Anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharide from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholiota nameko</Emphasis>

Pholiota nameko polysaccharide (PNPS-1) has been isolated and purified by enzymatic hydrolysis, hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The anti-inflammatory activity of PNPS-1 was evaluated in rodents using xylene-induced ear edema, egg albumin-, carrageenin-, and formaldehyde-induced paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma test, adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes in vitro, and ulcerogenic activity. The results showed that PNPS-1 (5 mg/ear) inhibited topical edema in the mouse ear and at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (intraperitoneally) it significantly suppressed the development of egg albumin-, carrageenin-, and formaldehyde-induced paw edema in the animals. PNPS-1 (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, per oral) significantly inhibited the growth of granuloma tissues induced by subcutaneously implanted cotton pellets in rats by 10.96, 18.07, and 43.75%, respectively. PNPS-1 also inhibited spontaneous and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes in vitro. Further, both acute as well as chronic administration of PNPS-1 (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, per oral) did not produce any gastric lesion in rats. In conclusion, these data indicated that PNPS-1 possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity suggesting its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent for use in the treatment of various inflammatory-related diseases.     

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of major phenolics from Verbascum salviifolium Boiss

The potential effects of flavonoids, phenylethanoid and neolignan glycosides from the aerial parts of Verbascum salviifolium Boiss. were studied in the p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex, for the assessment of the antinociceptive activity, and in carrageenan- and PGE1-induced hind paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema models in mice, for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures ten compounds from the aqueous extract of the plant, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (1), luteolin 3'-O-glucoside (2), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (3), chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside (4), beta-hydroxyacteoside (5), martynoside (6), forsythoside B (7), angoroside A (8), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9) and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Results have shown that 1, 2, 3 and 5 significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema at a 200 mg/kg dose, while 1, 2 and 5 also displayed anti-inflammatory activity against the PGE1-induced hind paw edema model. However, all the compounds showed no effect in the TPA-induced ear edema model. The compounds 1 and 2 also exhibited significant antinociceptive activity.     

Pharmacological analysis of anti-inflammatory effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation

The anti-inflammatory effect of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR, 42.0 GHz, 0.1 mW/cm2) was compared with the action of the known anti-inflammatory drug sodium diclofenac and the antihistamine clemastine on acute inflammatory reaction in NMRI mice. The local inflammatory reaction was induced by intraplantar injection of zymosan into the left hind paw. Sodium diclofenac in doses of 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg or clemastine in doses of 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally 30 min after the initiation of inflammation. The animals were whole-body exposed to EHF EMR for 20 min at 1 h after the initiation of inflammation. The inflammatory reaction was assessed over 3 - 8 h after the initiation by measuring the footpad edema and hyperthermia of the inflamed paw. Sodium diclofenac in doses of 5 - 20 mg/kg reduced the exudative edema on the average by 26% as compared to the control. Hyperthermia of the inflamed paw decreased to 60% as the dose of was increased diclofenac up to 20 mg/kg. EHF EMR reduced both the footpad edema and hyperthermia by about 20%, which was comparable with the effect of a single therapeutic dose of diclofenac (3 - 5 mg/kg). The combined action of diclofenac and the exposure to the EHF EMR caused a partial additive effect. Clemastine in doses of 0.02-0.4 mg/kg it did not cause any significant effects on the exudative edema, but in a dose of 0.6 mg/kg it reduced edema by 14 - 22% by 5 - 8 h after zymosan injection. Clemastine caused a dose-dependent increase in hyperthermia of inflamed paw at doses of 0.02-0.2 mg/kg and did not affect the hyperthermia at doses of 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg. The combined action of clemastine and EHF EMR exposure caused a dose-dependent abolishment of the anti-inflammatory effect of EHF EMR. The results obtained suggest that both arachidonic acid metabolites and histamine are involved in the realization of anti-inflammatory effects of low-intensity     

Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of Thai Perilla frutescence fruit oil in animals

