段 ,其分子量分别为 15 5 37× 10 6D ,15 6 45× 10 6D和 15 6 79× 10 6D ,平均为 15 5 37× 10 6D。与已报道的蝗虫痘病毒进行比较 ,这些痘病毒可分为二种类型 :一种包含体为圆形的 ;另一种为椭圆形。形态相似的包含体病毒髓核结构相似 ,分子量也在一个范围内 ,具有椭圆形包含体的痘病毒如OaEPV、CiEPV、MsEPV、AcEPV和PnEPV ,其病毒粒子中DNA链折叠较少 (1～ 2折 ) ,分子量也较小 ,通常在 12 5× 10 6D范围 ;而具有圆形包含体的痘病毒     

红胫戟纹蝗痘病毒形态及理化性质研究

红胫戟纹蝗Dociostaurus kraussi是新疆草原优势种蝗虫。1989年首次从新疆玛纳斯红胫戟纹蝗上分离到痘病毒Dociostaurus kraussi ntomopoxvirus(DkEPV),1992年又在新疆巴里坤发现, 自然流行率达23.3%。显微镜观察表明该病毒主要感染脂肪体。病毒球状体为圆球状,直径为2—7μm,大小差异悬殊,病毒粒子砖形或椭圆形,表面呈桑椹结构, 大小平均为144nlnx269nn。病毒DNA具有典型的核酸紫外吸收光谱。根据热变性曲线测得DkEPV—DNA的T_m,值为79.0,(G+C)%为23.7%。病毒DNA经限制性内切酶EcoRI、Bgl IIH和Hind III酶切后,分别得到29、21和18个片段。以λDNA Hind III酶切片段为标准分子量,计算出各酶切片段的分子量为155.45x10⁶、155.69x10⁶和155.40x10⁶D, 由此得出DkEPV—DNA总分子量为55.5x10⁶D。     

意大利蝗痘病毒与西伯利亚蝗痘病毒包涵体蛋白基因序列分析(英文)

本文报道了意大利蝗痘病毒(CiEPV)与西伯利亚蝗痘病毒(GsEPV)包涵体蛋白基因序列分析。CiEPV与GsEPV包涵体蛋白基因分别包含2922bps,2967bps的开放阅读框架,编码109.2kDa,111.1kDa蛋白质。与鳞翅目及鞘翅目昆虫痘病毒包涵体蛋白氨基酸的同源性低于20％,而与其他直翅目昆虫痘病毒包涵体蛋白氨基酸的同源性均高于80％。CiEPV与GsEPV包涵体蛋白分别包含19与21半胱氨酸位点,主要分布在C-末端,半胱氨酸位点的数目与位置均类似于其他直翅目昆虫痘病毒包涵体蛋白。此两种痘病毒包涵体蛋白基因的启动子区域基因序列保守,富含A+T并且具有典型的痘病毒晚期启动子信号TAAATG。同时在此两种痘病毒包涵体基因的下游均克隆了另一个不完整的基因序列,此基因与血黑蝗痘病毒的MSV072基因同源,并且相对于包涵体蛋白基因为反向。     

山羊痘病毒形态发生过程的电子显微镜研究

用超薄切片、冷冻蚀刻和放射自显影等几种电镜技术研究了一种繁殖比较缓慢的痘病毒——山羊痘病毒(Goat pox virus)的形态结构及发生过程。冷冻蚀刻技术显示了发育早期的病毒粒子中已开始有核心和侧体的分化,在病毒的成熟与释放过程中,其形状大小及囊膜膜内微粒数量与分布发生一系列的变化。电镜放射臼显影术显示了毒浆结构与病毒发育的关系。在感染晚期病毒诱导的一种包涵体样结构中不含DNA。     

亚洲小车蝗痘病毒形态及发育研究(英语)

本文报道亚洲小车蝗痘病毒感染黄胫小车蝗引起的病理学变化.该病毒主要感染寄主脂肪体,其次为血细胞.球状体有3种类型:大球体、椭球体和小球体,大小分别为30.41μm×25.40μm、6.58μm×4.78μm和3.35μm×2.60μm.病毒粒子为椭球形,大小为230 nm×176 urn,囊膜表面具有球状亚单位,直径为16nm,使病毒粒子看上去似桑椹,侧体为圆筒形,髓核内绳索状物质似有2折,在横切面上是2个圆点.病毒粒子的发育包括以下4个主要阶段:病毒发生基质的产生;球状颗粒的形成;内核和侧体的分化;髓核和衣壳的进一步分化.成熟病毒粒子逐渐包入球状体.该病毒可感染同属蝗虫.     

