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1.
Accounts are given of the lives and careers of Edouard Claparède (1832–1871) and Johannes Lachmann (1832–1860), the authors of the landmark work of 19th century protistology “Etudes sur les Infusoires et les Rhizopodes”, published in 3 parts in 1859, 1860 and 1861. Accounts are also given on the origin of the monograph, the relationship of Claparède and Lachmann with Ernst Haeckel, and Claparède's role as a promoter of Darwin's theories. Suggestions as to how to properly cite the monograph of Claparède and Lachmann are provided, as well as a supplementary file listing the protist species currently accepted as having been first described in their monograph. 相似文献
2.
Summary Gastrin-and cholecystokinin (C.C.K.)-containing cells were detected by using anti-gastrin and anti-C.C.K. sera in the gastrointestinal tract of human fetuses and premature infants and in the stomach and duodenum of adult man obtained by biopsy from eight patients with normal gastro-duodenal endoscopy. The specificity of immunocytological reactions was ascertained by studying the inhibition of the reaction by gastrin, C.C.K., secretin, somatostatin, glucagon, insulin, serotonin, histamin, caerulein and octapeptide of C.C.K. In adult man, the gastrin cells are located only in the antrum and juxtapyloric region; C.C.K. was detected in the duodenum. In the human fetus, the first gastrin cells are seen in the antrum at 14 weeks of age and in the duodenum as early as 10 weeks; the C.C.K. cells are seen in the small intestine at 10 weeks of age.
Acknowledgements. The authors should like to thank Professors Magnin and Liaras, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, M. Dumont, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Notter et Garmier, Hôtel-Dieu, Bethenod, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, for their cooperation. We also thank Professor R. Guillemin, the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, Doctor M.P. Dubois, I.N.R.A., Station de Physiologie de la Reproduction, Nouzilly, Mme Vagne, U. 45, I.N.S.E.R.M. and Professor Y. Minaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, for their donations. This work was supported by a grant from the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 相似文献
3.
Summary The stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum from 6 to 24 week-old human fetuses or deceased premature infants and from one totally anencephalic fetus were stained with antisomatostatin serum. The somatostatin containing cells appear in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract from the tenth week of gestation. The somatostatin-containing cells are lead haematoxylin positive. Somatostatin was also detected in the duodenum of the anencephalic fetus. The study of inhibition of the immunofluorescent reaction by homologous and heterologous antigens confirmed the specificity of antiserum.These data demonstrate that somatostatin can be synthetized elsewhere than in the hypothalamus.We are indebted to Professor P. Magnin, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Professor M. Dumont, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Professor Notter and Professor Garmier, Hôtel Dieu, Professor M. Bethenod, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, whose kind cooperation allowed us to carry out the rapid removal of gastrointestinal tracts for these studies. We thank Professor Assan, Hôtel Dieu, Paris and Professor Lambert U. 45, Inserm, Lyon, who graciously provided us with antisera. We also wish to express our gratitude to Professor Roger Guillemin, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, whose interest and cooperation made these studies possible.This work was supported by a grant of the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale. 相似文献
4.
It was in the first half of the 18th century when life sciences started to flourish in the independent republic of Geneva. However, it is difficult to identify a genuine school of developmental biologists during that era. Nevertheless, several prominent scientists over the past two and a half centuries have established and maintained a strong tradition of studies in embryological development and reproduction. In this short historical account, we briefly pay tribute to these famous forerunners, by emphasizing both the originality and quality of their work, as well as the many accompanying conceptual and methodological advances. We start with Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) and the discovery of Hydra and of regeneration, and with Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) who, amongst other contributions, first observed parthenogenetic development. In the 19th century, Carl Vogt (1817-1895) and Edouard Claparède (1832-1871) were well-known scientists in this field of research, whereas Hermann Fol (1845-1892) can be considered as one of the pioneers, if not the founder, of causal embryology, through his experiments on lateral asymmetry in manipulated chicken. More recently, Emile Guyénot (1885-1963) and Kitty Ponse (1897-1982) perpetuated this tradition, which is well alive nowadays in the city of Calvin. 相似文献
5.
