饥饿对小鼠脑中tau蛋白磷酸化和O-GlcNAc糖基化的影响

为了探讨大脑中葡萄糖摄取和代谢障碍在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer$sdisease,AD)神经退行性病变中的作用,将昆明种小鼠进行饥饿和再喂食处理,并使用多种磷酸化tau蛋白特异性的抗体和蛋白O-GlcNAc糖基化特异性抗体进行检测,观察饥饿及恢复喂养后不同时间点大脑皮质中tau蛋白糖基化及多个位点磷酸化的变化.结果显示:饥饿处理引起小鼠大脑皮质中总蛋白和tau蛋白的O-GlcNAc糖基化水平降低,同时tau蛋白磷酸化水平升高,饥饿引起的tauO-GlcNAc糖基化和磷酸化改变均在恢复进食后逆转成正常水平.该研究结果提示:大脑中tau蛋白的磷酸化和O-GlcNAc糖基化之间存在相互调节,脑中葡萄糖代谢障碍可能通过下调tau蛋白O-GlcNAc糖基化水平使tau蛋白产生异常过度磷酸化,进而促发AD的病理进程.这一结果为在早期阶段通过逆转tau蛋白异常过度磷酸化治疗AD成为可能提供了实验基础.     

O-GlcNAc修饰对蛋白质泛素化降解途径的影响

O-GlcNAc修饰是一种特殊的糖基化修饰,几乎参与生物体内所有细胞过程的调控。该修饰与泛素化作为两种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰形式,都与2型糖尿病、神经退行性疾病、癌症等疾病密切相关。O-GlcNAc修饰对蛋白质泛素化降解途径的影响主要体现在4个方面:(1)O-GlcNAc修饰能够抑制26S蛋白酶体的ATPase活性;(2)O-GlcNAc修饰会减少某些底物蛋白的泛素化降解;(3)O-GlcNAc修饰泛素化相关酶并调节其功能;(4)某些蛋白质(包括调控因子)发生O-GlcNAc修饰后间接影响蛋白质泛素化。     

O-GlcNAc糖基转移酶(OGT)基因表达的抑制对 tau蛋白磷酸化作用的影响

研究HEK293T细胞中O?鄄GlcNAc糖基转移酶(OGT)基因表达抑制对与AD密切相关的tau蛋白磷酸化与糖基化修饰的影响．以OGT基因为靶点设计三段siRNA(OGT-siRNA_1～3),用脂质体的方法转染OGT-siRNA_1～3进入HEK293T细胞,通过RT-PCR检测OGT-siRNA_1～3对OGT mRNA的抑制．将pEGFP/OGT与OGT-siRNA_1～3共转染HEK293T细胞,24 h后在倒置荧光显微镜下观察各组GFP/OGT的表达,根据GFP/OGT的表达量来评价OGT-siRNA_1～3对OGT基因表达的抑制率．将筛选出的具有最佳沉默效果的OGT-siRNA与质粒pCI/ tau₄₄₁共转染HEK293T细胞,48 h后Western blot检测tau蛋白糖基化与磷酸化修饰的变化．OGT-siRNA₃在100 nmol/L的终浓度时对OGT基因的抑制效率最高．与Mock组相比,对OGT基因mRNA及蛋白质水平的抑制率分别可达80.0%与51.3%左右．OGT基因表达的下调使tau蛋白糖基化水平下降,而磷酸化水平增高,证实tau蛋白的糖基化负调节其磷酸化,葡萄糖摄入减少或代谢降低可能在AD的发生发展中起关键作用．     

微管相关蛋白tau在动物死亡后被快速去磷酸化

tau蛋白是神经细胞中主要的微管相关蛋白, 它的异常过度磷酸化被认为是阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 致病过程中的关键因素. 由于法律、社会、家庭等诸多因素使得获取的人脑组织标本常常在死亡后2~3 h以上,因此了解死亡不同时间后tau蛋白磷酸化的改变,对研究tau蛋白的功能及在AD致病过程中作用显得十分重要. 用位点特异的、磷酸化依赖的抗tau蛋白抗体检测正常大鼠脑中tau蛋白磷酸化程度及死亡后其磷酸化的变化情况,再用非同位素的点印迹技术测定鼠脑中tau蛋白激酶、磷酸酶在不同温度下的活性. 结果发现,正常鼠脑中tau蛋白除了Ser262,Ser409,Ser422外,在Thr181,Ser199,Ser202,Thr205,Thr212,Ser214,Thr217,Ser396和Ser404存在不同程度的磷酸化,并且在死亡后3 h,出现tau的多位点的去磷酸化及tau蛋白迁移加快,6 h后更为明显,但tau蛋白水平即使在大鼠死亡后6 h,仍未见有明显的改变. 用点印迹测定蛋白激酶和磷酸酶活性结果显示,tau蛋白激酶、磷酸酶活性均有温度依赖性降低,在25℃时激酶活性降低远大于磷酸酶活性的降低,tau蛋白在死亡后的快速去磷酸化与相对高的磷酸酶作用有关.     