两株粘虫核型多角体病毒理化性质的比较研究

电镜观察粘虫(Leucania separala)核型多角体病毒的不同株系内蒙株(简称N株)和阜阳株(简称F株)的多角体、病毒粒子及核衣壳在形态大小方面都没有很大差别,DNA分子大小也相近。但在SDS-PAGE多肽图谱及DNA酶切图谱上则表现出一定的差异。经SDS-PAGE所得病毒粒子多肽图谱N株有17条多肽,F株有19条多肽。两株病毒DNA经BamHI酶切N株获得7条带,F株则有8条带,说明DNA酶切位点不尽相同。据此,生化分析能更快速、准确地进行株系分类。     

棉铃虫核多角体病毒在中肠及其它组织中增殖过程的电镜观察

应用电子显微镜技术观察了核多角体病毒在棉铃虫体内的增殖方式。在中肠细胞内增殖的核衣壳极少被囊膜包围,也很少形成多角体。它们能大量地释放到体腔,迅速感染其他敏感组织。在其他敏感组织内增殖的核衣壳大部分被囊膜包围形成病毒粒子,且随机包涵在多角体中形成核多角体。     

棉铃虫核多角体病毒在中肠及其它组织中增殖过程的电镜观察

应用电子显微镜技术观察了多核角体病毒在棉铃虫体内的增殖方式,在中肠细胞内增殖的核衣极少被囊膜包围,也很少形成多角体。它们能大量地释放到体腔,迅速感染其他敏感组织,在其他敏感组织内增殖的核壳大部分被囊膜包围形成病毒粒子,且随机包涵体多角体中形成核多角体。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND DNA RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS OF CALLIPTAMUS ITALICUS ENTOMOPOXVIRUS

Abstract  Calliptamus italicus entomopoxvirus (CiEPV) was isolated from the grasshopper Calliptamus italicus . This virus mainly infects the host's fat body, and its development in the cytoplasm includes 4 steps: the appearance of viroplasm in the cytoplasm of fat body; the formation of immature virions by budding from viro-plasm; the differentiation of mature virions from immature virions and the accumulation of occlusion-body protein. The mature virions are oval with mulberry-like surface, measuring 190 nm X 350 nm in size. Most of the occlusion bodies are elliptical, some are square- round in shape. There are great differences in size ranging from 1.5 μm X 1.9 μm to 8.8 μm X 12.3 μm. CiEPV DNA, when cleaved with restriction endonuclease Eco R I Bg 1 II and Hin d III, produces 16–18 and 10 fragments respectively, and the molecular weight of this DNA was estimated to be 135.7 X 10⁶ daltons. Some characteristics of morphology and DNA were compared between CiEPV and Oedaleus asiaticus EPV (OaEPV) reported previously.     

The Alkaline Denaturation of DNA

A kinetic study of the alkaline transition of DNA, in clearly defined physico-chemical conditions, is presented, which allows us to identify, within the alkaline transition region, different pH ranges, corresponding to different ratelimiting factors. This analysis brings into consideration three distinct intervals of time which characterize the whole process, namely the time necessary for full hyperchromicity to be reached, the time required for strand separation in the case of a single DNA molecule, and the time for complete denaturation to be reached in the case of a DNA solution.

The results obtained from ultracentrifugal, and spectrophotometric measurements, involving rapid mixing experiments, seem to indicate the following conclusions: whereas, in the lower pH ranges considered within the transition region, the denaturation process is limited by the first time constant, this same constant becomes extremely short at higher pH. On the other hand the fact that, in the higher pH range, the second and third time constants do not coincide (the time to unwind a single T2 DNA molecule being at least one order of magnitude shorter than the time required for bulk denaturation to be reached) suggests that in this pH range the overall denaturation rate is limited by a statistical process governing the initiation of unwinding.

These observations are discussed in terms of a model in which the unwinding energy is given by the electrostatic repulsions which originate in the deprotonated DNA molecule. The model itself suggests some experiment which seem to confirm it.