Archival research reveals that it is highly probably that the first discovery of a fossil ape was made by Hugh Falconer and
his associates in the 1830s during surveys of Neogene deposits in the Siwalik hills of British Colonial India. However, priority
is commonly awarded to Edouard Lartet who, in 1837, brought to light a fossil primate specimen from the Miocene beds at Sansan
in France to which Paul Gervais gave the namePliopithecus. Falconer's letters and scientific papers announcing the find of a fossil primate group from the Siwalik Hills were antecedent
to Lartet's report to the French Academy of Sciences, Paris. The circumstances surrounding this misconception over priority
of discovery of fossil apes are reviewed with attention to the historic significance of the Siwalik fossil primates and with
respect to the development of paleoanthropology in South Asia. 相似文献
6.
7.
Annick Ohayon 《PSN》2003,1(4):50-61
A sexological movement look form in France in the 1930’s on the initiative of the alienist Dr. Edouard Toulouse. The movement combined the approach of mental hygiene with the “biocratic” ideas of this psychiatrist: to rationalise social and sexual life, through science. Even though this movement founded, an association, instigated a scholarly society, produced its own journal and was supported by eminent personalities of the medical, political and cultural worlds, there is very little historical trace of this movement and consequently it is generally unknown. The author of the article explores the reasons for this oversight and analyses the relationships between this movement and some members of the then emerging French psychoanalytical movement, particularly Dr. Paul Schiff and Princess Marie Bonaparte, from the beginning of 1930’s to the war. The author retraces the socio-political factors which underpinned Toulouse’s initiative and the causes of its apparent failure. This particular case also highlights the relationships between contemporary psychiatry, eugenics and psychoanalysis, and more generally between science, popularization and ideology. 相似文献
8.
9.
Doucet C Dutheil D Petit I Zhang K Eugene M Touchard G Wahl A Seguin F Milinkevitch S Hauet T Mauco G 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2004,1673(3):105-114
In organ transplantation, preservation injury is an important factor which could influence short-term and long-term graft outcome. The renal medulla is particularly sensitive to oxidant stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Using an autotransplant pig kidney model, we investigated renal function and medullary damage determined between day 1 and week 2 after 24- or 48-h cold storage in different preservation solutions: University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Hopital Edouard Herriot solution (a high Na+ version of UW), ECPEG (high Na+ preservation solution with PEG) and ICPEG (a high K+ version of ECPEG) with or without trimetazidine (TMZ). TMZ improved renal preservation and increased renal function when added in each preservation solution (particularly HEH and ECPEG). Medullary damage led to the early appearance of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) followed by 1H-NMR in urine and plasma. TMZ and ECPEG is the most efficient association to reduce medullary damage. This study clarifies the role of colloid and polarity solution and the role of mitochondrial protection by TMZ. 相似文献
10.
Jan Sapp 《Microbiology and molecular biology reviews》2005,69(2):292-305
Drawing on documents both published and archival, this paper explains how the prokaryote-eukaryote dichotomy of the 1960s was constructed, the purposes it served, and what it implied in terms of classification and phylogeny. In doing so, I first show how the concept was attributed to Edouard Chatton and the context in which he introduced the terms. Following, I examine the context in which the terms were reintroduced into biology in 1962 by Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel. I study the discourse over the subsequent decade to understand how the organizational dichotomy took on the form of a natural classification as the kingdom Monera or superkingdom Procaryotae. Stanier and van Niel admitted that, in regard to constructing a natural classification of bacteria, structural characteristics were no more useful than physiological properties. They repeatedly denied that bacterial phylogenetics was possible. I thus examine the great historical irony that the "prokaryote," in both its organizational and phylogenetic senses, was defined (negatively) on the basis of structure. Finally, we see how phylogenetic research based on 16S rRNA led by Carl Woese and his collaborators confronted the prokaryote concept while moving microbiology to the center of evolutionary biology. 相似文献
11.
