Nucleotide sequences of serine tRNAs from Bacillus subtilis.

Three B. subitilis serine tRNAs were sequenced including modified nucleosides. All the serine tRNAs contained 1-methyl-adenosine in the D-loop. As other characteristic modified nucleosides, 5-methoxyuridine was found in the first letter of the anticodon in the tRNA(UGA).     

Dissociation of cellular functions in Bacillus cereus by 5-fluorouracil

Reich, Melvin (The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.), and H. George Mandel. Dissociation of cellular functions in Bacillus cereus by 5-fluorouracil. J. Bacteriol. 91:517-523. 1966.-5-Fluorouracil (FU) produced a marked inhibition of growth and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in Bacillus cereus 569H. Protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis were not specifically inhibited, and proceeded at the rate of turbidometric increase of the cells. Cell-wall synthesis, respiration, and penicillinase production continued in the presence of FU at essentially the control rate. The addition of equimolar concentrations of uracil and FU prevented growth inhibition but did not restore DNA synthesis. The addition of thymidine with FU did not relieve growth inhibition but did restore the DNA content to normal. Thymidine supplementation also increased the quantity of FU, but not uracil, incorporated into RNA and the acid-soluble fraction. The data indicate that inhibition of growth can be dissociated from inhibition of DNA synthesis and that more DNA is present in normal cells than is needed for growth and reproduction.     

芽胞杆菌生产嘌呤核苷研究进展

嘌呤核苷在食品和医药领域都有广泛的应用。应用芽胞杆菌生产嘌呤核苷类物质的研究始于 6 0年代 ,其后对合成途径及其代谢调控机制相继进行了深入的研究 ,以下就此做详尽的综述 ,并以肌苷、鸟苷为例 ,对利用芽胞杆菌发酵生产嘌呤核苷的菌种选育和工艺调控的进展做全面的回顾。     

Synthesis of FUDP-N-acetylglucosamine and FUDP-glucose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells treated with 5-fluorouracil

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells (strain W303-1A) treated with 5-fluorouracil and grown in 2% (fermentative conditions) or in 0.1% glucose (oxidative conditions) accumulated two types of 5-fluoro-UDP-sugars (FUDP-sugars): FUDP-N-acetylglucosamine and FUDP-glucose. No difference was observed in both conditions of culture. The viability of yeast cells on treatment with 5-fluorouracil was also followed. Both FUDP-sugars were partially purified by column chromatography (on Hypersil ODS and Mono Q columns) and characterized by: (i) treatment with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), snake venom phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1) and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22); (ii) UV spectra; and (iii) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass analysis and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The syntheses of both FUDP-sugars were inversely related to the concentration of uracil and directly related to the concentration of 5-fluorouracil in the culture medium. The strain W303-1A, requiring uracil for growth, was useful as a tool to analyze the effect of 5-fluorouracil on nucleotide metabolism.     

Comparative effects of 5-fluorouracil on strains of Bacillus megaterium

Wachsman, J. T. (University of Illinois, Urbana), S. Kemp, and L. Hogg. Comparative effects of 5-fluorouracil on strains of Bacillus megaterium. J. Bacteriol. 87:1011-1018. 1964.-Growth of Bacillus megaterium strain KM is severely inhibited by 5-fluorouracil (FU). Both thymidine and uridine are required to overcome this inhibition. The addition of uridine alone to a FU-inhibited culture permits good ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis for the first 2 hr, but rather poor deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Uridine enhances the bactericidal effect of FU, promoting a decrease in the viable count of from 4 to 5 decades in 5 hr. Death begins after a 1-hr lag and is accompanied by hydrolysis of RNA and cell lysis, commencing during the 2- to 5-hr interval. The combination of FU and uridine is not bactericidal, when a methionine auxotroph is deprived of its required amino acid. Substrains of KM, partially resistant to FU, were isolated. Strain T(2) requires only thymidine to overcome the inhibitory effects of FU, whereas strain FU/2 requires only uridine. With a uridine auxotroph of strain KM, FU partially replaces uridine by permitting a small, but reproducible, increase in the amount of protein.     

Regulation of enzyme synthesis in the aromatic amino acid pathway of Bacillus subtilus

The control of the synthesis of certain key enzymes of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis was studied. Tyrosine represses the first enzyme of the 3-deoxy-d-arabino heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate pathway, DAHP synthetase, as well as shikimate kinase and chorismate mutase about fivefold in cultures grown under conditions limiting the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids. A mixture of tyrosine and phenylalanine represses twofold further. Tryptophan does not appear to be involved in the control of these enzymes. The specific activity of at least one early enzyme, dehydroquinase, remains essentially constant under a variety of nutritional supplementations. Two enzymes in the terminal branches are repressed by the amino acids they help to synthesize: prephenate dehydrogenase can be repressed fourfold by tyrosine, and anthranilate synthetase can be repressed over 200-fold by tryptophan. There is no evidence that phenylalanine represses prephenate dehydratase. Regulatory mutants have been isolated in which various enzymes of the pathway are no longer repressible. One class is derepressed for several of the prechorismate enzymes, as well as chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase. In another mutant, several enzymes of tryptophan biosynthesis are no longer repressible. Thus, the rate of synthesis of enzymes at every stage of the pathway is under control of various aromatic amino acids. Tyrosine and phenylalanine control the synthesis of enzymes involved in the synthesis of the three aromatic amino acids. Each terminal branch is under the control of its end product.     

