外源H2S影响黄瓜幼苗响应高盐胁迫的蛋白质组学分析

为了阐明外源H₂S对高盐胁迫下黄瓜蛋白质表达的影响,以盐敏感型黄瓜栽培种‘春夏秋王’为材料,通过双向电泳（2 DE）技术分离叶片总蛋白质,采用基质辅助激光解析飞行时间串联质谱（MALDI TOF/TOF MS）技术对差异表达蛋白质进行质谱鉴定,并利用NCBI及SwissProt数据库检索进行差异表达蛋白质功能注释和代谢通路分析。结果表明：(1) 共检测到约2 490个蛋白质,其中蛋白质表达差异在1.5倍以上且差异显著(P<0.05)的有45个,其中有24个蛋白质表达上调,21个蛋白质表达下调。(2) 成功鉴定蛋白质26个,这些蛋白质参与了光合作用（26.92%）、蛋白质代谢（23.08%）、能量与碳水化合物代谢（11.54%）、氨基酸生物合成（11.54%）、细胞结构相关蛋白（7.69%）、抗氧化作用（3.85%）、信号转导（3.85%）及未知功能蛋白（11.54%）。(3) GO注释表明差异表达的蛋白质分子功能主要以蛋白质结合与水解酶活性为主,生物学过程涉及应激反应、有机物代谢过程、胁迫响应和细胞分化等,细胞组成集中分布在细胞部分和一些胞内细胞器。KEGG代谢通路分析表明,差异表达蛋白质主要参与了肌动蛋白细胞骨架调控、细胞凋亡、碳代谢和光和调控等代谢途径。研究表明,外源H₂S诱导了高盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片蛋白质的差异表达,为后续探索外源H₂S对黄瓜的抗盐分子机制研究提供了理论依据。     

外源CaCl2对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗氮代谢的影响

为了研究CaCl₂对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗根、茎、叶的氮代谢影响,探索钙缓解幼苗NaCl胁迫的作用途径。该研究以酸枣幼苗为试验材料,检测不同浓度CaCl₂(0、5、10、20 mmol/L)对NaCl(150 mmol/L)胁迫下幼苗叶片H₂O₂、O^-·₂含量,根、茎、叶中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性及游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、硝态氮含量的影响,并采用主成分分析法筛选出评价CaCl₂缓解NaCl胁迫效应的生理指标。结果表明：与NaCl胁迫相比,盐胁迫幼苗叶片的H2O₂、O^-·₂积累量在5、10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理下显著减少;GOGAT活性在5、10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理下的植株根和茎内以及各浓度 CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高, GS、NR活性在10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根内和10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的茎内以及5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高;可溶性蛋白含量在5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根、茎、叶内均显著升高,游离氨基酸含量在10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根和茎内以及10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高,硝态氮含量在10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的根和茎内以及5、10、20 mmol/L CaCl₂处理的叶内均显著升高。研究发现,150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对酸枣幼苗造成明显过氧化伤害,抑制了体内氮代谢;外源CaCl₂可通过促进幼苗根和茎内GS/GOGAT循环对NH₄⁺的同化作用,提高叶片NR活性,加快硝态氮的转化速率,从而增强幼苗对NaCl胁迫的适应性,并以10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理缓解效果最佳;游离氨基酸、GOGAT、NR可以作为CaCl₂缓解幼苗NaCl胁迫伤害的评价指标。     

胞外ATP对AlCl3诱导的细胞死亡过程中胞内H2O2和Ca2+水平的影响及其生理机制分析

该实验以烟草悬浮细胞 BY 2 为材料,在烟草悬浮细胞中分别加入0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 mmol·L^-1AlCl₃,以等体积去离子水处理的悬浮细胞液为对照,并依据前述实验结果选择0.15 mmol·L^-1 AlCl₃,分别添加5 mmol·L^-1 DMTU(H₂O₂ 抑制剂)、20 μmol·L^-1CaCl₂、15 μmol·L^-1 LaCl₃(Ca²⁺通道抑制剂)和50 μmol·L^-1 ATP设计多项处理,分析胞外ATP(eATP)对铝离子(Al³⁺)胁迫引起的植物细胞死亡及其胞内H₂O₂、Ca²⁺的影响,以揭示Al³⁺胁迫下植物调节细胞死亡的可能机制,进一步扩展对eATP功能的认知。结果显示：(1)随着 AlCl₃ 胁迫浓度的提高,细胞死亡水平和胞内H₂O₂水平上升,而胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平则逐渐降低。(2)外援施加H₂O₂抑制剂 DMTU(二甲基硫脲)和Ca²⁺能够有效缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡水平的上升;而Ca²⁺通道抑制剂LaCl₃(三氯化镧)则加剧了AlCl₃胁迫下的细胞死亡。(3)在AlCl₃胁迫下对细胞添加外源ATP,能够缓解AlCl₃胁迫下胞内H₂O₂水平上升和Ca²⁺水平下降的同时,并显著降低AlCl₃胁迫导致的细胞死亡。研究表明, Al³⁺以剂量依赖的模式提升细胞死亡和细胞内H₂O₂的水平并降低胞内Ca²⁺和eATP水平,AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡受到H₂O₂和Ca²⁺水平变化的调节,eATP可以通过调节H₂O₂与Ca²⁺水平缓解AlCl₃诱导的细胞死亡。推测Al³⁺胁迫可能通过抑制钙离子通道而破坏了细胞内H₂O₂和Ca²⁺之间的协同关系,外源ATP对Al³⁺诱导H₂O₂上升的缓解作用可能是由于其提升了细胞的抗氧化能力。     

CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫下小麦光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

在CO₂浓度分别为350μmol·mol^-1和倍增浓度(700μmol·mol^-1)的两个开顶式生长室内,研究了干旱胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高显著提高了小麦的净光合速率,降低了蒸腾速率,提高了气孔阻力和水分利用效率.倍增CO₂浓度明显提高了SOD、POD及CAT酶活性,增强了小麦的抗氧化保护能力和抗旱性.     

H2O2预处理胜利褐煤镜质组的生物产气研究

【目的】研究H₂O₂处理对煤中镜质组生物产气的影响。【方法】选择内蒙古胜利褐煤作为研究对象,以实验室前期富集保存的产甲烷微生物作为出发菌群,首先通过浮选对煤炭进行显微组分分离(高镜质组GJ、中镜质组ZJ和低镜质组DJ),并对煤的物化性质进行表征,然后在固液比1:15、H₂O₂浓度10%、预处理时间30 d条件下用H₂O₂处理不同镜质组含量的样品,再以处理前后的原煤及残煤进行生物产气实验。采用气相色谱、X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法分析H₂O₂处理前后产气及煤的物化性质变化。【结果】经过H₂O₂预处理后,煤中镜质组的含量有所下降,挥发成分增加,固定碳减少,H₂O₂与高镜质组煤样反应更剧烈,氧含量增加,碳含量减少。未经过处理的煤在100 d时产甲烷量为GJ＞ZJ＞DJ,分别为174.24、164.31、135.52 μmol/g煤,而经过H₂O₂预处理的煤在20 d后停止产气,最终产甲烷量分别为39.63、39.61、41.55μmol/g煤,比原煤产气减少了77.26%、75.89%和69.34%。随着镜质组含量的增加,经过H₂O₂处理后的煤样芳香环层片的层间距d₀₀₂、单层层片的延展度L_a和层片的堆叠度L_c减小,而芳香层数N增加,表明晶核结构变小。经过H₂O₂处理后煤芳烃碳、芳香族、C=O基团和C=C基团所占比例增加,芳环缩合度增大,含氧官能团变多。【结论】利用H₂O₂长时间处理使煤基质中较易被微生物利用的有机质结构减少,从而降低了产气能力。     

邻二氮菲－Fe2＋氧化法检测H2O2／Fe2＋产生的羟自由基

报告检测H₂O₂/Fe^2＋所产生羟自由基的新方法. 羟自由基氧化反应后, 邻二氮菲-Fe^2＋的A₅₃₆明显下降, 且△A₅₃₆与邻二氮菲, FeSO₄及H₂O₂呈量效关系, 随反应时间延长, △A₅₃₆依幂函数规律上升. 此法试验结果表明, 甘露醇, 抗坏血酸及硫肥清除羟自由基作用呈明显的量效关系.     

Cd2+胁迫对小桐子幼苗叶片抗氧化系统的影响

以小桐子幼苗为材料,设置不同浓度CdCl_2处理,测定Cd~(2+)胁迫对小桐子幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及5种抗氧化酶活性和2种抗氧化剂含量的变化,探讨镉胁迫对小桐子幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:(1)Cd~(2+)胁迫导致小桐子幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白含量降低、MDA含量增加;(2)随着镉胁迫时间的延长,幼苗叶片中愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸专一性过氧化酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性表现出先升高然后降低的变化趋势;(3)幼苗叶片中还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随着胁迫时间延长而降低,但其中氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量则升高。研究表明,镉胁迫初期能诱导小桐子幼苗抗氧化系统活性显著增强,提高其抗氧化能力,但随着胁迫时间的延长,致使其抗氧化酶的活性和抗氧物质含量下降,植株遭受明显氧化胁迫,幼苗生长受到镉的严重毒害。     

