两种白斑小鼠突变基因的染色体定位

以本中心ENU诱变获得的两种白斑突变小鼠W-4Bao与Kitl-1Bao为研究对象[均为C57BL/6J(B6)背景],遗传试验表明它们都为单基因显性遗传,W-4Bao及Kitl-1Bao突变基因纯合子小鼠的表型分别为全白色及“黑头白”;将白斑杂合子小鼠与DBA/2(D2)交配获得具有白斑表型的F1小鼠,F1小鼠再回交D2繁殖[(B6×D2)F1×D2]F2小鼠,利用微卫星标记对F2代小鼠进行连锁分析。结果发现W-4Bao与微卫星D5Mit356、D5Mit308之间的LOD值分别为56.82、51.50,从而把该突变基因定位于第5号染色体D5Mit356与D5Mit308之间;Kitl-1Bao与微卫星D10Mit70、D10Mit68之间的LOD值分别为27.37、21.20,从而把该突变基因定位于第10号染色体上D10Mit70与D10Mit68之间。经过检索小鼠基因组数据库确认它们的候选基因分别为kit及kitl。     

snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠突变基因的精确定位及克隆鉴定

snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠足本实验室培育的呈单基因隐性遗传的突变系小鼠,突变基因已被初步定位于第9号染色体末端;为了精确定位并鉴定snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠的突变基因,将(C57BL/6Jxsnthr-1Bao)F1代互交繁殖F2代小鼠4400余只,其中稀毛小鼠1100只,并在2个微卫星、35个可能的简单序列重复标记(simple sequence repeat,SSR)及3个酶切扩增多态性序列(cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences,CAPS)标记中找到4个合适的基因组标记.利用这些标记及F2代稀毛小鼠将突变基因精确定位到第9号染色体距着丝粒117.763 kb及119.129kb之间1.367Mb的范用内,在其问的21个基因中确定Plcdl为稀毛突变的强力候选基因.通过对基因组的直接测序,发现snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠基因组上有一个14883bp的缺失,这一缺失包含了Plcd1基因的4-15号外显子及Vill基因的10-19号外显子.推测极可能是Plcdl基因缺失导致snthr-1Bao小鼠出现稀毛表型.     

snthr^-1Bao佃彻稀毛小鼠突变基因的精确定位及克隆鉴定

snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠是本实验室培育的呈单基因隐性遗传的突变系小鼠,突变基因已被初步定位于第9号染色体末端;为了精确定能并鉴定snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠的突变基因,将（C57BL／6J×snthr^-1Bao）F1代互交繁殖F2代小鼠4400余只,其中稀毛小鼠1100只,并在2个微卫星、35个可能的简单序列重复标记（simplesequence repeat,SSR）及3个酶切扩增多态性序列（Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences,CAPS）标记中找到4个合适的基因组标记。利用这些标记及F2代稀毛小鼠将突变基因精确定位到第9号染色体距着丝粒117．763kb及119．129kb之间1．367Mb的范围内,在其间的21个基因中确定Plcdl为稀毛突变的强力候选基因。通过对基因组的直接测序,发现snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠基因组上有一个14883bp的缺失,这一缺失包含了Plcdl基因的4-15号外显子及Vill基因的10—19号外显子。推测极可能是Plcdl基因缺失导致snthr^-1Bao小鼠出现稀毛表型。     

ENU诱导获得一种短尾小鼠及其突变基因的初步定位

用一种化学诱变剂ENU(乙酰基亚硝基脲 )腹腔注射 3 0只 8～ 1 0周龄C5 7BL 6J(简称B6)雄鼠 (G0代 ) ,6周后与同品系正常母鼠配种繁殖后代 (G1代 )小鼠 3 5 1只。对其后代进行筛选获得一种可遗传的显性短尾突变小鼠。为了定位该突变基因 ,运用平均分布于B6和DBA 2 (简称D2 )小鼠常染色体而在这两者间又有差异的 3 9个微卫星对突变小鼠的 (D2×B6)F1代短尾突变小鼠回交D2得到的有短尾表型的[(B6×D2 )F1×D2 ]F2 代小鼠进行基因组扫描。反向运用经典的位置候选基因法 ,将短尾突变基因定位于 1 7号染色体 ,与D1 7Mit3 3的LOD值为 9 0 8。选用该染色体上与短尾表型相关基因Brachyury (T)最近的微卫星D1 7Mit1 43引物扩增 ,在 1 0 9只F2 代短尾小鼠中未发生一例交换 ,表明Brachyury基因是本例短尾突变强有力的候选基因。     