     

二氯甲烷降解菌的紫外线诱变及降解工艺条件的研究

无碳查氏平板上稀释涂布降解菌,平板倒置,皿盖中央放一块无菌棉花吸附二氯甲烷,利用二氯甲烷在培养温度下的特性,提供气态碳源供菌生长,可获得非水溶性有机废气降解菌的单菌落。二氯甲烷降解菌经鉴定为假单胞菌、盐杆菌和放线菌分枝杆菌。经紫外线诱变处理,混合突变株摇瓶降解工艺条件：2^#培养基、pH7.0、温度25－28℃、摇床转速100转／分。温度高转速快二氯甲烷挥发多,菌体能利用的碳源少从而影响的生长和降解,应用本研究工艺,控制进气量小于1.5mg/L,在生物膜填料塔中发大试验,二氯甲烷的降解率达85％。     

紫外线诱变选育聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）高降解活性菌株

以PBS降解菌HJ03（Alternariasp．）为出发菌株,通过紫外诱变,透明圈初筛及PBS薄膜复筛,获得一株降解能力增强且对温度和pH耐受力均得到提高的突变株HJ10。与出发菌株相比,HJ10在培养初期气生菌丝少,而培养7d时菌落致密且生长速度较快。经过连续继代培养7代后发现,突变株的降解活力保持了良好的遗传稳定性,其降解率较出发菌株提高百分比达14．4％以上;在最适降解温度范围内（25℃～30℃）和不适宜降解的温度条件下突变菌株Ⅻ10的降解率均高于出发菌株;各pH条件下,突变株对PBS的降解能力明显优于出发菌株,尤其在pH5．0时降解率提高了22．80％。     

Physicochemical properties of N4 virus solutions. I. Viscosity--temperature behavior

The viscosity–temperature behavior of N4 virus solution was investigated by using a Zimm type viscometer. The role of ionic strength (LiBr) and pH in the viscosity–temperature behavior was determined. Supporting measurements of the sedimentation coefficient, infectivity, and optical density are presented. The viscosity–temperature behavior generally includes a region of low viscosity, characteristic of the intact virus, followed, upon increasing temperature, by a rather abrupt increase of viscosity which corresponds to the ejection of native DNA from the protein shell, presumably through a suitable opening in the capside. The viscosity remains constant upon further increase of temperature until a second abrupt increase is observed which is shown to correspond to the degradation of the empty protein shell (ghost). Finally, at a still higher temperature, denaturation of DNA occurs. This sequence of events can be altered by changes in pH and ionic strength. Increasing LiBr concentration reduces the temperature of ghost degradation and raises the temperature of DNA ejection and DNA de naturation. It is suggested that polyelectrolyte effects play a controlling role in the ejection of native DNA and that the conformation of the latter within the protein shell is stabilized by a decrease of the electrostatic free energy due to the swamping effect of the co-ions.     

Fate of adenovirus type 12 genomes in nonpermissive cells

The fate of ³H-thymidine-labeled adenovirus type 12 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was studied in Nil-2 cells of Syrian hamster origin. It was found that a substantial fraction of ³H-adenovirus type 12 DNA became degraded within 24 hr after infection and was released into the culture fluid. After infection of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-prelabeled cells with ³H-adenovirus type 12, viral DNA became readily separable from cellular DNA by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl. Part of the viral radioactivity was found to shift gradually to the position of cellular DNA as time progressed after infection. When exponentially growing cells were exposed simultaneously to BUdR, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, and ³H-adenovirus type 12, up to 50% of the viral radioactivity shifted within 24 hr from the density of viral DNA to that of cellular DNA after equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl. Upon denaturation of the cellular DNA, the isotope was preferentially found to be associated with the “heavy” strand which was synthesized after infection. Upon hybridization of the “heavy” and the “light” strands with sonically treated, denatured ³H-adenovirus type 12 DNA, small and nearly equal amounts of counts hybridized with both strands. The number of counts annealed was in a range similar to that of those annealed with the same amount of DNA derived from adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cells. These results demonstrate that (i) a substantial proportion of the adsorbed virus becomes degraded within 24 hr; (ii) part of the degradation products is reutilized for cellular DNA synthesis; (iii) only a small fraction, mainly fragments, of viral DNA becomes integrated into both the newly synthesized and the parental strands of cellular DNA.     