二氧化硫对蚕豆叶片H2O2累积和膜脂过氧化的影响

对经ＳＯ２熏气处理后,蚕豆叶片中Ｈ２Ｏ２的累积与膜脂过氧化关系进行了研究。低浓度ＳＯ２处理引起叶片中Ｈ２Ｏ２轻微累积,膜脂过氧化程度较低;较高浓度ＳＯ２引起Ｈ２Ｏ２含量增加,同时膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量也迅速增加,回归分析结果表明,ＳＯ２处理蚕豆叶片Ｈ２Ｏ２含量与丙二醛含量存在极显著的线性关系：ｙ＝３．５２９８＋０．０１６３ｘ,ｒ＝０．９３９７。     

干旱胁迫对2种光合类型C4荒漠植物叶片光合特征酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以荒漠C₄草本植物蔷薇猪毛菜(NADP苹果酸酶型,NADP-ME）和粗枝猪毛菜（NAD苹果酸酶型,NAD-ME）为研究对象,采用盆栽控水试验设置正常供水和轻度、中度、重度干旱处理（土壤含水量分别为田间持水量80%、60%、45%和35%）,通过测定不同程度干旱胁迫下叶片含水量、C₄光合特征酶和抗氧化酶活性等指标,探讨不同类型C₄荒漠植物光合特征酶和抗氧化系统对干旱逆境的适应机制。结果显示：（1）2种植物叶片含水量均随干旱胁迫的加剧不同程度降低。（2）叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）活性在中度干旱胁迫下显著增加而在重度干旱胁迫下急剧下降;蔷薇猪毛菜NAD-ME活性和粗枝猪毛菜NADP-ME活性都很低,且它们基本不受干旱胁迫的影响;随干旱胁迫的加剧,蔷薇猪毛菜NADP-ME活性呈下降趋势,而粗枝猪毛菜NAD-ME活性先显著增加而在重度干旱胁迫下显著降低。（3）随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈下降趋势,过氧化物酶（POD）活性在不同程度干旱胁迫下均有不同程度增加;过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在中度干旱胁迫下均有不同程度的增加,但在重度干旱胁迫下蔷薇猪毛菜CAT活性降低,而粗枝猪毛菜CAT活性显著增加;丙二醛（MDA）含量随干旱胁迫的加剧均有不同程度的增加。研究认为,一定程度干旱胁迫下,2种荒漠植物的PEPC活性均有增加;不同光合类型C₄植物叶片脱羧酶（NADP-ME和NAD-ME）对干旱胁迫的响应有明显的差异。POD和CAT是这两种C₄植物适应干旱胁迫的主要抗氧化酶,但蔷薇猪毛菜CAT在重度干旱胁迫下没有起到积极保护作用。     

H2O2对蛇足石杉离体培养物诱变效应的研究

为了获得高产石杉碱甲(Huperzine A,Hup A)的蛇足石杉[Huperzia serrata(Thunb.)Trev.]叶状体,对H_2O_2诱变后的叶状体进行了研究。结果表明,诱变后叶状体株系的Hup A含量显著提高,并获得高产株系SH42,其相对生长率和Hup A含量分别达到4499.28%和261.17μg g~(–1) DW,比起始叶状体分别提高了2.35倍和2.43倍;且株系间可溶性蛋白质谱带和SOD同工酶谱均存在差异,经过连续9代培养,变异叶状体可以稳定遗传。因此,H_2O_2对叶状体细胞具有良好的诱变效应,可以用于筛选高产Hup A株系。     

Biogas upgrading using single-walled carbon nanotubes by molecular simulation

Abstract

Biogas from anaerobic digestion of biological wastes is a renewable energy resource that mainly contains CH₄, CO₂, trace amounts of H₂S and a fraction of H₂O vapour. In order to transfer biogas into biomethane to meet the standards for use as vehicle fuel or for injection in the natural gas grid, removing H₂S from biogas in advance is necessary. In addition, biogas is usually saturated with water vapour. It is significant to study the effect of the presence of H₂O on the biogas separation performance. Adsorption of H₂S/CO₂/CH₄ and H₂O/CO₂/CH₄ ternary mixtures using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were investigated via the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method. We studied the effects of carbon nanotube diameter, –COOH modification, temperature and pressure on H₂S adsorption. The results indicate that the presence of hydrophilic –COOH groups does affect the separation of H₂S/CO₂/CH₄ mixtures. Temperature swing adsorption is more suitable than pressure swing adsorption for the separation of H₂S/CO₂/CH₄ mixtures. The effect of water vapour on the separation of CO₂/CH₄ was also investigated. The result shows that the presence of H₂O has little effect on the selectivity of CO₂/CH₄ in pristine CNT, but the selectivity of CO₂/CH₄ with the presence of H₂O is markedly enhanced after modification in –COOH modified SWCNT with specific modification degree. It is expected that this work could provide some useful information for biogas upgrading.     