腹侧黄斑小鼠的部分特征及其突变基因的染色体定位

腹侧黄斑小鼠(VYSlac)是在B6小鼠繁殖生产过程中被发现、分离的突变系小鼠,呈单基因显性遗传,其头颈及躯干的腹侧为黄色。VYSlac腹部表皮多巴(+)黑色素细胞及毛囊内黑色素较其背景品系B6少;腹部毛发颜色浅黄、多数无黑色素沉积,但结构正常。通过微卫星标记与48只F2小鼠(VYSlacD2F1回交D2)的连锁分析发现,突变基因与D2Mit229间的LOD值为5.79,确定连锁。随后,在突变基因附近反复多次筛选新的微卫星或SNP标记,通过对196例F2小鼠的多次连锁分析,将突变基因所在区域缩小到rs13476833(距着丝粒149804749bp)与rs27310903(距着丝粒155060764bp)间约5256015bp的范围内。     

snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠突变基因的精确定位及克隆鉴定

snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠是本实验室培育的呈单基因隐性遗传的突变系小鼠,突变基因已被初步定位于第9号染色体末端;为了精确定位并鉴定snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠的突变基因,将(C57BL/6J×snthr^-1Bao)F₁代互交繁殖F₂代小鼠4 400余只,其中稀毛小鼠1 100只,并在2个微卫星、35个可能的简单序列重复标记（simple sequence repeat,SSR）及3个酶切扩增多态性序列（c1eaved amplified polymorphic sequences,CAPS）标记中找到4个合适的基因组标记。利用这些标记及F₂代稀毛小鼠将突变基因精确定位到第9号染色体距着丝粒117.763 kb及119.129 kb之间1.367 Mb的范围内,在其间的21个基因中确定Plcd1为稀毛突变的强力候选基因。通过对基因组的直接测序,发现snthr^-1Bao稀毛小鼠基因组上有一个14 883 bp的缺失,这一缺失包含了Plcd1基因的4—15号外显子及Vill基因的10—19号外显子。推测极可能是Plcd1基因缺失导致snthr^-1Bao小鼠出现稀毛表型。     

一个新的小鼠被毛突变位点（Uncv）的高分辨遗传图谱和物理图谱的构建

迄今为止 ,人们已经发现了 10 0多个影响小鼠和人的毛发发育的基因 ,在以前的研究中 ,Uncv被证实是一个新的影响小鼠被毛的位点 ,具体表现为纯合突变体为无毛 ,杂合突变体表现为稀毛。除此之外 ,纯合的突变体还表现为生长和发育的迟缓。克隆这一突变基因将有助于更好地了解人类毛发发育异常相关的疾病。尽管这一位点已经被定位在小鼠 11号染色体上 ,但是没有该区域的精细遗传图谱和物理图谱直接克隆该基因有一定的难度。利用了两组杂交方式 ,[BALB/c(Uncv/Uncv)×C3H ( / ) ]×BALB/c (Uncv/Uncv)和 [BALB/c (Uncv/Uncv)×C5 7BL/6 ( / ) ]×BALB/c(Uncv/Uncv) ,共 2 0 74个F2代个体 ,通过对 11号染色体上的 16个微卫星标记的基因分型连锁分析 ,最终把该基因定位于11号染色体上位于D11Mit337和D11Mit338之间的约 1.4cM之间的区域。随后 ,利用BAC文库杂交和BAC末端序列PCR锚定的方法 ,构建了由 35个BAC构成的高分辨的BAC重叠群 ,这一高分辨的遗传图谱和物理图谱的构建 ,为进一步克隆这一突变基因打下了基础。     

小鼠39个微卫星的PCR条件及其运用

目的探索小鼠基因组39个微卫星的PCR条件,评价微卫星在小鼠遗传检测中的运用.方法采用梯度法探索39个微卫星的PCR条件;选择本中心不同来源及引种时间的C57BL/6、BALB/c、DBA/2J、CBA/N、FVB/NJ、ICR共6个品系(8个组)小鼠,每组采用10只个体的鼠尾,提取DNA并混合成DNA池,用39个微卫星扩增后电泳观察、比较种系纯度.结果小鼠微卫星的PCR条件差异较大,Mg2+浓度多数在1.5 mmol/L左右,退火温度多数在59℃左右.在6个品系小鼠的39个微卫星位点中,C57BL/6、BALB/c、DBA/2J都是纯合的; 其余品系有1～3个杂合位点. BALB/c在D5Mitl68、D8Mit320、D13Mit262三个位点,DBA/2J在D14Mit205位点与数据库记录有差异.结论本研究为小鼠39个微卫星提供了候选的PCR条件,并对6个品系小鼠的微卫星概貌及微卫星的运用价值进行了探讨.     