Perilla frutescens fruit oil (PFO) is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and exhibits biological activities. We aimed to investigate analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of PFO and PFO-supplemented soybean milk (PFO-SM) in animal models. Analgesic activity was assessed in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, while anti-inflammatory activity was performed in ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. Anti-ulcer effects were conducted in water immersion stress, HCl/ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Distinctly, PFO, containing 6.96 mg ALA and 2.61 mg LA equivalence/g, did not induce acute toxicity (LD₅₀ > 10 mL/kg) in mice. PFO (2.5 and 5 mL/kg) and PFO-SM (0.05 mL PFO equivalence/kg) inhibited incidences of writhing (16.8, 18.0 and 32.3%, respectively) in acetic acid-induced mice. In addition, topical applications of PFO (0.1 and 1 mL/ear) significantly inhibited EPP-induced ear edema (59.3 and 65.7%, respectively) in rats, while PFO-SM slightly inhibited ear edema (25.9%). However, PFO and PFO-SM did not inhibit carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. Indeed, PFO (2.5 and 5 mL/kg) significantly inhibited gastric ulcers in rats that induced by water immersion stress (92.4 and 96.6%, respectively), HCl/ethanol (74.8 and 73.3%, respectively) and indomethacin (68.8 and 88.9%, respectively), while PFO-SM did not. PFO displayed potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties, while PFO-SM exerted only analgesic properties. Thus, Thai PFO and its functional drink offer potential benefits in treatment of analgesic, inflammatory diseases and gastric ulcer.     

Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of S. lappa, A. speciosa and A. aspera.

Saussurea lappa, Argyreia speciosa and Achyranthes aspera are well known Indian medicinal plants used in the indigenous systems of medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The ethanolic extracts of the plants at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. were screened for their effect on acute and chronic inflammation induced in mice and rats. S. lappa and A. speciosa were found to significantly inhibit paw edema induced by carrageenan and Freund's complete adjuvant and to prevent accumulation of inflammatory cells in carrageenan-induced peritonitis at doses of 50-200 mg/kg. A. aspera inhibited these inflammatory responses at doses of 100-200 mg/kg. The studies reveal that the ethanolic extracts of S. lappa, A. speciosa and A. aspera possess anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity and support the rationale behind the traditional use of these plants in inflammatory conditions.     

两粤黄檀乙醇提取物化学成分分析及抗炎活性研究

为了研究壮药两粤黄檀的化学成分及其抗炎活性,阐明其药理作用机制,该研究采用小鼠二甲苯致炎耳廓肿胀法、角叉菜胶致炎足肿胀急性炎症模型,观察不同剂量两粤黄檀乙醇提取物对小鼠耳廓肿胀度、肿胀率及足肿胀度的影响,并利用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)、热裂解气相色谱-质谱(PY-GC/MS)等技术分析提取物的化学成分,结合网络药理...     

Protective effects of poly (ADP-ribose) synthase inhibitors in zymosan-activated plasma induced paw edema.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) in a model of acute local inflammation (zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP)-induced paw edema), in which the oxyradicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, are known to play a crucial role. Injection of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP) into the rat paw induced edema formation. The maximal increase in paw volume was observed at three hours after administration (maximal in paw volume: 1.29+/-0.09 ml). At this time point, there was a marked increase in neutrophil infiltration in the paw, as measured by an increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the paw tissue (260+/-25 mU/100 mg wet tissue). However, ZAP-induced paw edema was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) or nicotinamide (NIC), two inhibitors of PARS, at 1, 2, 3, 4 hours after ZAP injection. PARS inhibition also caused a significant reduction of MPO activity. The paw tissues were also examined immunohistochemically for the presence of nitrotyrosine (a footprint for peroxynitrite formation). At 3 h following ZAP injection, staining for nitrotyrosine were also found to be localised within discrete cells in the inflamed paw tissue. Treatment with PARS inhibitor prevented the appearance of nitrotyrosine in the tissues. Our results suggest that in paw edema induced by ZAP, inhibition of PARS exert potent anti-inflammatory effects.     

Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory Action of a Polysulfated Fraction from Gracilaria cornea in Rats

The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the sulfated polysaccharidic fraction obtained from red marine alga Gracilaria cornea (Gc-FI) were investigated using a paw edema model induced in rats by different inflammatory agents (carrageenan, dextran, serotonin, bradykinin, compound 48/80 or L-arginine). Gc-FI at the doses of 3, 9 or 27 mg/kg, subcutaneously - s.c., significantly inhibited rat paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran, as confirmed by myeloperoxidase and Evans’ blue assessments, respectively. Gc-FI (9 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited rat paw edema induced by histamine, compound 48/80 and L-arginine. Additionally, Gc-FI (9 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited Cg-induced edema in animals with intact mast cells but did not inhibit that with degranulated mast cells by compound 48/80, revealing a protective role on mast cell membranes. Gc-FI down-regulated the IL-1β, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNA and protein levels compared with those of the carrageenan group, based on qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses. After inhibition with ZnPP IX, a specific heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor, the anti-inflammatory effect of Gc-FI was not observed in Cg-induced paw edema, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of Gc-FI is, in part, dependent on the integrity of the HO-1 pathway. Gc-FI can target a combination of multiple points involved in inflammatory phenomena.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Urera baccifera (Urticaceae) in Sprague-Dawley rats

