《Molecular Plant》文章中文摘要

题目：植物细胞壁基质（matrix）多糖的生物合成（综述） 摘要：伸长中的植物细胞的细胞壁主要由纤维素微纤丝和基质多糖（半纤维素和果胶）以及少量结构蛋白和酶蛋白组成。基质多糖在高尔基体中合成,通过胞吐作用输送到细胞壁,并与纤维素微纤丝相嵌。纤维素微纤丝在细胞膜上合成并直接沉积到细胞壁。已知在生长素诱导的伸长细胞中,高尔基体中存在多糖链合成,然而直到最近才鉴定出合成多糖链酶的相关基因。在基因鉴定研究中,     

NaCl对小麦幼苗叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

在含NaCl的培养液中培养小麦幼苗,3天后取样观察叶肉细胞,其超微结构基本正常,细胞核和细胞壁没有明显变化。但线粒体结构普遍受到损害,表现在外膜、内膜和嵴膨胀,结构模糊。叶绿体被膜和片层结构仍保持完整,仅有部分叶绿体的片层排列方向发生改变,由原来平行排列扭转为近于垂直排列。     

膨胀素——一个引人注目的细胞壁松弛酶候选者

植物的生长是植物生理学中一个最基本且重要的问题。细胞膨胀生长（扩大和伸长）的前提是使细胞壁松弛和不可逆伸展。生物物理和生物化学分析表明,细胞壁衬质是控制细胞壁生长的最重要的因素[4]。目前,人们普遍认为,衬质多糖作为“链”（tether）,把纤维素微纤丝结合在一起[9];或作为“填补物”（filler）,防止微纤丝聚集[15,22,30]。并进一步认为,细胞壁松弛的机理是衬质多糖被水解断裂[1,9,13,14]。据报道,多种修饰酶（如葡聚糖酶[1,9,19]、葡萄糖苷酶[19,27]、半乳糖苷酶[17,31]、果胶甲酯酶[11]、IAA氧化酶[2]、过氧…     

小麦叶锈菌侵染过程的显微和超微结构

采用光学显微技术和电子显微技术对小麦叶锈菌的侵染过程进行了研究。发现叶锈菌从气孔侵入后在气孔腔内形成气孔下泡囊,然后分化出圆形的膨大体,由膨大体产生1—2初生菌丝,初生菌丝在寄主细胞间隙延伸扩展,与叶肉细胞壁接触后分化形成吸器母细胞,吸器母细胞进入寄主细胞后形成吸器。初生菌丝在吸器母细胞处产生分枝,形成次生菌丝在叶肉细胞间蔓延。在病原菌侵染早期(接种后8—24h),寄主细胞的超微结构变化并不明显。侵染中、后期(接种48—72h),被侵染叶肉细胞发生严重质壁分离,叶绿体膨胀变形,基粒片层排列疏松。线粒体嵴突退化。     

稻曲球及稻曲病菌菌落微结构的SEM观察

本文对不同培养条件下稻曲病菌菌落及稻曲球的微结构进行了扫描电镜比较研究。在PS培养液里进行液体培养时,稻曲病菌很少产生分生孢子和厚垣孢子,只有培养后期漂浮在培养液表面的菌落可以产生大量的厚垣孢子。病原菌在进行PSA固体培养时,大部分菌株在培养后期产生大量的成堆分布的厚垣孢子,少部分菌株在菌落上产生散生的厚垣孢子。说明暴露于空气有助于稻曲病菌产生厚垣孢子。在煮熟的带壳谷粒上稻曲病菌的生长明显比在去壳上的要慢得多。微结构分析表明,稻曲球表面是一层密集的厚垣孢子,菌丝与稻粒的胚乳层界限分明,大部分稻曲球中部有大块的发育良好的胚乳,并充满密集的淀粉粒。说明稻曲病菌可能在开花灌浆后开始侵染,而且至少后期是腐生的。     

稻曲球及稻曲病菌菌落微结构的SEM观察

本文对不同培养条件下稻曲病菌菌落及稻曲球的微结构进行了扫描电镜比较研究。在PS培养液里进行液体培养时,稻曲病菌很少产生分生孢子和厚垣孢子,只有培养后期漂浮在培养液表面的菌落可以产生大量的厚垣孢子。病原菌在进行PSA固体培养时,大部分菌株在培养后期产生大量的成堆分布的厚垣孢子,少部分菌株在菌落上产生散生的厚垣孢子。说明暴露于空气有助于稻曲病菌产生厚垣孢子。在煮熟的带壳谷粒上稻曲病菌的生长明显比在去壳上的要慢得多。微结构分析表明,稻曲球表面是一层密集的厚垣孢子,菌丝与稻粒的胚乳层界限分明,大部分稻曲球中部有大块的发育良好的胚乳,并充满密集的淀粉粒。说明稻曲病菌可能在开花灌浆后开始侵染,而且至少后期是腐生的。     

一份条斑和颖花异常水稻双突变体的形态特征和细胞学观察

在水稻遗传转化过程中发现一个不含外源基因的条斑和颖花异常的双突变体。该突变体的茎、叶、穗出现条斑。在分蘖盛期,一些叶片开始分岔或卷曲;花器官数目增多,表现为多内外稃,叶片状浆片,或浆片增大,雌雄蕊增多,颖花开裂。透射电镜对叶片白色组织细胞超微结构观察,发现细胞壁内陷,质体结构异常,不能发育出正常叶绿体所具有的片层和类囊体。叶绿素总含量和净光合速率明显低于野生型。突变体绿色组织部分中的细胞生长正常,但细胞较大。利用扫描电镜对花器官形态发生过程进行观察,雄蕊原基发育严重不同步,原基大小也不一样;心皮原基较小。     

绿核菌属(Ustilaginoidea)一新种(英文)

本文报道了寄生在水稻子房上的绿核菌属一新种,稻白色绿枝菌Ustilaginoideaalbicansspnov。该菌的侵染时期、发病时期和症状与稻曲病毒U,virens相似,但该新种产生白色分生泡子座。分生孢子球形或椭球形,表面光滑,白色,无疣突,35～60X35～6．8μm。未见菌核。以分离的稻白色绿核菌回接水稻,可以产生同样的白色稻曲球。模式标本和模式菌株保存在辽宁省农业科学院植保所。     

二甲基亚砜对黑麦根尖分生组织细胞超显微结构的影响

黑麦根尖在原位用二甲垫亚砜(DMSO)处理之后,电子显微镜下观察发现根尖分生组织区细胞的细胞核和细胞质内也出现类似微丝的微纤丝结构。与我们以前在经DMSO处理过的黑麦小孢子母细胞核中所看到的微纤丝结构一样,根尖分生组织区细胞中微纤丝结构直径也约为6—9 nm,许多根微纤丝平行地排列在一起构成微纤丝束,本研究提示DMSO对于植物的体细胞和小孢子母细胞具有相同的生物学效应。也提示黑麦根尖分生组织细胞和小孢子母细胞的核基质可能具有相似的组成。     

绿核菌属(Ustilaginoldea)一新种

本文报道了寄生在水稻子房上的绿核菌属一新种,稻白色绿核菌Ustiaginoidea albicans sp．Nov.。该菌的侵染时期、发病时期和症状与稻曲病毒U. virens相似,但该新种产生白色分生孢子座。分生孢子球形或椭球形,表面光滑,白色,无疣突,3．5～6．0×3．5～6．8μm。未见菌核。以分离的稻白色绿核菌回接水稻,可以产生同样的白色稻曲球。模式标本和模式菌株保存在辽宁省农业科学院植保所,     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.