超声多普勒技术在323例危重症患者颈内静脉穿刺置管术中的应用

目的:探讨超声多普勒技术在危重症惠者颈内静脉穿刺置管中的临床应用价值.方珐:选取323例预计颈内静脉穿刺困难的危重症患者,在超声引导下行右颈内静脉穿刺置管,记录穿刺时间、一次穿刺置管成功率、二次以上穿刺置管成功率及并发症发生例数.结果:323例患者均在超声引导下行右颈内静脉穿刺置管成功.无一例因穿刺失败改行其他部位中心静脉穿刺.超声多普勒引导穿刺置管操作时间184.6±20.5s.超声多普勒引导一次穿刺置管成功率93%.超声多普勒引导二次以上穿刺置管成功率100%.并发症发生率4.64%.结论:应用超声多普勒技术引导危重症怠者颈内静脉穿刺置管.缩短了置管时间,减少了穿刺次数,提高了一次穿刺成功率.     

超声引导改良外周静脉导入中心静脉置管术临床应用经验

目的:探讨超声引导下改良的外周静脉导入中心静脉置管术(Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter,PICC)的临床应用。方法:对42例有恶性肿瘤病史需行PICC置管、浅静脉直视下不明显或触摸不到、不适合盲穿患者42例进行超声引导下改良的PICC术。改良方法包括穿刺支架超声引导以及用一次性使用麻醉用针替代Seldinger包内的穿刺针进行,并与23例标准PICC法对比分析穿刺成功率及穿刺并发症发生率。结果:两种方法穿刺成功率均为100%,其中改良PICC患者41例穿刺一次成功,一次成功率为97.6%;标准PICC患者21例穿刺一次成功,一次成功率为91.3%。两种方法一次成功率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。42例改良患者中发生2例并发症,包括局部水肿1例及导管异位1例;23例标准PICC患者中发生6例并发症,包括局部水肿2例,导管异位1例,静脉炎1例及局部感染2例。两种方法并发症发生率差异有统计学意义(P=0.019)。结论:超声引导下改良的PICC术一次成功率高,并发症少,值得临床推广。     

双侧锁骨下静脉交替置管与单纯右侧锁骨下静脉置管血培养对比研究

目的探讨双侧锁骨下静脉交替置管与单纯右侧锁骨下静脉置管在ICU患者中的应用效果。方法将我科收治的50例患者随机分为实验组和对照组各25例,两组患者均行锁骨下静脉置管,实验组采用双侧锁骨下静脉交替置管,对照组采用传统的单纯右侧锁骨下静脉置管,观察两组患者的一次置管成功率、置管时间和术后血肿发生情况,并于置管后1、2、3、5天于穿刺口取样及拔管前取导管血、拔管后导管头端行细菌培养,比较两组细菌培养的情况。结果两组患者的一次置管成功率、置管操作时间和术后血肿发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);术后导管相关感染发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双侧锁骨下静脉交替置管术的应用效果优于单纯右侧锁骨下静脉置管术。     

颈内静脉留置并发症的预防和护理

颈内静脉留置并发症的预防和护理黄品琼广西肿瘤防治研究所５３００２７预内静脉具有管腔大，（管腔平均１．３ｃｍ［１］，血流丰富穿刺成功率高，操作方便等优点，已广泛应用于临床，并取得满意的效果，本文仅就颈内静脉留置并发症的预防及其护理综述如下。１局部感染和...     

恶性肿瘤病人股静脉置管化疗的护理

恶性肿瘤病人化疗是综合治疗手段之一,化疗药物多为化学及生物碱制剂。反复穿刺易造成周围静脉炎及渗漏性损伤的发生．给患者带来痛苦．中断化疗,延误治疗。为减少药物性静脉炎,保证化疗的顺利进行,2008年1月～12月我科对80例恶性肿瘤病人采用股静脉置管进行化疗．取得了较好的效果。现将护理体会报告如下。     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术用于晚期肿瘤化疗患者的体会

我科自2003年以来,对12例晚期肿瘤患者采用锁骨下静脉穿刺置管进行化疗,取得了良好的治疗效果。现报告如下。     

急危重症患者中心静脉置管相关性感染危险因素分析

对2010年12月~2013年9月在我院留置的急危重症患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析,分析中心静脉置管相关性感染(CVCRI)发生情况以及危险因素,并提出相应的干预措施。880例患者共有61例发生CVCRI,发生率为6.9%;分离出病原菌株65株,其中G+菌28株,G-22株,真菌15株;将这61例视为感染组,单因素分析显示,年龄、病情严重程度评分、免疫功能、导管留置时间及插管时机的差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05),进一步对上述因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,病情严重程度评分、免疫功能和导管留置时间是CVCRI发生的独立危险因素。     