Nucleotide sequence of 5' portion of srfA that contains the region required for competence establishment in Bacillus subtilus.

The nucleotide sequence of the 20,535 base pairs of the 5' end of the srfA operon, containing the region required for competence development, was determined. This included the srfA promoter region, the first open reading frame, srfAA, encoding surfactin synthetase I and part of the second open reading frame, srfAB, encoding surfactin synthetase II. Three amino acid-activating domains characteristic of those found in peptide synthetases could be discerned in both srfAA (activating Glu, Leu and D-Leu) and srfAB (activating Val, Asp, and D-Leu). The presence of a conserved spacer motif in the amino-terminal end of srfAA suggests that the srfAA product may not initiate surfactin synthesis. The portion of srfA that contains the region required for competence is composed of srfAA and the first amino acid-activating domain of srfAB.     

Altered dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity associated with mild toxicity in patients treated with 5-fluorouracil containing chemotherapy

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5FU). In patients treated with capecitabine or 5FU combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs, DPD activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was increased in patients experiencing grade I/II neutropenia. In contrast, decreased DPD activity proved to be associated with grade I/II dermatological toxicity, including hand-foot syndrome. Thus, patients with a low-normal or high-normal DPD activity proved to be at risk of developing mild toxicity upon treatment with 5FU-based chemotherapy, demonstrating the important role of DPD in the etiology of toxicity associated with 5FU and the catabolites of 5FU.     

Use of 5-fluorouracil for the isolation of auxotrophic mutants of Bacillus megaterium

Wachsman, J. T. (University of Illinois, Urbana), and L. Hogg. Use of 5-fluorouracil for the isolation of auxotrophic mutants of Bacillus megaterium. J. Bacteriol. 87:1137-1139. 1964.-The combination of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and uridine was used to selectively kill wild-type cells of Bacillus megaterium KM, thereby providing surviving populations greatly enriched in auxotrophic mutants. Exponentially growing cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light, incubated in a basal medium containing sucrose and, in most experiments, a complete amino acid mixture. Exponentially growing cells were then washed and incubated in the basal medium containing only sucrose, to deplete intracellular reserves. FU and uridine were added, and incubation was continued. After 5 hr, auxotrophs may account for up to 50% of the survivors. Organisms requiring each of the following compounds were identified: alanine, arginine, asparagine, cysteine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, adenine, and guanine.     

枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶的纯化及酶学性质研究

目的：对枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶进行分离纯化及酶学性质研究。方法：经加热、硫酸铵盐析和SephadexG-100凝胶过滤,对枯草芽孢杆菌TM903中的嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶进行分离纯化,并对其酶学性质进行研究。结果：酶的最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH值为7．5,在30-50℃时热稳定性较好;K^＋对该酶有激活作用,而Na^＋、ca^＋、Mg^＋、Mn^＋等金属离子对该酶有抑制作用;Km值为2．11mmol／L,Vmax值为0．84mmol／（min·L）。结论：分离纯化了枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶,并研究了其酶学性质,为利巴韦林的发酵工艺优化提供了重要的酶学理论基础。     

Comparative label-free LC-MS/MS analysis of colorectal adenocarcinoma and metastatic cells treated with 5-fluorouracil

A label-free mass spectrometric strategy was used to examine the effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the primary and metastatic colon carcinoma cell lines, SW480 and SW620, with and without treatment. 5-FU is the most common chemotherapeutic treatment for colon cancer. Pooled biological replicates were analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS and protein quantification was determined via spectral counting. Phenotypic and proteomic changes were evident and often similar in both cell lines. The SW620 cells were more resistant to 5-FU treatment, with an IC(50) 2.7-fold higher than that for SW480. In addition, both cell lines showed pronounced abundance changes in pathways relating to antioxidative stress response and cell adhesion remodeling due to 5-FU treatment. For example, the detoxification enzyme NQO1 was increased with treatment in both cell lines, while disparate members of the peroxiredoxin family, PRDX2 or PRDX5 and PRDX6, were elevated with 5-FU exposure in either SW480 or SW620, respectively. Cell adhesion-associated proteins CTNNB1 and RhoA showed decreased expression with 5-FU treatment in both cell lines. The differential quantitative response in the proteomes of these patient-matched cell lines to drug treatment underscores the subtle molecular differences separating primary and metastatic cancer cells.     

枯草芽孢杆菌嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶酶学性质研究及在利巴韦林酶法合成中的应用

利用PCR技术从枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA中扩增出其编码嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶的两种基因deoD和punA,构建工程菌并采用金属螯合层析纯化PNP₇₀₂和PNP₈₁₆,酶学性质研究表明:二者具有一致的最适反应温度(60℃)和最适反应pH值(7~8),PNP₈₁₆磷酸解肌苷的催化效率(k_cat/K_m)比PNP₇₀₂高出11.12倍。底物特异性试验表明:PNP₇₀₂为高分子量的六聚体,而PNP₈₁₆为低分子量的三聚体。分别以纯化酶和工程菌菌体为酶源,以肌苷或鸟苷为核糖基供体,TCA(1,2,4-三氮唑-3-甲酰胺)为底物,酶法合成核苷类抗病毒药物利巴韦林,PNP₈₁₆和工程菌XL-Blue(pPNP₈₁₆)较PNP₇₀₂和工程菌XL-Blue(pPNP₇₀₂)具有更高的催化速度和底物转化率,表明来源于微生物的低分子量的三聚体PNP在核苷类药物和中间体微生物酶法合成中具有更高的应用价值。