O-GlcNAc修饰蛋白质的生理功能和研究方法

氧连N-乙酰葡糖胺（O-GlcNAc）修饰是与磷酸化相类似的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,它主要发生在细胞核和细胞质中的蛋白质上．与细胞信号通路密切相关,成为近年来的研究热点。该文主要从O-GlcNAc修饰蛋白质的生理功能和研究方法两方面介绍该领域近年来的研究成果。     

阿尔兹海默病中tau蛋白磷酸化调节

细胞内高度磷酸化tau蛋白形成的神经纤维缠结是阿尔兹海默病的主要病理特征之一。过度磷酸化的tau蛋白将引起细胞内微管的紊乱,从而造成神经元突触连接的丢失。Tau蛋白的磷酸化受到多种因素的影响,这些因素的失常将会导致tau蛋白的异常磷酸化。Tau蛋白的基本功能和结构、翻译后的主要修饰以及蛋白激酶和磷酸酯酶的调节,在阿尔兹海默病理以及预防治疗中发挥重要作用。     

蛋白质磷酸化修饰的研究进展

蛋白质磷酸化是最常见、最重要的一种蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,它参与和调控生物体内的许多生命活动。通过蛋白质的磷酸化与去磷酸化,调控信号转导、基因表达、细胞周期等诸多细胞过程。随着蛋白质组学技术的发展和应用,蛋白质磷酸化的研究越来越受到广泛的重视。我们介绍了蛋白质磷酸化修饰的主要类型与功能、磷酸化蛋白质分析样品的富集及制备、磷酸化蛋白的鉴定及磷酸化位点的预测、蛋白分离后磷酸化蛋白的检测,及蛋白质磷酸化的分子机制,并综述了近年来国内外的主要相关研究进展。     

蛋白磷酸酯酶抑制剂冈田酸对人神经母细胞瘤 SK-N-SH细胞系tau蛋白磷酸化水平的影响

观察蛋白磷酸酯酶-1和蛋白磷酸酯酶-2A的抑制剂冈田酸(okadaicacid,OA)对人神经母细胞瘤系SK-N-SH细胞tau蛋白磷酸化水平的变化,确定tau蛋白过度磷酸化细胞模型的合适剂量和时间。用不同剂量OA与SK-N-SH细胞共温育不同时间,用显微镜观察细胞形态变化,用Western印迹法检测磷酸化tau蛋白和非磷酸化tau蛋白在Ser202位点和Ser404位点磷酸化水平的变化。10～160nmol/LOA与SK-N-SH神经细胞温育3～24h,可引起细胞形态损伤呈剂量依赖性和时间依赖性的变化,起效剂量和时间为10nmol/L和3h。10nmol/LOA与SK-N-SH细胞温育6～24h,磷酸化tau蛋白Ser199/Ser202位点和Ser404位点的表达明显增高,非磷酸化tau蛋白Ser202位点和Ser404位点的表达明显降低,总tau蛋白含量无明显变化。OA可以作为很好的研究tau蛋白过度磷酸化的工具药,10nmol/LOA与SK-N-SH神经细胞共温育6h可以作为制备细胞模型的适宜条件。     

Caspase-3 对磷酸化 tau 蛋白截断作用的研究

磷酸化 tau 是阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer's disease , AD) 的特征性病理改变———神经原纤维缠结 (neurofibrillary tangles , NFTs) 的主要组成部分 . 最近的研究显示： NFT 存在 Glu391 和 Asp421 位点被截断的 tau 片段,然而, tau 蛋白的磷酸化是否会影响 caspase-3 的切割作用尚不清楚 . 首先纯化重组 tau 蛋白,然后利用蛋白激酶 A (PKA) 、钙 / 钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ (CaMK Ⅱ ) 和乳鼠海马组织抽提液对其磷酸化,并用 caspase-3 对不同磷酸化的 tau 蛋白进行切割,比较 caspase-3 对非磷酸化和不同蛋白激酶磷酸化的 tau 蛋白的切割特性 . 结果显示：除切割非磷酸化 tau 蛋白外, caspase-3 在体外可分别切割被 PKA 、 CaMK Ⅱ和乳鼠海马组织抽提液磷酸化的 tau 蛋白 . 这一结果提示：磷酸化修饰的 tau 蛋白仍然是 caspase-3 的底物 .     