PLCε基因敲除小鼠微卫星DNA遗传监测分析

目的利用多态性微卫星DNA位点分析PLCε基因敲除小鼠的遗传特性。方法用所筛选的15个微卫星DNA位点对28只PLCε基因敲除小鼠的DNA进行了PCR扩增,通过基因片段大小来分析群体的遗传多样性。结果 13个微卫星DNA位点中（D1Mit365、D3Mit51、D4Mit235、D6Mit102、D7Mit281、D8Mit113、D9Mit23、D10Mit180、D13Mit88、D16Mit145、D17Mit36、D18Mit94、D19Mit97）每个位点的28只小鼠DNA片段泳动距离一致,呈现单态性,表明该群体符合近交系的遗传特性;而利用Dq（敲基因型）和Dy（野生型）两个位点对28只小鼠的PCR扩增结果进行了鉴别分析,其中敲除基因型小鼠为6只;野生型为7只;杂合型为15只。结论利用微卫星标记技术可以对群体进行遗传质量监测,并能有效地鉴别不同的基因型,为小鼠的遗传质量监测提供了一种可行的方法。     

先天性骨-肾畸形综合征小鼠(KM-ld)致病基因1d的染色体定位

对KM－1d小鼠的致病基因ld进行染色体定位。采用异构蛋白及同功酶电泳技术和体外扩增技术对同源导入近交系小鼠C57BL／6·KM－1d20对染色体上的14个生化标记基因位点和61个SSLP位点进行筛选,发现ld基因与2号染色体上的D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit633个SSLP位点连锁,从而把ld基因初步定位于2号染色体。为进一步对ld基因准确定位,培育了86只（C57BL／6×KM－ld）F1×KM－ld回交后代小鼠用于连锁分析。体外扩增所有回交后代的D2Mit13、D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit634个SSLP位点,结合表型,分析与ld基因的连锁关系,通过计算遗传距离,将ld基因具体定位于2号染色体上76cM处,距D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit6325．58cM,距D2Mit1331．39cM。     

乙烷基亚硝基脲诱变获得两例新的被毛突变小鼠

采用乙烷基亚硝基脲 (Ethylnitrosourea ,ENU)诱变获得人类疾病的小鼠模型。用 1 0 0mg/KgENU腹腔注射 1 8只 8- 1 0周龄的雄性DBA小鼠 (G0 ) ,每周一次共三次 ;将在后代小鼠 (G1 )筛查到的突变个体与同品系配种 ,若异常表型传代则可能为显性突变 ;选择表型正常的G1 雄鼠与C5 7BL/ 6配种得F1 ,将F1 随机互交得到F2 ,依据F2 是否有突变鼠出现确定可能存在的隐性突变。结果表明 ,在 35 2只G1 小鼠中 ,1 4只出现异常表型 ,但均未传代 ;对 30只G1 雄鼠的隐性遗传试验获得 2只稀毛突变小鼠 ,均表现为被毛稀疏、幼鼠生长缓慢     

A spontaneous mutation in the desmoglein 4 gene underlies hypotrichosis in a new lanceolate hair rat model

A recessive hairless mutation arose spontaneously in a congenic line of spontaneously hypertensive rats SHR.BN-(D1Mit3-Igf2)/Ipcv. The mutant rats develop generalized alopecia except for partial hair growth on their heads. Affected animals of the congenic line were crossed with LEW rats and randomly bred for several generations. A genome scan in 74 affected and 75 unaffected offspring localized the mutant gene on rat chromosome 18p12, near the marker D18Rat107, which is closely linked to the desmosomal cadherin gene cluster, syntenic to mouse chromosome 18 and human chromosome 18q12. Recently, the mouse and rat phenotypes lah/lah (lanceolate hair) and lah(J)/lah(J)(lanceolate hair-J) were found to be caused by mutations in the desmoglein 4 (Dsg4) gene. Direct sequencing of the Dsg4 gene in the SHR revealed a homozygous C-to-T transition generating a premature termination codon within exon 8 in the affected animals. Further studies on the skin histology in affected rats demonstrated features consistent with a lanceolate hair mutation, providing further support for the crucial role of desmoglein 4 in hair shaft differentiation.     

