2010年广州地区淋球菌耐药监测结果分析

目的了解广州地区淋球菌对抗生素耐药性的变化及PPNG和TRNG的流行趋势。方法用琼脂稀释法测定头孢曲松、大观霉素、环丙沙星、阿奇霉素和四环素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）;用纸片碘量法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果83株淋球菌检出PPNG24株（28．9％）、TRNG50株（60．2％）、环丙沙星耐药率高达98．8％,高度耐药株（MIC≥16mg／L）43株（51．8％）,而76株淋球菌中阿奇霉素耐药株11株（14．5％）,均未出现对头孢曲松、大观霉素耐药的菌株,抗菌活性强。结论合理规范使用抗生素及动态监测淋球菌耐药性变迁是临床减少淋球菌耐药菌株出现的有效办法。     

1998～2002年广州地区淋球菌对抗生素耐药性的变迁

目的 :了解 1998～ 2 0 0 2年广州地区淋球菌对 5种抗生素的耐药性的变迁及产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)和高水平耐四环素淋球菌 (TRNG)的流行状况。方法 :用琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)以及用纸片碘量法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果 :60 3株淋球菌检出 PPNG 64株 (10 .6% )、TRNG 83株 (13 .7% ) ,1998～ 2 0 0 2年 ,PPNG、TRNG流行率及环丙沙星耐药率 ,经μ检验 ,P<0 .0 1,差异有显著性。头孢曲松、壮观霉素未发现耐药菌株 ,壮观霉素抗菌活性最强。结论 :持续监测淋球菌的耐药性十分重要     

2003年广州地区淋球菌对抗生素耐药性结果分析

目的了解广州地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性及PPNG和TRNG的流行状况.方法用琼脂稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)以及用纸片碘量法检测β-内酰胺酶.结果 116株淋球菌检出PPNG30株(25.9%)、TRNG36株(31%)、环丙沙星耐药率达93.1%,头孢三嗪、壮观霉素未发现耐药菌株,且抗菌活性最强.结论持续监测淋球菌的耐药性十分重要.     

儿科痰培养肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解厦门市妇幼保健院儿科患者下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌的耐药情况。方法对厦门市妇幼保健院2007年9月至2009年12月从儿科分离的95株肺炎链球菌用K-B纸片法检测其对青霉素等5种抗菌药物的敏感度,对耐苯唑西林的菌株用E-test法检测青霉素和头孢曲松的MIC值。结果95株肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,耐药率分别为97.9%、96.8%,对左氧氟沙星几乎敏感,未检出耐万古霉素菌株。E-test法测试青霉素不敏感率为58.9%（56株）,头孢曲松敏感率为93.7%（89株）。ermB因介导的红霉素耐药菌株92株,占98.9%,mefE基因介导的红霉素耐药仅1株（1.1%）。结论厦门市妇幼保健院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药严重,PNSP检出率较高（58.9%）,对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,临床应尽量减少此类药物的经验性用药,依据药敏结果选择抗菌药物进行治疗。     

广州地区淋球菌抗生素耐药性及质粒图谱研究

目的：了解广州地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性及质粒图谱。方法：用琼脂稀释法测定5种抗生素对167株菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）及用破裂解法分析160株菌的质粒图谱。结果：167株淋球菌检出PPN9株（5．4％）,TRNG16株（9．6％）,环丙沙星耐药率达78．4％,头孢三嗪,壮观霉素未发现耐药菌株。160株菌其质粒谱型2．6Md 4.5Md(24.4%),2.6Md 4.5Md 24.5Md(20.6%),2.6Md 24.5Md(20.6%),4.5Md检出率（45％）24.5Md检出率（41．3％）。结论：表明了广州地区淋球菌抗生素的耐药性和质粒图谱,有助于淋病的治疗和防治。     

淋病奈瑟菌耐药机制研究进展

淋病是由淋病奈瑟菌(淋球菌)感染引起的一种性传播疾病,其流行和蔓延已成为全球公共卫生事业巨大的负担.抗菌药物治疗是目前淋病防治的主要方式,但随着抗菌药物在临床上的广泛应用,淋球菌的耐药性问题日益严重.深入探究淋球菌的耐药机制,对完善其耐药监测体系和调整临床用药方案均有重要意义.本文在回顾近几年淋球菌耐药机制相关研究的基...     