Randy Fenrick Normand McNicoll André De Léan 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1996,165(2):103-109
Co-transfection of a truncated natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B) with the full length receptor results in a decrease of 60–80% in wild-type receptor activity. This reduction correlates with a loss of glycosylation of the full length NPR-B. This effect is dose-dependent, and occurs with no change in the glycosylation of the truncated receptor. Co-transfection of the full length NPR-B with other receptors yields similar results. These data suggest that glycosylation may be crucial for NPR-B function. Cross-linking studies further demonstrate that only fully glycosylated NPR-B receptors are able to bind ligand. Our data therefore argue that carbohydrate modification may be critical for NPR-B receptor ligand binding.Abbreviations as
amino acids
- ANF
atrial natriuretic factor
- ANOVA
analysis of variance
- BS3
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate
- BSA
bovine serum albumin
- CNP
C-type natriuretic peptide
- DEAE
dextran-diethylaminoethyl-dextran
- DMEM
Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DMSO
dimethyl sulfoxide
- dNTP
deoxynucleotide triphosphate
- EDTA
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- IBMX
3-isobutyl-l-methyl-=xanthine
- min
minutes
- N-linked
asparagine-linked
- NPR
natriuretic peptide receptor
- nt
nucleotide
- PCR
polymerase chain reaction
- RIA
radioimmunoassay
- RP-HPLC
reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography
- RP-HPLC
reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography
- SDS
sodium dodecyl sulfate
- UV
ultraviolet
Address for offprints:Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montreal, Quebec, H3C3J7, Canada 相似文献
12.
Hugo Mercier 《Biology & philosophy》2010,25(2):269-277
As the title “Doing without Concepts” suggests Edouard Machery argues that psychologists should stop using the notion of concept
because: (1) the only interesting generalizations about concepts can be drawn at the level of types of concepts (prototypes,
exemplars and theories) and not the level of concept in general; and (2) competences such as categorization or induction can
rely on these different types of concepts (there is not a one to one correspondence between type of concept and competence).
I try to make the point that these two elements are not wholly compatible. If several types of concepts are used to perform
a given competence (point (2)), then they have to be well regulated (e.g. which type is activated when, which type wins in
case of conflict). These regulatory mechanisms can then be the basis for interesting generalizations (against point (1)).
On the other hand, it is possible that point (1) applies to competences as well: that there are no interesting generalizations
to be drawn about categorization in general. In which case different types of categorization are likely to be underlain by
different types of concepts (against point (2)). Even though the arguments laid out in the book are forceful and well supported
by empirical evidence, a more positive thesis might have been both more successful rhetorically and more interesting scientifically. 相似文献
13.
《Annales de Paléontologie》2022,108(1):102538
We report on a significant fossil collection of five isopod crustaceans that belong to five families from three suborders. These fossils were discovered in Le Mans (western part of Paris Basin, France) during the second half of the nineteenth century by the French paleontologist Edouard Guéranger. The historical quarry has been studied a few years before by the French paleontologist Alcide d’Orbigny and used as part of his Cenomanian stratotype (Leach, 1814). The collection consists of two species in the Cymothooidea Dana, 1852 (Cirolanidae Dana, 1852; Lantoceramiidae fam. nov.), two Valvifera G. O. Sars, 1883 (Chaetiliidae Dana, 1853; Idoteidae Samouelle, 1819) and one Asellota Latreille, 1802 (Stenetriidae Hansen, 1905), which were previously unknown from Upper Cretaceous strata as old as the Cenomanian age (roughly 93–99 ma). Although phylogenetic dating based on extant taxa has assigned Permian to Triassic age of origin for the Asellota, the Stenetriidae Hansen, 1905 specimen is the first fossil record for this family. Another asellotan, Fornicaris calligarisi Wilson and Selden, 2016, is known from the Triassic (Norian) dating from approximately 210–215 ma. The valviferans were unknown from Mesozoic strata, previously being found in the Oligocene of Romania and the Fur Formation, Upper Paleocene/Lowermost Eocene of Denmark (Polz, 2007). This diverse assemblage of fossils with taxa assignable to extant families and one new family provides evidence for the presence of a substantially modern isopod fauna as early as the Cenomanian. 相似文献
14.