On a preliminary test, anti-inflammatory and analgesic dose-related activities on rats were observed for the aqueous fraction of Urera baccifera; this extract was bioassay-guided fractionated and the final aqueous fraction was used according the ethnobotanical use. Carrageenan-induced edema (n = 6), was used as an assay in the fractionating process. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the final aqueous fraction were studied using in vivo models. For the anti-inflammatory activity rat paw edema (n = 6), pleurisy induced by carrageenan (n = 6) and ear edema induced by topical croton oil (n = 6) models were used, and tail-flick test (n = 6), abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid (n = 6), and formalin test (n = 6), were used for the antinociceptive activity. The tests performed showed an inhibition effect on leukocyte migration, and a reduction on pleural exudate, as well as dose-dependant peripheral analgesic activity, at a range of 25-100 mg/kg i.p. The final aqueous fraction contains most of the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant U. baccifera. A possible mechanism of action is discussed and based on the results we conclude that this plant has a potential for both anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity at the clinical level.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroxydihydrocarvone

Hydroxydihydrocarvone (HC) is a synthetic intermediate obtained by hydration of the natural compound (R)-(-)-carvone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered HC. Toxicity, motor coordination, tail immersion test, as well as carrageenan-induced paw edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity or peritonitis were all evaluated in rodents. HC was force-fed to the animals 1 h before the stimulus. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) of orally administered HC was 1259 mg/kg. No changes in motor coordination were recorded in HC-treated mice in the rotarod test. The time of response to the thermoceptive stimulus in the tail immersion test was longer in HC-treated animals (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) than in the vehicle-treated group. HC also significantly decreased the area under curve of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at 100 and 200 mg/kg and MPO activity at 200 mg/kg. Carrageenan-induced neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneal cavity was significantly reduced by HC at doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg, but not 50 mg/kg. These findings demonstrate that orally administered HC exerts antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in rats and mice.     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of riparin II (O-methil-N-2-hidroxi-benzoyl tyramine) in animal models

Riparin II (RipII), an alkamide isolated from the green fruit of Aniba riparia, was tested in the various animal models of inflammation to investigate its anti-inflammatory activity. Male Wistar rats (180–240 g) were treated with RipII by gavage at doses 25 or 50 mg/kg, before initiating the inflammatory responses. The tests used were paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine or serotonin; peritonitis induced by carrageenan and fMLP, as well as the measurement of MPO activity, TNF-α and Il-1β amount in the peritoneal fluid. In the animal models of carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema, the animals treated with RipII showed lower edema than those of the control group. Treatment with RipII also reduced the paw edema induced by histamine but not serotonin. In the carrageenan-induced peritonitis model, treatment with RipII reduced leukocyte migration, the MPO activity and the amount of TNF-α and IL-1β in the peritoneal fluid. In summary, these results indicate that RipII has an anti-inflammatory activity in chemical models of acute inflammation. RipII might be directly or indirectly inhibiting the activity, production or release of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the generation of the pain associated with inflammation.     

Evaluation of chemical composition and antiedematogenic activity of the essential oil of Hyptis martiusii Benth

Evaluations of the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and their components have been the subject of many studies. Furthermore, the biological activities of various plant species have been reported in various pieces of literature. Hyptis martiusii Benth (Lamiaceae), popularly known as “mad balm” is commonly found in the North, Southeast, and Northeast of Brazil. Its leaves are used ethnobiologically as antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial, antitumor and as insecticide. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of the essential oil of H. martiusii Benth (OEHM) by GC/MS as well as its possible topical activity as an antiedematogenic. This is verified by the models of ear edema induced by single (acute edema) and multiple (chronic edema) applications of croton oil topically, and systemically verified through the model of paw edema induced by carrageenan 1%. Doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg OEHM were used in all tests. Chemical analysis of the oil revealed the 1,8-cineole (34.58%) and δ-carene (21:58%) as major components present in the essential oil. On the model of ear edema, acute and chronic OEHM in all the tested doses showed no significant antiedematogenic activity (p < 0.05). The systemic model of paw edema induced by carrageenin showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg effectively reduced swelling by 55.37% in the second hour evaluation when compared to the saline group. The anti-inflammatory systemic effect can give greater bioavailability of the components present in the essential oil and your interference in cytokines and leukotriene, thromboxane and prostaglandin biosynthesis. It is therefore concluded that OEHM presents systemic antiedematogenic activity but not topical activity at these doses.     