O-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(O-GlcNAc)修饰及其生物学功能研究进展

O-GlcNAc修饰系发生在蛋白质丝氨酸、苏氨酸羟基末端连接的乙酰氨基葡萄糖上的单糖基修饰。自1984年以来,针对O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰的研究日益升温。O-GlcNAc修饰是动态变化、可调控的,满足蛋白质翻译后修饰参与信号通路的必要条件。在多数情况下,O-GlcNAc修饰与磷酸化修饰发生在蛋白质的相同氨基酸残基上,故两种修饰之间常存在竞争性抑制,亦被称之为"阴阳"制衡。O-GlcNAc修饰参与细胞内多种信号通路的调控,调节着生长、增殖、激素响应等过程,在糖尿病、神经退行性疾病和肿瘤等代谢性疾病中扮演重要角色。探究O-GlcNAc修饰及其在生理、病理状态中的作用具有极为重要的意义。     

Brain glucose transporters, O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we determined the levels of major brain glucose transporters, O -GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau in the postmortem brain tissue from frontal cortices of 7 controls, 11 T2DM subjects, 10 AD subjects and 8 additional subjects who had both T2DM and AD. We found that the neuronal glucose transporter 3 was decreased to a bigger extent in T2DM brain than in AD brain. The O -GlcNAcylation levels of global proteins and of tau were also decreased in T2DM brain as seen in AD brain. Phosphorylation of tau at some of the AD abnormal hyperphosphorylation sites was increased in T2DM brain. These results suggest that T2DM may contribute to the increased risk for AD by impairing brain glucose uptake/metabolism and, consequently, down-regulation of O -GlcNAcylation, which facilitates abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau.     

Developmental regulation of tau phosphorylation, tau kinases, and tau phosphatases

Tau is a neuronal microtubule-associated protein. Its hyperphosphorylation plays a critical role in Alzheimer disease (AD). Expression and phosphorylation of tau are regulated developmentally, but its dynamic regulation and the responsible kinases or phosphatases remain elusive. Here, we studied the developmental regulation of tau in rats during development from embryonic day 15 through the age of 24 months. We found that tau expression increased sharply during the embryonic stage and then became relatively stable, whereas tau phosphorylation was much higher in developing brain than in mature brain. However, the extent of tau phosphorylation at seven of the 14 sites studied was much less in developing brain than in AD brain. Tau phosphorylation during development matched the period of active neurite outgrowth in general. Tau phosphorylation at various sites had different topographic distributions. Several tau kinases appeared to regulate tau phosphorylation collectively at overlapping sites, and the decrease of overall tau phosphorylation in adult brain might be due to the higher levels of tau phosphatases in mature brain. These studies provide new insight into the developmental regulation of site-specific tau phosphorylation and identify the likely sites required for the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in AD.     

蛋白分子O-糖基化的研究进展

蛋白分子的氧连接糖基化（O-糖基化）修饰是生物体内必不可少的转录后化学修饰之一,其作用方式类似磷酸化,并且两者之间相互作用,共同调节生物大分子的活性。O-糖基化修饰在生物体的转录、翻译、核运输、细胞骨架的形成以及调节细胞器的功能中发挥着重要的作用。通过影响细胞信号的传导,在细胞吞噬、炎性细胞的迁移以及细胞内大分子物质的循环中也起着重要作用。该文主要通过介绍蛋白分子O-糖基化修饰的基础理论以及。一糖基化修饰作用的几个方面,来简要阐述O-糖基化修饰在生物体内发挥的作用。     

急性缺氧和急性低糖对脑片tau蛋白磷酸化的影响

为探讨急性缺氧对tau蛋白磷酸化的影响,将Wistar大鼠脑片进行不同时间的缺氧培养后,对tau蛋白的磷酸化状态及相关磷酸酯酶的活性和表达进行检测.结果显示,急性缺氧使tau蛋白多个丝氨酸位点磷酸化水平下降,蛋白磷酸酯酶～2A(PP-2A)的活性升高,其催化亚单位表达上调,而蛋白磷酸酯酶-1(PP-1)的活性及催化亚单位表达均无明显改变.该研究结果表明:急性缺氧可能通过蛋白磷酸酯酶-2A的上调而使tau蛋白多个丝氨酸位点发生去磷酸化作用.     