Fine mapping of the circling (cir) gene on the distal portion of mouse chromosome 9

Circling mice manifest profound deafness, head-tossing, and bi-directional circling behavior, which they inherit in autosomal recessive manner. Histologic examination of the inner ear reveals abnormalities of the region around the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion neurons, and outer hair cells. A genetic linkage map was constructed for an intraspecific backcross between cir and C57BL/6J mice. The cir gene was mapped to a region between D9Mit116/D9Mit15 and D9Mit38 on mouse chromosome (Chr) 9. Estimated distances between cir and D9Mit116, and between cir and D9Mit38 were 0.70 +/- 0.40 and 0.23 +/- 0.23 cM, respectively. Order of the markers was defined as follows: centromere - D9Mit182 - D9Mit51/D9Mit79/D9Mit310 - D9Mit212/D184 - D9Mit116/D9Mit15 - cir - D9Mit38 - D9Mit20 - D9Mit243 - D9Mit16 - D9Mit55/D9Mit125 - D9Mit281. On the basis of genetic mapping, we constructed a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig across the cir region. The cir gene is located between the lactotransferrin (ltf) and microtubule-associated protein (map4) genes. The distal portion of mouse Chr 9 encompassing the cir region is homologous with human chromosome 3p21, which contains the Deafness, form B: Autosomal Recessive Deafness (DFNB6) locus. Therefore, the circling mouse is a potential animal model for DFNB6 deafness in humans.     

Rat mutations cvd and hob with cerebellar malformations map to chromosome 2.

In this paper, we executed genome mapping and comparative mapping analyses for cvd and hob, autosomal recessive mutations with cerebellar vermis defect and cerebellar dysplasia in the rat. For the linkage analysis, we produced three sets of backcross progeny, (ACI x CVD)F(1) and (F344 x CVD)F(1) females crossed to a cvd homozygous male rat, and (HOB x WKY)F(1) males crossed to hob homozygous female rats. Analysis of the segregation patterns of simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) markers scanning the whole rat genome allowed the mapping of these autosomal recessive mutations to rat Chromosome (Chr) 2. The most likely gene order is D2Mgh12 - D2Rat86 - D2Mit15 - D2Rat185 - cvd - D2Rat66 - D2Mgh13, and D2Mit18 - Fga -D2Mit14 - D2Rat16 - hob - D2Mgh13. Crossing test between a proven cvd heterozygous and a hob heterozygous rats demonstrated their allelism. Furthermore, comparative mapping indicated the cvd locus corresponds to mouse chromosome 3 and a strong candidate gene Unc5h3, a causative gene for the rostral cerebellar malformation mouse, was implicated.     

Genetic and physical maps of jerker (Espn(je)) on mouse chromosome 4

The jerker mutation causes degeneration of cochlea and vestibular sensory hair cells in mice. A frame-shift mutation in the actin bundling gene Espin (Espn) leads to hair bundle defects by disrupting the actin filament assembly in stereocilia. Previously, jerker was mapped to distal mouse chromosome 4. Here, analyzing 2536 informative meioses derived from two intersubspecific intercrosses, we localize jerker to a 0.51+/-0.14cM interval on chromosome 4. The following order and distances of genes and markers were determined: D4Mit180-0.44+/-0.13cM-Hes2, Espn(je)-0.08+/-0.06cM-D4Mit356-0.28+/-0.1cM-D4Mit208. A 300kb physical bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig was generated containing the Espn(je) locus. The human homologous region maps to 1p36.31. We present a detailed high-resolution genetic and physical map of markers located at distal chromosome 4 and demonstrate concordance of Espn with jerker.     

Chromosome mapping of Rmp-4, a gonad-dependent gene encoding host resistance to mousepox.