Electron Transfer in the Photosynthetic Membrane: Influence of PH and Surface Potential on the P-680 Reduction Kinetics

The primary electron donor P-680 of the Photosystem-II reaction center was photoxidized by a short flash given after dark adaptation of photosynthetic membranes in which oxygen evolution was inhibited. The P-680⁺ reduction rate was measured under different conditions of pH and salt concentration by following the recovery of the absorption change at 820 nm. As previously reported for Tris-washed chloroplasts (Conjeaud, H., and P. Mathis, 1980, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 590:353-359) a fast phase of P-680⁺ reduction slows down as the bulk pH decreases. When salt concentration increases, this fast phase becomes faster for pH above 4.5-5 and slower below. A quantitative interpretation is proposed in which the P-680⁺ reduction kinetics by the secondary electron donor Z are controlled by the local pH. This pH, at the membrane level, can be calculated using the Gouy-Chapman theory. A good fit of the results requires to assume that the surface charge density of the inside of the membrane, near the Photosystem-II reaction center, is positive at low pH values and becomes negative as the pH increases, with a local isoelectric point ~4.8. These results lead us to propose a functional scheme in which a pH-dependent proton release is coupled to the electron transfer between secondary and primary donors of Photosystem-II. The H⁺/e ratio varies from 1 at low pH to 0 at high pH, with a real pK ~6.5 for the protonatable species.     

Growth kinetics under adenine-limiting conditions of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain

The growth kinetics of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain, was investigated under adenine-limiting conditions. The concentration of adenine (the limiting substrate for cell growth) in the culture filtrate remained constant during the stationary phase. In this phase, DNA turnover was active and the DNA content per cell was constant throughout the cultivation period. When cells were transferred to medium without adenine, the cell concentration began to decrease immediately and then reached a constant level due to the supply of adenine from lysing to growing cells. The rates of degradation of cells and DNA were both found to be 0.2 hr^?1. An equation for cell growth in this pseudostationary phase was obtained by combining Contois' equation, in which the apparent saturation constant was a function of the cell concentration, with a term for cell degradation. This equation satisfactorily expressed the feature of cell growth and adenine consumption by B. subtilis KYA 741 under adenine-limiting conditions.     

Heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis: renaturation and sedimentation studies

The renaturation kinetics of mitochondrial DNA from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis have been studied at different temperatures and molecular weights. At renaturation temperatures 25 deg. C below the mean denaturation temperature (T_m) in 1 M-sodium chloride the renaturation rate constant is found to decrease with increasing molecular weight of the reacting strands. This unusual molecular weight dependency gradually disappears with an increase in the renaturation temperature. At a temperature 10 deg. C below the melting point, the rate constant shows the normally expected increase with the square root of the molecular weight. From the renaturation data at this temperature, the molecular weight of the mitochondrial genome is estimated to be about 5·0 × 10⁷. The same size of genome was found from renaturation at low molecular weight and 25 deg. C below the T_m.The sedimentation properties of denatured mitochondrial DNA at pH values 7·0 to 12·5 were used to study the conformation of this DNA in 1 M-sodium chloride. The results obtained support the conclusion from the renaturation studies: that the pieces of denatured mitochondrial DNA with a molecular weight above 2 × 10⁵ to 3 × 10⁵, in 1 M-sodium chloride at 25 deg. C below the mean denaturation temperature are not fully extended random coils. Presumably, interaction between adenine and thymine-rich sequences, which are clustered at certain distances within the molecules, is the molecular basis for these observations.     

腐食酪螨在不同温度和营养条件下生长发育的比较研究

在12.5℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃恒温下,用啤酒酵母粉和玉米粉为饲料,测定了不同温度和饲料条件下腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae各个发育阶段和世代的发育历期,获得其在各条件下的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在本文的实验温度范围内,该螨的发育历期与温度呈负相关,即随着温度的升高发育历期缩短。在各发育阶段不同饲料条件下发育起点温度和有效积温都有所差异。用啤酒酵母粉作饲料时,腐食酪螨的全世代历期为48.04天（12.5℃下）和8.41天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.18℃,有效积温为155.44 d·℃; 用玉米粉作饲料时,全世代历期为78.79天（12.5℃下）和10.77天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.52℃,有效积温为208.33 d·℃。以成螨体长和体宽为指标,比较了在各温度条件及不同饲料条件对其生长的影响,结果表明不同饲料对螨体大小有显著影响,温度的影响不明显。