NAD(P)H, a directly operating antioxidant?

Endogenous oxygen- and nitrogen-centered free radicals are considered to play a decisive role in a variety of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Directly operating antioxidants limit the action of freely diffusing radicals by scavenging the attacking, oxidizing radical and re-reducing the oxidized biomolecule, i.e., the biomolecule-derived radical. From textbooks of biochemistry it is understood that NAD(P)H acts as a hydride (hydrogen anion) donor in a variety of enzymatic processes. One example is the re-reduction of GSSG to GSH, catalyzed by glutathione reductase. Because of this reaction, NADPH has been suggested to also act as an indirectly operating antioxidant, thus maintaining the antioxidative power of glutathione. To the best of our knowledge, however, neither NADPH nor NADH has been considered to be directly operating antioxidants. Based on recently published data, new experiments, and theoretical considerations, we propose that NAD(P)H represents a decisive, directly operating antioxidant that should be considered of major importance in the mitochondrial compartment. NAD(P)H fulfills this task both by scavenging toxic free radicals and repairing biomolecule-derived radicals.     

血卟啉衍生物——光敏疗法治疗皮肤恶性肿瘤

血卟啉衍生物(Hematopor phyrinderivatives-Hpd)和激光相结合用以诊断和治疗恶性肿瘤,是当前国际上积极开发的新技术。光敏方法是把光敏药物注入人体后,用一定波长的光去敏化药物,产生光动力学反应,借以确定肿瘤的部位和杀灭癌细胞以达到治疗恶性肿瘤的目的。     

血卟啉衍生物(BHPD)光敏反应的原初过程Ⅰ.活性氧的产生

为了阐明血卟啉衍生物(HPD)的光敏作用机理,本文以我国自行研制、并已应用的第一代产品——北京血卟啉衍生物(简称BHPD)为对象,采用电子自旋共振(ESR)和自旋捕捉(Sping-Traping)等技术,从光生物物理角度,探讨了BHPD光敏反应的原初过程.结果表明,不仅观察到~1O_2的产生,而且还观测到O_2~(?)和·OH的产生.这提示,在BHPD对生物系统的光敏损伤过程中,不只是~1O_2,O_2~(?)和·OH等活性氧,很可能也起重要作用.     

NAD(P)H氧化酶在心衰犬心肌组织中的表达

目的观察扩张型心肌病心力衰竭(dilated cardiomyopathy-chronic heart failure, DCM-CHF)犬模型心肌中超氧化物来源之一的NAD(P)H氧化酶亚组分p47phox的表达.方法通过快速右心室起搏来建立扩张型心肌病心力衰竭(DCM-CHF)犬的模型,模型建立成功后,取犬心做病理检查(大体观测及组织切片HE染色)和免疫组化法检测p47phox的蛋白表达,并利用图像分析系统测量p47phox的蛋白阳性表达区域平均光密度值,进行定量分析.结果模型犬除有充血性心力衰竭的症状、体征外,心脏大体标本观测示DCM-CHF犬模型的心脏外形较正常对照犬增大,同时有左室腔扩大、室壁变薄;HE染色示DCM-CHF犬模型心肌细胞肿胀,大小不一;免疫组化结果显示DCM-CHF犬模型的心肌表达p47phox蛋白平均光密度值为0.3672±0.0214,而对照组平均光密度值为0.0954±0.0344,示DCM-CHF犬p47phox蛋白表达显著增多(P<0.01).结论 DCM-CHF犬模型的心肌中p47phox蛋白表达较正常对照犬显著增加,提示NAD(P)H氧化酶可能参与心力衰竭的病理生理过程.     

NAD(P)H再生及其依赖型酶在工程菌中研究进展

许多氧化还原型酶都属于辅酶依赖型酶类,在生物转化中添加外源性辅酶将增加生产成本,而辅酶的缺乏又将直接影响生物转化效率,因此构建能实现辅酶再生的基因工程菌是辅酶依赖型基因工程菌走向工业化的有效手段之一。该综述对目前已报道的辅酶依赖型酶常用的还原态辅酶和氧化态辅酶再生的脱氢酶体系进行整理,并简述了在基因工程菌中通过辅酶再生提高酶催化的生物转化效率的研究进展,以期为构建辅酶再生型基因工程菌,以及实现这类工程菌自动化和一体化的发酵工艺提供借鉴。     