Raf De Bont 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(1):81-118
In historical literature, Edouard van Beneden (1846–1910) is mostly remembered for his cytological discoveries. Less well
known, however, is that he also introduced evolutionary morphology – and indeed evolutionary theory as such – in the Belgian
academic world. The introduction of this research programme cannot be understood without taking both the international and
the national context into account. It was clearly the German example of the Jena University that inspired van Beneden in his
research interests. The actual launch of evolutionary morphology at his University of Liège was, however, also connected with
the dynamic of Belgian university reforms and the local rationale of creating a research “school.” Thanks to his networks,
his mastering of the rhetoric of the “new” biology, his low ideological profile and his capitalising on the new academic élan
in late-19th century Belgium, van Beneden managed to turn his programme into a local success from the 1870s onwards. Two decades
later, however, the conceptual underpinnings of evolutionary morphology came under attack and the “Van Beneden School” lost
much of its vitality. Despite this, van Beneden’s evolutionary morphology was prototypical for the research that was to come.
He was one of the first scientific heavyweights in Belgium to turn the university laboratory into a centre of scientific practice
and the hub of a research school. 相似文献
15.
JAIME MUÑOZ-IGUALADA JOHN A. SHIVIK FRANCISCO G. DOMÍNGUEZ JOSÉ LARA LUIS MARIANO GONZÁLEZ 《The Journal of wildlife management》2008,72(3):830-836
Abstract: A growing international concern for the welfare of animals, combined with the need to capture and handle specific species for conservation, management, or recreational purposes, is increasing the need for scientific evaluation of capture methods. We evaluated the efficiency, selectivity, and injury of cable restraint devices and cage-traps for capture of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in 4 sites of Castilla y León (Spain) during spring of 2006. All traps performed similarly at all sites, with no apparent site and trap interactions. Fox capture rates and mechanical efficiencies of the Belisle® (Edouard Belisle, Saint Veronique, PQ, Canada) and Collarum® (Wildlife Control Supplies, East Granby, CT; mention of product names does not infer endorsement) were similar, but both had higher capture rates than the cage-trap. Similar to previous studies, the Collarum was 100% selective for canids and had a selectivity of 94.4 overall, which was higher than that for the Belisle (63.4); both Collarum and Belisle were much more selective than the cage-trap (21.4). Fox injuries were statistically indistinguishable using injury scores, but the Collarum and the Belisle surpassed international standards for humane trapping; an insufficient number of animals were captured in cage-traps to allow evaluation. Both the Collarum and the Belisle may be useful for the capture of foxes in Spain, but training and experience with each may be necessary to ensure the highest efficiency while preventing injuries, especially to nontarget species. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):830–836; 2008) 相似文献
16.
Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard 《International microbiology》2002,5(1):37-42
Edouard Chatton (1883–1947) began his scientific career in the Pasteur Institute, where he made several important discoveries
regarding pathogenic protists (trypanosomids, Plasmodium, toxoplasms, Leishmania). In 1908 he married a "Banyulencque", Marie Herre; from 1920, he focused his research on marine protists. He finished his
career as Professor at the Sorbonne (Paris) and director of the Laboratoire Arago in Banyuls-sur-mer, where he died in 1947.
André Lwoff (1902–1994) lived several scientific lives in addition to his artistic and family life. But it is the study of
protists that filled his first life after he encountered the exceptional Master who was Chatton. Lwoff's father was a psychiatrist
and his mother an artist sculptor. He became a Doctor of Medicine in 1927 and then a Doctor of Sciences in 1932, his thesis
dealing with biochemical aspects of protozoa nutrition. He met Chatton in 1921 and – until Chatton's death – their meetings,
first in Roscoff and then in Banyuls-sur-mer, were numerous and their collaboration very close. Their monograph on apostome
ciliates was one of the peaks of this collaboration. In 1938, Lwoff was made director of the Microbial Physiology Department
at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where he began a new life devoted to bacteria, and then to viruses, before pursuing his
career as director of the Cancer Research Institute in Villejuif (France). Lwoff was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine in 1965. He died in Banyuls in 1994. "Master" and "pupil" had in common perseverance in their scientific work,
conception and observation, a critical sense and rigor but also a great artistic sensibility that painting and drawing in
the exceptional surroundings of Banyuls-sur-mer had fulfilled.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
17.