临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性监测

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法采用微量稀释法对392例临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌进行药物敏感性测定;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(Extendedspectrumbeta-lactamases,ESBLs)检测用微量稀释法初筛,纸片法做确证试验。结果肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗菌药物的药敏结果中,耐药率大于30%的抗菌药物多达11种;其中氨苄西林-舒巴坦、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、哌拉西林、复方新诺明和头孢唑啉的耐药率高达20%以上。耐药率低于10%的抗菌药物仅有4种,分别为头孢曲松(7.7%)、头孢噻肟(7.4%)、氨曲南(6.9%)和亚胺培南(3.1%)。其它抗菌药物的耐药率都高于10%。产ESBLs菌株的发生率为32.9%～45.8%,平均为39.8%;产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.05)。结论临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,尤其是产ESBLs菌株的高耐药率及多重耐药性更为明显。临床应加强对肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的监测并预防耐药菌株的传播流行。     

淋球菌多重耐药性机制的研究进展

淋病是性传播疾病的主要病种之一。近年来,淋球菌的耐药菌株增多,造成了多种药物的治疗失败。本文概述了淋球菌产生多重耐药性机制的研究进展,指出染色基因特异位点的突变对淋球菌膜蛋白传递耐药系统的影响是该菌产生对多种抗生素耐药的主要原因;青霉素结合蛋白及质粒耐药可同时起作用。     

单核细胞增生李斯特菌喹诺酮耐药机制研究北大核心CSCD

以食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌(LM)环丙沙星耐药株为研究对象,旨在调查LM对喹诺酮产生耐药的分子机制。采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定菌株对环丙沙星的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);通过PCR检测喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)基因突变以及质粒介导喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因的分布;实时荧光定量PCR检测lde基因在LM菌株中的相对表达量;利用SOE-PCR技术构建lde基因缺失突变株,调查外排泵Lde的作用。结果表明,15株LM耐药菌株GyrA、GyrB、ParC和ParE亚基的氨基酸序列与敏感株100%相似;所有菌株中均未检出PMQR基因。加入外排泵抑制剂利血平后,菌株L28和L47对环丙沙星的MIC值分别下降为原来的1/8和1/4。lde基因在耐药株和敏感株中均有表达,且表达量相近;在环丙沙星的作用下,lde基因在耐药株中的相对表达量增加显著,而在敏感株中的表达量基本没有变化;加入利血平后,lde在耐药株中的表达明显受到抑制。缺失lde基因后,菌株对环丙沙星由耐药转为敏感;利血平存在下突变株对环丙沙星的MIC值不受影响。本研究证明外排泵Lde介导LM对喹诺酮类药物耐药。     

单核细胞增生李斯特菌喹诺酮耐药机制研究

以食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌(LM)环丙沙星耐药株为研究对象,旨在调查LM对喹诺酮产生耐药的分子机制。采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定菌株对环丙沙星的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);通过PCR检测喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)基因突变以及质粒介导喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因的分布;实时荧光定量PCR检测lde基因在LM菌株中的相对表达量;利用SOE-PCR技术构建lde基因缺失突变株,调查外排泵Lde的作用。结果表明,15株LM耐药菌株GyrA、GyrB、ParC和ParE亚基的氨基酸序列与敏感株100%相似;所有菌株中均未检出PMQR基因。加入外排泵抑制剂利血平后,菌株L28和L47对环丙沙星的MIC值分别下降为原来的1/8和1/4。lde基因在耐药株和敏感株中均有表达,且表达量相近;在环丙沙星的作用下,lde基因在耐药株中的相对表达量增加显著,而在敏感株中的表达量基本没有变化;加入利血平后,lde在耐药株中的表达明显受到抑制。缺失lde基因后,菌株对环丙沙星由耐药转为敏感;利血平存在下突变株对环丙沙星的MIC值不受影响。本研究证明外排泵Lde介导LM对喹诺酮类药物耐药。     

乙醇与乙醛对心脏的影响及其可能机制的探讨

通过研究乙醇、乙醛对离体心脏和神经干的影响,探讨乙醇、乙醛对心脏作用的可能机制.用不同浓度的乙醇和乙醛处理牛蛙蛙心灌流标本和坐骨神经标本,用BL-420 系统对给药前后心脏的心率和振幅以及神经干最小刺激强度作记录.乙醇和乙醛可以引起神经兴奋性的改变从而影响神经冲动的传导,而且其影响具有明显的量效依赖关系,低浓度的乙醇和乙醛能使神经的兴奋性增加,高浓度则降低;乙醇对心脏的心率和振幅均有抑制作用,低浓度的乙醛对心脏心率和振幅有促进作用,高浓度的乙醛对心脏造成不可恢复的损伤.乙醇、乙醛对心脏的影响效果不同,但两者均可直接影响及通过神经而间接影响心脏的活动.     