烟草叶绿体NAD(P)H脱氢酶在抵御高温胁迫中的作用

经42℃高温处理48 h以上, 烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)ndhC-ndhK-ndhJ基因缺失突变体(ΔndhCKJ)植株较其野生型(WT)先出现茎部褐变、叶片萎蔫等氧化伤害症状. 作用光关闭后的叶绿素荧光动力学表明, WT植株中NAD(P)H脱氢酶(NDH)介导的PSI循环电子传递和叶绿体呼吸在高温胁迫时被促进了. 用甲基紫精(MV)处理叶圆片的结果显示, ΔndhCKJ光合机构更易受到光氧化伤害, 甚至首先发生叶绿素漂白. P700氧化还原分析表明, NDH介导的循环电子传递途径可能通过与MV竞争电子而减少活性氧(ROS)的积累. 将叶圆片于42℃处理6 h后, ΔndhCKJ光化学反应活性的下降比WT更显著, 与此一致, 可溶性Rubisco活化酶含量显著低于WT, 且电子传递链还原程度和非光化学能量耗散水平均显著高于WT. 叶绿素毫秒延迟发光慢相的测定结果显示NDH介导的循环电子传递有助于跨膜质子梯度(ΔpH)的形成, 但其耗用在DndhCKJ中受到严重抑制. 根据以上结果推测, NDH介导的循环电子传递在高温胁迫下运转加快, 并将过剩的电子分流至叶绿体呼吸途径, 此外, NDH途径提供的DpH可能在一定程度上有利于维持CO₂同化的进行, 从而能够减轻光氧化胁迫的伤害.     

非吞噬细胞NAD(P)H氧化酶生成的活性氧参与基因表达和信号转导

以前认为,NAD(P)H氧化酶仅存在于吞噬细胞,负责吞噬细胞呼吸爆发时产生活性氧(ROS)以杀灭微生物。现在发现正常非吞噬细胞也有NAD(P)H氧化酶,称之为类NAD(P)H氧化酶。该酶在生长因子和细胞因子的刺激下,介导非吞噬细胞产生胞内或胞外的ROS,通过此途径产生的ROS对细胞增殖、分化和血管形成和缺氧反应等生理过程至关重要。这些新的发现。有力地证明了ROS作为细胞“信号分子”和“基因表达开关”的积极作用,改变了过去只把ROS看作有害物的误解。     

有光敏治癌效用的血卟啉及其衍生物荧光量子效率

四吡喀大环化合物血卟啉及其衍生物具有集中和潴留在癌组织内的特性。针剂静注人体后借405nm激光探查出现的橙红色荧光,能诊断患癌组织的部位。由于癌细胞选择性吸收血卟啉,施用630nm强光辐照即产生一系列光敏化作用,使癌肿瘤组织坏死脱落。这种新型物理疗法,已被各国列为诊断和治疗癌症的重点研究课题。血卟啉及其衍生物辐照后其荧光强度与该物质本身的荧光量子效率成正比。迄今尚无文献报道血卟啉的荧光量子效率(φ),我们以发射量子数与吸收量子     

血卟啉衍生物(BHPD)光敏反应的原初过程 Ⅱ.由产生活性氧转变为生成非氧自由基

为了阐明血卟啉衍生物(HPD)的光敏作用机制,本文仍以北京血卟啉衍生物(BHPD)为对象,继前文(Ⅰ)观测到其光敏反应原初过程产生活性氧(~1O_2,O~(?)_2和OH)之后,又利用ESR技术,在一定条件下,观测到由活性氧向生成非氧自由基的转变过程,并且通过几种方法,都证实了非氧自由基BHPD~-阴离子的生成.这表明,BHPD的光敏作用,不仅归因于活性氧,而且还包含着非氧自由基.     

血卟啉衍生物（HPD）对紫膜菌紫质（bR）的光敏化作用

研究了血卟啉衍生物（ＨＰＤ）对嗜盐菌紫膜上蛋白质菌紫质（ｂＲ）的光敏化作用,结果表明,ＨＰＤ与紫膜结合并不影响ｂＲ的光学性质及活性;但经光照射、ＨＰＤ光敏反应后,ｂＲ丧失光循环活性。进一步的探测显示ｂＲ中的视黄醛色素团及色氨酸均在光敏反应中受损,反映了除视黄醛色素团有可能直接受损外,深埋于折叠蛋白内部的部分色氨酸残基。亦可能在ＨＰＤ光敏化过程中被损伤。实验证明,单线态氧（＾１Ｏ２）的作用是ＨＰＤ光     

血卟啉衍生物对X线照射的HeLa细胞增敏效应

血卟啉衍生物(HpD)作为光敏剂与激光技术相结合应用于临床治疗浅表肿瘤已取得显著的疗效。但是,HpD能否作为辐射增敏剂治疗深部肿瘤亦已引起人们的重视。本文报告了离体培养的HeLa细胞经HpD(30微克/毫升)处理后接受X线(5 Gy)照射,观察其某些生物学特性的改变,并以此作为判断HpD的辐射增敏效应的指标。实验结果表明,HeLa细胞经HpD处理后可提高辐射敏感性(SER)10—67.7%。     

Vanadate-stimulated oxidation of NAD(P)H

Vanadate stimulates the oxidation of NAD(P)H by biological membranes because such membranes contain NAD(P)H oxidases which are capable of reducing dioxygen to O₂⁻ and because vanadate catalyzes the oxidation of NAD(P)H by O₂⁻, by a free radical chain mechanism. Dihydropyridines, such as reduced nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMNH), which are not substrates for membrane-associated NAD(P)H oxidases, are not oxidized by membranes plus vanadate unless NAD(P)H is present to serve as a source of O₂⁻. When [NMNH] greatly exceeds [NAD(P)H], in such reaction mixtures, one can observe the oxidation of many molecules of NMNH per NAD(P)H consumed. This reflects the chain length of the free radical chain mechanism. We have discussed the mechanism and significance of this process and have tried to clarify the pertinent but confusing literature.     