Ralph I. Smith 《Journal of morphology》1984,179(3):273-289
The larval nephridia of the brackish-water polychaete Nereis diversicolor are described for the first time, and have been studied to determine if their times of development and structural characteristics are consistent with a role in the osmotic regulation of the larva. As shown in serial paraffin sections and by interference-contrast optics, the nephridia of the three-setiger larva consist of a single pair of very large metanephridia, arising in the 3rd larval setiger, but with their elongated terminal ducts and coiled ciliated tubules pushed forward into the 2nd setiger; their open metanephrostomes and anterior anchoring filaments lie dorsal to the 2nd set of setae. In contrast, the definitive or juvenile metanephridia, arising in the 4th and subsequently formed setigerous segments, have short terminal ducts and coiled ciliated tubules confined to the segments on which their external nephropores open; their nephrostomes are ventrally located and open into the rear of the next anterior segment. These findings are in contrast to the claims of Edouard Meyer (1887), who described two pairs of closed protonephridia in the 2nd and 3rd larval setigers of Perinereis cultrifera. Although it is not excluded that the single larval pair of metanephridia of N. diversicolor may arise as protonephridia, Meyer's claim of two pairs of larval protonephridia was an observational error. The larval nephridia of the marine Platynereis dumerilii resemble in form, but are considerably smaller than, those of N. diversicolor. It is concluded that the hypertrophied pair of larval metanephridia of N. diversicolor is an evolutionary adaptation to existence in habitats of low and unpredictably varying salinity. Their development occurs irrespective of the prevailing salinity; hence, it must be genetically determined. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of fish biology》2002,61(SA):254-272
Costa, M. J. & Cabral, H. N. ( Instituto de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências de Universidade de Lisboa, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal ), Almeida, P. R. ( Instituto de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências de Universidade de Lisboa, R Ernesto de Vasconcelos, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal ), Costa, J. L., Chainho, P., Chaves, M. L., Prista, N., Vasconcelos, R. & Cabral, M. ( Instituto de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciêcias de Universidade de Lisboa, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal ). 相似文献
19.
《Endocrinología y nutrición》2002,49(9):289-292
Estudios publicados en el año 1993 demuestran alta incidencia de bocio en escolares de la zona de El Bierzo.Hemos valorado mediante encuesta el consumo de sal yodada, la presencia de bocio mediante palpación y ecografía, la función tiroidea midiendo concentraciones hormonales en plasma y la excreción de yodo en orina y leche mediante el método de Benotti, en un grupo de mujeres embarazadas de la zona, en los tres trimestres de la gestación y en el posparto.Nuestros resultados demuestran escaso consumo de sal yodada, endemia bociosa grave, hipotiroxinemia materna, pobre excreción de yodo en orina en las gestantes y escasa presencia de yodo en la leche materna. Todo ello indica la necesidad de campañas institucionales para remediar la situación. 相似文献
20.
C. M. Ignoffo 《BioControl》1965,10(1):29-40
Résumé Avant de considérer un virus d'insecte comme potentiellement utilisable en lutte microbiologique, on doit tenir compte non
seulement de son identification et de sa standardisation mais aussi de la méthode de production. La pureté et la qualité des
préparations de virus sont avant tout une fonction de sa méthode de production. Parmi les méthodes disponibles, la production
de virus par multiplication sur insectes élevés sur milieux artificiels, offre présentement la meilleure voie pour obtenir
un produit de qualité.
Les virus d'insectes peuvent être identifiés par leurs caractères physiques, morphologiques, chimiques aussi bien que par
les tests sérologiques et de spécificité vis-à-vis des h?tes. Cependant, aucune de ces méthodes prises isolément n'est adéquate.
Dans l'état actuel des connaissances, l'utilisation conjointe des deux derniers tests fournit les meilleurs éléments pour
l'identification spécifique d'un virus d'insecte.
La standardisation d'un virus devrait être basée à la fois sur sa capacité à produire la maladie et sur le dénombrement des
corps d'inclusion. La variation constatée dans la mesure de l'activité virale peut être une conséquence de la présence de
particules de virus libérées, du nombre de particules virales dans les corps d'inclusion, de la taille et de la constitution
chimique de ceux-ci ou de la présence de biotypes secondaires. Diverses techniques, le plus souvent basées sur des études
de dose léthale et de temps de mortalité, peuvent être employées pour l'estimation de l'activité insecticide des préparations
de virus. Quelle que soit la technique utiliséc, il est nécessaire de déterminer aussi précisément que possible, les paramètres
de la méthode de titrage et d'estimer et de présenter statistiquement les résultats.
相似文献