彩色超声与盲探穿刺右颈内静脉并发症比较

目的比较彩色超声引导与盲探穿刺右侧颈内静脉置管术的并发症情况。方法将我院拟择期(在腹腔镜下)行结直肠肿瘤切除术的患者100例,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级,年龄23~81岁,体重32~81kg。采用抛硬币法将患者随机分为彩色超声组(C)和盲探穿刺组(M)各50例。记录两组病人黑色细针试穿中静脉时次数、薄壁蓝空针穿刺中静脉时次数、穿刺点的数目、导管置入失败的次数,并记录病人由于穿刺引起的机械并发症及术后留置导管并发症情况。结果两组患者均未见明显机械并发症,且两组比较无统计学意义;两组无误穿动脉、血气胸及心律失常或心脏损伤的情况。结论彩色超声引导下行右颈内静脉穿刺成功率较盲探穿刺高,盲探穿刺刺破颈内静脉后壁概率较彩色多普勒超声引导下穿刺组高,其余机械并发症及留置中心静脉导管并发症比较无统计学意义。     

半永久性颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床价值

目的:研究半永久性颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床价值。方法:选取2013年10月到2014年10月我院收治的半永久性颈内静脉留置导管患者42例(研究组),另选取同期人造血管内瘘患者42例(对照组),分析两组患者的临床资料。结果:研究组导管留置时间(23.2±0.8)月显著长于对照组的(12.8±0.8)个月,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组导管功能不良和感染显著少于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组无显著不良反应发生,对照组有2例止血困难,6例血栓形成。结论:半永久性颈内静脉留置导管具有方便、不良反应少的优点,可应用于需要血液透析的患者。     

超声引导下行颈内静脉置管术75例临床体会

建立和维持一条安全、有效的血管通路是血液透析治疗的先决条件。目前临床使用最多的是自体动静脉内瘘,但对于需要急诊透析、内瘘未成熟的患者,颈内静脉置管术得到了广泛的应用。目前认为深静脉穿刺的一针成功率、局部血肿、渗血等并发症与穿刺人员的熟练程度有关,使这类患者的有创操作风险降至最低,防止置管并发症的发生是医护人员努力的方向。我院血液透析中心对75例患者采用超声引导下和传统解剖定位法行颈内静脉置管术,现回顾性分析其效果并报道如下。     

A Retrospective Study of Preferable Alternative Route to Right Internal Jugular Vein for Placing Tunneled Dialysis Catheters: Right External Jugular Vein versus Left Internal Jugular Vein

Background

Right internal jugular vein (IJV) is a preferred access route for tunneled (cuffed) dialysis catheters (TDCs), and both right external jugular vein (EJV) and left IJV are alternative routes for patients in case the right IJV isn’t available for TDC placement. This retrospective study aimed to determine if a disparity exists between the two alternative routes in hemodialysis patients in terms of outcomes of TDCs.

Methods

49 hemodialysis patients who required TDCs through right EJV (n = 21) or left IJV (n = 28) as long-term vascular access were included in this study. The primary end point was cumulative catheter patency. Secondary end points include primary catheter patency, proportion of patients that never required urokinase and incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI).

Results

A total of 20,870 catheter-days were evaluated and the median was 384 (interquartile range, 262–605) catheter-days. Fewer catheters were removed in the right EJV group than in the left IJV group (P = 0.007). Mean cumulative catheter patency was higher in the right EJV group compared with the left IJV group (P = 0.031). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of CRBSI, primary catheter patency or proportion of patients that never required urokinase use. Total indwell time of antecedent catheters was identified as an independent risk factor for cumulative catheter patency by Cox regression hazards test with an HR of 2.212 (95% CI, 1.363–3.588; p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Right EJV might be superior to left IJV as an alternative insertion route for TDC placement in hemodialysis patients whose right IJVs are unavailable.     