DBA/2 (D2) mice are susceptible and C57BL/6 (B6) mice are resistant to lethal mousepox. A congenic resistant strain, D2.B6-Rmp-4r (D2.R4), was developed by serially backcrossing male mice that survived ectromelia virus infection with D2 mice, beginning with (B6 x D2)F1 mice. Male D2.R4 mice were at least 300-fold more resistant to lethal mousepox than male D2 mice. Female D2.R4 mice were 100-fold more resistant than male D2.R4 mice and 500-fold more resistant than female D2 mice. Neonatal gonadectomy prevented development of resistance in D2.R4 mice of both sexes. Differences in resistance between strains and between sexes correlated with restriction of virus replication in spleen and liver, but gender differences were less evident in liver than in spleen. High-resolution interval mapping of the 19 autosomes of D2.R4 mice using dispersed informative microsatellites as marker loci revealed a segment of distal chromosome 1 to be of B6 origin. Haplotypes for a marker locus, D1Mit57, from the differential segment were determined in (D2.R4 x D2)F1 x D2 backcross mice, which were then infected with ectromelia virus. Significantly more heterozygotes than homozygotes survived ectromelia virus infection in both sexes. Whereas nearly all surviving males were heterozygotes, 44% of surviving females were homozygotes. These results indicate that resistance in D2.R4 mice is determined by a gonad-dependent gene on distal chromosome 1, provisionally named Rmp-4, and by an ovary-dependent factor that is not genetically linked to Rmp-4.     

A twenty strain survey and backcross localization of the erythrocytic GTP concentration determining locus Gtpc on mouse chromosome 9.

Erythrocyte nucleotide concentrations were surveyed among 20 inbred strains of mice in order to further assess the variability in GTP concentration. There was no significant difference in erythrocytic ATP concentration (Scheffé's test at P = 0.01), 678-1154 nmol/mL packed cells, among the strains surveyed. Two groups were distinguishable with respect to erythrocytic GTP concentration, 8 strains having high GTP, 215 +/- 44 nmole/mL packed cells, and 12 strains having low GTP, 34 +/- 12 nmole/mL packed cells. The erythrocytic GTP concentration determining trait Gtpc was previously shown to be linked to transferrin, Trf, on chromosome 9. Analysis of 232 [(B6 x WB) F1 x B6] backcross individuals for Gtpc and 8 microsatellite markers restricted the localization of Gtpc to a 5.6 +/- 2.1 cM region. The gene order and genetic distances in cM +/- SE are: (D9Mit14) 0.4 +/- 0.4 (D9Mit24) 1.7 +/- 0.8 (Gtpc, D9Mit51, D9Mit116, D9Mit212) 3.9 +/- 1.3 (D9Mit200) 3.0 +/- 1.1 (D9Mit20) 7.8 +/- 1.8 (D9Mit18). The GTP concentration determining trait appears to be a property of erythrocytes as no differences were observed for GTP/ATP ratios of brain, kidney, liver, and tongue from a low GTP strain, C3H/HeHa x Pgk-la and a high GTP strain, C57BL/6J.     

Tawny: a novel light coat color mutation found in a wild population of Mus musculus molossinus, a new allele at the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) locus.

We found a new coat color mutant in a population of Japanese wild mice (Mus musculus molossinus) and called the trait tawny. The tawny mutant is characterized by a light yellowish brown coat color. The tawny hair has a so-called agouti pattern, but the yellow band is greatly lengthened. There are no differences between the tawny and wildtype hairs in size and the number of melanosomes. Genetic analyses revealed that the tawny trait is an autosomal recessive and its gene is located in the distal region on Chromosome 8 between the microsatellite markers D8Mit87 and D8Mit122. An allelism test indicated the tawny mutant gene to be a new allele at the Mc1r locus and dominant to the recessive yellow (Mc1re). The proposed gene symbol for the tawny is Mc1rtaw.     

Uncv (uncovered): a new mutation causing hairloss on mouse chromosome 11.

A pair of mutant mice with a first sparse coat appeared spontaneously in the production stock of BALB/c mice with a normal coat. After being sib-mated, they produced three phenotypes in their progeny: mice with normal hair, mice with a first sparse coat and then a fuzzy coat, and uncovered mice. Genetic studies revealed the mutants had inherited an autosomal monogene that was semi-dominant. By using 11 biochemical loci--Idh, Car2, Mup1, Pgm1, Hbb, Es1, Es10, Gdc, Ce2, Mod1 and Es3--as genetic markers, two-point linkage tests were made. The results showed the gene was assigned to chromosome 11. The result of a three-point test with Es3 and D11Mit8 (microsatellite DNA) as markers showed that the mutation was linked to Es3 with the recombination fraction 7.89 +/- 2.19%, and linked to D11Mit8 with the recombination fraction 26.30 +/- 3.57%. The recombination fraction between Es3 and D11Mit8 was 32.90 +/- 3.81%. It is suggested that the mutation is a new genetic locus that affected the skin and hair structure of the mouse. The mutation was named uncovered, with the symbol Uncv. Further studies showed the mutation affected not only the histology of skin and hair but also the growth and reproductive performance of the mice. The molecular characterization of the Uncv locus needs to be further studied.