In vivo activity of pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones in acute and chronic inflammation

The pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones 4-alpha-O-acetyl-pseudoguaian-6beta-olide (1), hymenin (2), ambrosanolide (3), tetraneurin A (4), parthenin (5), hysterin (6) and confertdiolide (7) were evaluated for their ability to affect the inflammation responses induced by different agents. All the compounds showed activity against the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema. The ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced mouse ear edema was inhibited by compounds 3, 5 and 7. However, when sesquiterpene-lactones were assayed on the arachidonic acid (AA)-induced mouse ear edema, none of them were active. The only sesquiterpene lactone orally active against the paw mouse edema induced by carrageenan was 7, which gave a 46% edema inhibition after 3 h. On the other hand, compounds 3, 5 and 7 reduced the serotonin-induced paw edema in mice, although compound 7 was inactive in presence of cycloheximide. In addition, the sesquiterpene lactones were assayed against the chronic inflammation induced by repeated application of TPA on mouse ear. Confertdiolide was the most active compound; it reduced the edema by 87% and had a more moderate effect against the leukocyte recruitment (36% reduction in myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels). A histological study of ear the samples treated with 7 presented no detectable morphological lesions such as those treated with dexamethasone. On the oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) only compounds 4 and 5 were active 24 h after the challenge. Compound 5 affected polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration (69% reduction in MPO levels). The results suggest that the especial chemical structure and spatial conformation of confertdiolide may facilitate its anti-inflammatory effect.     

Chemical fingerprint,acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves from Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum

Inflammation is a protective response of the organism against damaging agents, this process is considered beneficial, however in some situations, this response can be damage when exacerbated effect are present. This claim objective to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative chemical profile, acute toxic and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves from Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum. (HELTF). Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed by HPLC-DAD and colorimetric assay. The topical anti-inflammatory activity was determined in Croton oil-induced ear edema assay and systemic activity was performed in vascular permeability, paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. Phytochemical analysis of leaves from HELTF showed presence of tannin, flavonoid, saponins an other that confirmed by HPLC analysis. The extract did not cause significant with LD₅₀ greater than 5000 mg/kg and did not promote significate reduction in topical inflammatory process. However, HELTF demonstrate significant reduction of paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. The HELTF (200 mg/kg) reduced the protein/cell migration in the intradermal carrageenan-induced inflammation. Our results demonstrated that the first time the chemical profile and describe the effective action in systemic anti-inflammatory, antiedematogenic activity and low acute toxicity. This activity presents, supporting its traditional use. However, new studies are necessary for the detection and clarification of the possible mechanism of action.     

Design,synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel oxadiazole and oxadiazoline analogs as anti-inflammatory agents

Two novel series of oxadiazole and oxadiazoline analogs possessing an indole nucleus were synthesized for their potential anti-inflammatory activity. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral (IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and MS) analysis. Most of the test compounds demonstrated appreciable anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of oxadiazoles at doses of 100?mg/kg was shown by their ability to provide 27–66%, 14–32%, and 20-51%. protection against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, moist cotton pellet-induced, and dry cotton pellet-induced granuloma, respectively. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory properties of oxadiazolines at doses of 100?mg/kg were reflected by their ability to provide 20-56%, 11–26%, and 25–47% protection against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, moist cotton pellet-induced, and dry cotton pellet-induced granuloma, respectively. The ulcerogenic potential of the compounds was determined. Structure–activity relationships among synthesized compounds were also established.     

Study of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of Achillea ageratum on chronic and acute inflammation models

We have produced a chloroform extract from Achillea which includes stigmasterol and sitosterol. By comparing it with the pure compounds an anti-inflammatory effect (with mouse ears) is assumed. The topical anti-inflammatory effect of the chloroform extract from Achillea ageratum (Asteraceae) and of stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol, isolated of this extract has been evaluated, against to 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema, using simple (acute model) and multiple applications (chronic model) of the phlogistic agent. Myeloperoxydase activity also was studied in the inflamed ears. In the acute model the extract exerted a dose-dependent effect. All the doses assayed (1, 3 and 5 mg/ear) significantly reduced the edema (50%, 66% and 82%, respectively). The isolated sterols stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol (with doses of 0.5 mg/ear) had similar effect as the extract with doses of 1 and 3 mg (59% and 65% respectively). In the chronic model the anti-inflammatory effect generally was a more moderate one. The highest dose of the extract decreased the edema reduction to 26% with the highest dose of the extract applied. With the compounds the effect decreased to 36% with stigmasterol, and 40.6% with beta-sitosterol. Myeloperoxydase activity (MPO) was reduced by the extract and the compounds in the acute model, however, in the chronic edema, the enzyme inhibition was very weak with all treatments even with the standard substance. These results indicate that the chloroform extract of Achillea ageratum and some of the its components stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol are more effective as topical anti-inflammatory agents in acute than in the chronic process and their action is markedly influenced by the inhibition of neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.     