The Accuracy of the New Landmark Using Respiratory Jugular Venodilation and Direct Palpation in Right Internal Jugular Vein Access

Background

Although ultrasonography is recommended in internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization, the landmark-guided technique should still be considered. The central landmark using the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is widely used, but it is inaccurate for IJV access. As an alternative landmark, we investigated the accuracy of the new landmark determined by inspection of the respiratory jugular venodilation and direct IJV palpation in right IJV access by ultrasonography.

Methods and Findings

Thirty patients were enrolled. After induction of anesthesia, the central landmark was marked at the cricoid cartilage level (M1) and the alternative landmark determined by inspection of the respiratory jugular venodilation and direct palpation of IJV was also marked at the same level (M2). Using ultrasonography, the location of IJV was identified (M3) and the distance between M1 and M3 as well as between M2 and M3 were measured. The median (interquartile range) distance between the M2 and M3 was 3.5 (2.0–6.0) mm, compared to 17.5 (12.8–21.3) mm between M1 and M3. (P<0.001) The dispersion of distances between M2 and M3 was significantly smaller than between M1 and M3. (P<0.001) The visibility of respiratory jugular venodilation was associated with CVP more than 4 mmHg. Limitations of the present study are that the inter-observer variability was not investigated and that the visibility of the alternative landmark can be limited to right IJV in adults.

Conclusion

The alternative landmark may allow shorter distance for the right side IJV access than the central landmark and can offer advantages in right IJV catheterization when ultrasound device is unavailable.

Trial Registration

Clinical Research Informational Service KCT0000812     

颈内静脉血栓形成的临床特点及治疗(附5例报告)

目的:探讨颈内静脉血栓形成的临床特点和治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析我科从2001年2月至2010年8月收治的5例颈内静脉血栓患者的临床资料.结果:5例患者均有颈部包块,1例发生Lemierre综合症(L.S),1例发生卵巢过度刺激综合症,另外1例发生游走性血栓静脉炎.依不同病因分别给予抗炎、抗凝及溶栓治疗,其中4例痊愈,1例死亡.结论:颈内静脉血栓形成为临床少见病症,应该警觉对有该病诱因存在的颈部有包块的患者,及时正确地诊断和治疗是治愈此病的关键.     

Internal Jugular Vein Cross-Sectional Area Enlargement Is Associated with Aging in Healthy Individuals

Background

Internal jugular vein (IJV) narrowing has been implicated in central nervous system pathologies, however normal physiological age- and gender-related IJV variance in healthy individuals (HIs) has not been adequately assessed.

Objectives

We assessed the relationship between IJV cross-sectional area (CSA) and aging.

Materials and Methods

This study involved 193 HIs (63 males and 130 females) who received 2-dimensional magnetic resonance venography at 3T. The minimum CSA of the IJVs at cervical levels C2/C3, C4, C5/C6, and C7/T1 was obtained using a semi-automated contouring-thresholding technique. Subjects were grouped by decade. Pearson and partial correlation (controlled for cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, heart disease, smoking and body mass index) and analysis of variance analyses were used, with paired t-tests comparing side differences.

Results

Mean right IJV CSA ranges were: in males, 41.6 mm² (C2/C3) to 82.0 mm² (C7/T1); in females, 38.0 mm² (C2/C3) to 62.3 mm² (C7/T1), while the equivalent left side ranges were: in males, 28.0 mm² (C2/C3) to 52.2 mm² (C7/T1); in females, 27.2 mm² (C2/C3) to 47.8 mm² (C7/T1). The CSA of the right IJVs was significantly larger (p<0.001) than the left at all cervical levels. Controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, the correlation between age and IJV CSA was more robust in males than in the females for all cervical levels.

Conclusions

In HIs age, gender, hand side and cervical location all affect IJV CSA. These findings suggest that any definition of IJV stenosis needs to account for these factors.     

豚鼠皮肤光过敏试验方法的建立

目的探索并建立豚鼠光过敏试验的方法。方法采用TBS作为阳性对照物,同时设立阴性对照组。分别于第1天、第4天、第7天对豚鼠皮肤进行UV-A紫外光诱导,诱导剂量紫外光强度为30 J/cm2;于第一次诱导后28 d对豚鼠皮肤采用UV-A紫外光激发,激发强度为9 J/cm2。结果阴性对照组24 h、48 h、及72 h豚鼠光过敏试验阳性率均为0,阳性对照组为24 h、48 h、及72 h豚鼠光过敏试验阳性率均为100%。结论本研究成功建立了豚鼠皮肤光过敏试验模型,TBS可作为阳性对照物。