Phosphorylation of tau at Ser214 mediates its interaction with 14-3-3 protein: implications for the mechanism of tau aggregation

The microtubule associated protein tau is a major component of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease brain, however the neuropathological processes behind the formation of neurofibrillary tangles are still unclear. Previously, 14-3-3 proteins were reported to bind with tau. 14-3-3 Proteins usually bind their targets through specific serine/threonine –phosphorylated motifs. Therefore, the interaction of tau with 14-3-3 mediated by phosphorylation was investigated. In this study, we show that the phosphorylation of tau by either protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase B (PKB) enhances the binding of tau with 14-3-3 in vitro . The affinity between tau and 14-3-3 is increased 12- to 14-fold by phosphorylation as determined by real time surface plasmon resonance studies. Mutational analyses revealed that Ser214 is critical for the phosphorylation-mediated interaction of tau with 14-3-3. Finally, in vitro aggregation assays demonstrated that phosphorylation by PKA/PKB inhibits the formation of aggregates/filaments of tau induced by 14-3-3. As the phosphorylation at Ser214 is up-regulated in fetal brain, tau's interaction with 14-3-3 may have a significant role in the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in development. Also as the phosphorylation at Ser214 is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease brain, tau's interaction with 14-3-3 might be involved in the pathology of this disease.     

Regulation of Phosphorylation of tau by Protein Kinases in Rat Brain

Microtubule associated protein tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. To investigate the role of protein kinases involved in this lesion, metabolically active slices made from brains of adult rats were treated with or without various specific kinase activators in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The basal kinase activities of protein kinase-A (PKA), CaM Kinase II and GSK-3 were stimulated more than two-fold by isoproterenol, bradykinin and wortmannin, respectively. We found that cdk5 activity was co-stimulated with PKA by isoproterenol. Sequential activation of PKA (+cdk5), CaM Kinase II and GSK-3 produced hyperphosphorylation of tau at Ser-198/Ser-199/Ser-202, Ser-214, Thr-231/Ser-235, Ser-262, Ser-396/Ser-404 and Ser-422 sites. Like AD P-tau, the P-tau from brain slices bound to normal tau and its binding to tubulin was inhibited. These studies suggest that PKA, cdk5, CaM Kinase II and GSK-3 are involved in the regulation of phosphorylation of tau and that AD-type phosphorylation of tau is probably a product of the synergistic action of two or more of these kinases.     

The downward spiral of tau and autolysosomes

A growing body of research has connected autophagy to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD). In autopsied AD brain, large multivesicular bodies accumulate in neurons. Knockout mice deficient for key autophagy genes demonstrate age-dependent neurodegeneration. Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by accumulation of insoluble protein species; the type of protein and the location of aggregates within the nervous system help to define the type of disorder. It has been hypothesized that the inability to degrade such aggregates is a major causative factor in neuronal dysfunction and eventual neuronal death. As neurons are postmitotic and thus cannot regenerate themselves, mechanisms of protein clearance have received much attention in the field. The function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is impaired in models of neurodegeneration, and overexpression of chaperone proteins, such as those in the HSP70 family, leads to beneficial effects in many models of proteinopathies. Recently, studies of the effects of autophagy as a clearance mechanism have uncovered compelling evidence that inducing autophagy can alleviate many pathogenic and behavioral symptoms in animal and cellular models of neurodegeneration.     

钙蛋白酶对兔脑皮质中细胞骨架蛋白tau的降解作用

钙蛋白酶 (calpain)是钙依赖性中性蛋白酶 ,根据其对钙敏感性的不同 ,可分为m 和 μ 钙蛋白酶两型。分别用不同浓度CaCl2 溶液温育Wistar大鼠脑皮质匀浆液 ,并用Western印迹和定量图像分析技术检测不同亚型钙蛋白酶对tau蛋白的降解作用。发现 :在 37℃用 1mmol LCa2 温育底物 15min ,即出现大量分子量为 2 9kD的tau蛋白降解片段 ;当Ca2 浓度为 5mmol L时 ,tau蛋白几乎全部被降解 ;这种tau蛋白降解可被特异性的钙蛋白酶抑制剂完全逆转。进一步的研究发现 ,分别用 μ 钙蛋白酶抑制剂 ( 0 .0 5 μmol Lcalpastatin) ,m 钙蛋白酶抑制剂 ( 10 0 μmol LcalpaininhibitorIV)或总钙蛋白酶抑制剂 ( 5 5 2 μmol Lcalpeptin)与 1mmol LCa2 共同温育Wistar大鼠脑皮质匀浆液 ,1mmol LCa2 激活的tau蛋白降解分别被抑制 8.6 %、92 .5 %和 97.8%。该研究结果表明 ,一定浓度的Ca2 可同时激活 μ 钙蛋白酶和m 钙蛋白酶 ,这两种亚型均参与降解tau蛋白 ,但m 钙蛋白酶的作用比 μ 钙蛋白酶更强