Applications of the hexanic fraction of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae): control of inflammation and pain screening

The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Agave sisalana Perrine in classic models of inflammation and pain. The hexanic fraction of A. sisalana (HFAS) was obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by hexanic reflux. Anti-inflammatory properties were examined in three acute mouse models (xylene ear oedema, hind paw oedema and pleurisy) and a chronic mouse model (granuloma cotton pellet). The antinociceptive potential was evaluated in chemical (acetic-acid) and thermal (tail-flick and hot-plate test) models of pain. When given orally, HFAS (5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced ear oedema (p < 0.0001; 52%, 71%, 62% and 42%, respectively). HFAS also reduced hind paw oedema at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (p < 0.05; 42% and 58%, respectively) and pleurisy at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (41% and 50%, respectively). In a chronic model, HFAS reduced inflammation by 46% and 58% at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, this fraction showed analgesic properties against the abdominal writhing in an acetic acid model (at doses of 5-25 mg/kg) with inhibitory rates of 24%, 54% and 48%. The HFAS also showed an increased latency time in the hot-plate (23% and 28%) and tail-flick tests (61% and 66%) for the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results suggest that HFAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of the hydralcoholic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes on rat paw and skin edema.

Plant extracts have been used for centuries as a popular mode of treatment for several health disorders. Over the last ten years, the study of those extracts has attracted attention in different fields of the biological sciences. Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), is a commom constituent of diet worldwide and it has been reported that its extracts present some pharmacological activities. Here we investigate the effects of the crude hydralcoholic extract of ginger rhizomes on the classical models of rat paw and skin edema. The carrageenan-, compound 48/80- or serotonin-induced rat paw edema were inhibited significantly by the intraperitoneal administration of alcoholic ginger extract. Ginger extract was also effective in inhibiting 48/80-induced rat skin edema at doses of 0.6 and 1.8 mg/site. Rat skin edema induced by substance P or bradikinin was not affected by treatment with Z. officinalle extract. The intraperitoneal administration of ginger extract (186 mg/kg(-1) body wt.) 1 h prior to serotonin injections, reduced significantly the serotonin-induced rat skin edema. Our results demonstrated that crude extract of Zingiber officinale was able to reduce rat paw and skin edema induced by carrageenan, 48/80 compound and serotonin. The antiedematogenic activity seems to be related, at least partially, to an antagonism of the serotonin receptor.     

Evaluation of the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of a flavonoid glycoside from Boldoa purpurascens

The anti-inflammatory effect of 4′,5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranoside, a constituent of the leaves of Boldoa purpurascens Cav. (Nyctaginaceae), was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity in the dextran 1% induced rat paw oedema model (acute inflammation) and the cotton pellet induced granuloma rat model (chronic inflammation). Flavonoid glycoside at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, indomethacin at a dose of 7 mg/kg and the vehicle were administered orally. The compound showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the acute phase in a dose dependent manner, most notably at the highest test dose 10 mg/kg. Also in the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, the compound showed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, with the highest effect at 10 mg/kg. In both assays, the test compound was more active than indomethacin tested at 7 mg/kg.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the proanthocyanidin shellegueain A from Polypodium feei METT.

Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of proanthocyanidin isolated from Polypodium feei roots has been tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-induced paw edema methods, respectively. The compound at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly decreased writhing responses of mice induced by 0.7 % acetic acid along the 60 min test in a dose-dependent manner. The compound at a dose of 100 mg/kg gave the percent protection of 76.23 higher than that of acetylsalicylic acid (59.84 %) at a dose of 50 mg/kg. In the antiinflammatory test, this compound caused significant inhibition of the rats' plantar edema induced by 1 % of carrageenan, but this activity was observed only at a higher dose (200 mg/kg). These findings suggest that proanthocyanidin of P. feei roots might have analgesic and antiinflammatory activity, and its mechanism of action might be due to the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, because the proanthocyanidin fraction had an inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase, but not on 5-lypoxygenase enzymes.