Biphasic oxidation of mitochondrial NAD(P)H

The redox state of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides is known to be important for structural integrity of mitochondria. In this work, we observed a biphasic oxidation of endogenous NAD(P)H in rat liver mitochondria induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide. Nearly 85% of mitochondrial NAD(P)H was rapidly oxidized during the first phase. The second phase of NAD(P)H oxidation was retarded for several minutes, appearing after the inner membrane potential collapse and mitochondria swelling. It was characterized by disturbance of ATP synthesis and dramatic permeabilization of the inner membrane to pyridine nucleotides. The second phase was completely prevented by 0.5 microM cyclosporin A or 0.2 mM EGTA or was significantly delayed by 25 microM butylhydroxytoluene or trifluoperazine. The obtained data suggest that the second phase resulted from oxidation of the remaining NADH via the outer membrane electron transport system of permeabilized mitochondria, leading to further oxidation of the remaining NADPH in a transhydrogenase reaction.     

小檗胺衍生物（EBB）体外抑制肺癌细胞增殖机制的初探

本文研究并发现了新型半天然钙调素(CaM)拮抗剂--O-4-乙氧基丁基小檗胺(O-4-ethoxy-butyl-berbamine,EBB),具有选择性抑制肺巨细胞癌(PG)的增殖和降低细胞内CaM水平的能力,对人胚肺细胞(HEL)的增殖和细胞内CaM的水平影响较小.同时观察到EBB引起肿瘤细胞内CaM水平降低的原因,是对CaM基因的转录产物(mRNA)和翻译产物(CaM)两方面作用的结果.此外,EBB还能部分降低PG细胞内原癌基因和突变的抑癌基因转录产物mRNA的水平.EBB抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的机制,除了对CaM基因的表达水平和CaM活性调控外,可能还直接或间接地影响了相关的原癌基因和突变的抑癌基因的表达.     

The oxidation of cytosolic NAD(P)H by external NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in the respiratory chain of plant mitochondria

The respiratory chain of plant mitochondria differs from that in mammalian mitochondria by containing several rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases. Two of these are located on the outer, cytosolic surface of the inner membrane. One is specific for NADH, the other for NADPH. Only the latter is inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). Both of these enzymes are normally dependent upon Ca²⁺ for activity and this constitutes a potentially important mechanism by which the cell can regulate the oxidation of cytosolic NAD(P)H via the concentration of free Ca²⁺. This and other potential regulatory mechanisms such as the substrate concentration and polyamines are discussed.     

Vanadate-dependent NAD(P)H oxidation by microsomal enzymes

Vanadate-dependent NAD(P)H oxidation, catalyzed by rat liver microsomes and microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase) and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (b5 reductase), was investigated. These enzymes and intact microsomes catalyzed NAD(P)H oxidation in the presence of either ortho- or polyvanadate. Antibody to P450 reductase inhibited orthovanadate-dependent NADPH oxidation catalyzed by either purified P450 reductase or rat liver microsomes and had no effect on the rates of NADH oxidation catalyzed by b5 reductase. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase catalyzed orthovanadate-dependent NADPH oxidation five times faster than NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase catalyzed NADH oxidation. Orthovanadate-dependent oxidation of either NADPH or NADH, catalyzed by purified reductases or rat liver microsomes, occurred in an anaerobic system, which indicated that superoxide is not an obligate intermediate in this process. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibited orthovanadate, but not polyvanadate-mediated, enzyme-dependent NAD(P)H oxidation. SOD also inhibited when pyridine nucleotide oxidation was conducted anaerobically, suggesting that SOD inhibits vanadate-dependent NAD(P)H oxidation by a mechanism independent of scavenging of O2-.     

A nomogram method for calculating the NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H ratio in cell compartments

A new method to calculate the ratios of free NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH [NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H] in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells by means of nomographs is suggested. The method permits estimating the redox state of the tissue with allowance for the content of metabolites in the dehydrogenase systems. The method may be used widely in the biochemical and medical practice.     

NAD(P)H oxidase and renal epithelial ion transport

A fundamental requirement for cellular vitality is the maintenance of plasma ion concentration within strict ranges. It is the function of the kidney to match urinary excretion of ions with daily ion intake and nonrenal losses to maintain a stable ionic milieu. NADPH oxidase is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within many cell types, including the transporting renal epithelia. The focus of this review is to describe the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS toward local renal tubular ion transport in each nephron segment and to discuss how NADPH oxidase-derived ROS signaling within the nephron may mediate ion homeostasis. In each case, we will attempt to identify the various subunits of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species involved and the ion transporters, which these affect. We will first review the role of NADPH oxidase on renal Na(+) and K(+) transport. Finally, we will review the relationship between tubular H(+) efflux and NADPH oxidase activity.