Effects of age and gender on success and death of mountaineers on Mount Everest

Increasing numbers of climbers are attempting Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth. We compiled interview data and computed the probabilities of summiting and of dying as a function of climber age and gender (2211 climbers, spring season) for the period of 1990-2005. Men and women had similar odds of summiting and of dying. However, climbers older than 40 years have reduced odds of summiting, and those older than 60 years have increased odds of dying, especially when descending from the summit. On Mount Everest, phenotypic selection appears blind to gender but favours young mountaineers.     

Effects of diet on biomarkers of exposure and effects, and on oxidative damage

Modification of DNA is believed to be a key step in carcinogenesis, and therefore DNA adducts have been proposed as predictive biomarkers of human cancer. Smoked and grilled foods are important contributors of PAH-DNA adduct levels, while the consumption of flavonoids and other antioxidants seems to decrease the level of DNA adducts. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of each group of foods and of different dietary profiles on the DNA adducts levels and on oxidative damage to DNA. Occupationally exposed men were recruited in Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Bulgaria. Non-occupationally exposed subjects were matched on age and gender to PAH-exposed workers. Three hundred and fifty-six subjects who completed the questionnaire for dietary information and had a measurement of DNA adduct levels and oxidative damage to DNA were included in this study. No food item seemed to be individually associated with markers of exposure or DNA damage. Total DNA adducts levels were significantly higher for subjects who had eaten, in the previous 24 h, smoked or fried food. A Principal Components Analysis was performed to identify groups of subjects with similar dietary profiles: no significant differences in biomarker levels were observed among the groups defined according to dietary profiles. In conclusion, this study did not show any significant association between diet and biomarkers of DNA damage, oxidative damage to DNA and chromosomal aberrations, neither when each food was considered separately, nor when the effect of different dietary profiles was tested. The recent consumption of smoked or fried food was associated with an increase in total DNA adducts levels.     

Thoughts on the origin and nature of life and intelligence on earth

Believing, for good reasons, that our Universe engenders the occurrence of Life, it is probable that Life appeared more than once on young planet Earth. The universality of our genetic code indicates though, that only one line produced a population that was cellular, autopoietic, responsive intelligently (i.e., to its advantage) to its environment, and capable of reproduction. Its evolution took time during which other intermediate or incipient forms of life disappeared. Trying to retrace ab initio the preceding chemical evolution on our young planet, we may not repeat the chemistry which led to our line. One can argue that it may be profitable to attempt to construct artificial life forms using the kind of building blocks that we learned to know through studying the chemistry of our life. Independently, computers are being built, or are planned, which possess memory that can be used appropriately (intelligently), and which to some extent can repair and reproduce themselves. Such Life does not depend on our biochemistry. However, these machines do perform as yet only partly along the lines of our human intelligence which is guided by self-awareness and a sense of individual integrity, and are thereby not equipped to search for Understanding and Self-expression.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Implications of LCA and LCIA choices on interpretation of results and on decision support

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment -     

Effect of grafted PEG on liposome size and on compressibility and packing of lipid bilayer

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of various mole percentages (0-25 mol%) of 2000 Da polyethylene glycol-disteroylphosphoethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) in the presence or absence of 40 mol% cholesterol and the effect of degree of saturation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the size and the lipid bilayer packing of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV). Egg PC (EPC, unsaturated) LUV and fully hydrogenated soy PC (HSPC, saturated) LUV partial specific volume, specific compressibility, size, and packing parameter (PP) of lipids were characterized by measurements of density, ultrasonic velocity, specific turbidity, and dynamic light scattering. Liposome size and specific turbidity decreased with increase in temperature and PEG-DSPE mol%, except at 7+/-2 mol%. At this PEG-DSPE mol%, an anomalous peak in liposome size of 15+/-5 nm was observed. We attribute this effect mainly to the change in the spatial structure of the PEG-DSPE molecule, depending on whether the grafted PEG is in the mushroom or brush configuration. In the mushroom regime, i.e., when the grafted PEG is up to 4 mol% in LUV, the PEG moiety did not affect the additive PP of the lipids in the bilayer, and the PP value of PEG-DSPE is 1.044; while in the brush regime, i.e., when the grafted PEG is higher than 4 mol%, the PP of PEG-DSPE decreases exponentially, reaching the value of 0.487 at 30 mol% of grafted lipopolymer. The specific compressibility and additive PP values for the mixture of matrix lipid (EPC or HSPC), cholesterol, and PEG-DSPE for all liposome compositions investigated reached their maximum at 7+/-2 mol% PEG-DSPE, the concentration of PEG-DSPE at which the highest biological stability of the LUV is achieved.