Roles of H2S in adaptation of alpine plants Lamiophlomis rotata to altitude gradients

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an important gaseous transmitter in organisims. It widespreads in the organs and tissues of animals and participates in the biological process of cardiovascular relaxation, cell apoptosis and protection, inflammation and neuromodulation. H₂S also can be synthesized in plants system and is involved in stress responses and the biological process of growth and development. This review describes the synthesis and biological function of H₂S in plants. Based on our research for the adaptation of Lamiophlomis rotata to different altitude gradients, we firstly proposed H₂S plays an important role in the adaptation of Lamiophlomis rotata to alpine environment.     

低温对不同耐寒性橡胶树叶片抗氧化能力的影响

为了探讨低温胁迫对橡胶树耐寒新品种‘湛试327-13’和不耐寒品种‘文昌217’叶片抗氧化能力的影响,以橡胶嫁接苗为材料,模拟8℃/8℃(昼/夜)的低温胁迫,在4d内每天连续测定叶片抗氧化酶活性以及相关的生理参数,再通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察气孔保卫细胞H2O2荧光密度。结果发现:(1)低温胁迫使‘湛试327-13’和‘文昌217’叶片超氧阴离子产生速率、SOD、CAT和POD及APX活性均出现先升后降的趋势,且在整个低温胁迫中,‘湛试327-13’的各抗氧化酶活性均高于‘文昌217’;低温胁迫使‘湛试327-13’的H2O2含量在处理第1天后就达到最大值,‘文昌217’则在第3天才达到最大值。(2)两个品种叶片的H2O2含量和气孔保卫细胞的H2O2荧光强度在低温胁迫后的表现规律与上述指标基本一致。研究表明,‘湛试327-13’叶片超氧阴离子和H2O2快速积累,可能起到能促进抗氧化酶活性的提高,以及降低膜质氧化胁迫程度和TBARS含量的作用;且同时保持了较高的相对含水量和较低的相对电导率,从而提高了其对低温胁迫的耐性。     

干旱高温复合胁迫下sHSPs基因在不同耐旱性玉米中的表达差异及其对ABA和H2O2的响应

以4个玉米(Zea mays L.)品种——‘郑单958’(耐干旱)、‘浚单20’(耐高温)、‘隆玉602’(耐干旱高温复合胁迫)和‘驻玉309’(对3种胁迫均敏感)为实验材料,分别采用脱落酸(ABA)及其抑制剂氟定酮(F)、H2O2及其清除剂碘化钾(I)和丙酮酸钠(P)预处理,探讨干旱高温复合胁迫下小热休克蛋白(sHSPs)在不同耐旱性玉米品种中的表达以及ABA和H2O2对其表达的影响。结果显示:(1)高温、干旱高温复合胁迫诱导的sHSP16.9、sHSP17.2、sHSP17.4、sHSP17.5、sHSP22和sHSP26等6个sHSPs基因表达增加量明显高于干旱和对照。(2)在6个sHSPs中,sHSP17.2基因仅在‘郑单958’中表达;sHSP16.9、sHSP17.4和sHSP26基因在‘隆玉602’中表达增加量最高,在‘驻玉309’中表达增量最低;sHSP17.5和sHSP22基因在‘郑单958’中表达增加量最高,在‘驻玉309’中最低。(3)ABA、F、I和P预处理后,对干旱高温复合胁迫诱导的6个sHSPs基因表达增加量仅有略微影响,但显著影响了sHSP26的蛋白表达。研究表明,sHSPs在不同耐旱性玉米品种中的表达存在显著差异,ABA和H2O2仅稍微提高了sHSPs基因表达,但显著提高了sHSP26蛋白表达,这些结果为进一步研究植物在多胁迫条件下耐逆机理奠定了基础。     

μ- and μ4-η coordination of A2H2 (A = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb) ligands with transition metals

The heavier analogs of C₂H₂ have been studied at the B3LYP level for their μ and μ₄-η² coordination properties with the transition metals. Based on known alkyne compounds, transition metal fragments [W₂(μ-NH)(Cp)₂(Cl)₂] and [Fe₄(CO)₁₂] have been chosen. The SBKJC relativistic effective core potentials and their associated basis sets were used on W, Fe, Sn and Pb, and the 6-31G(d) basis set was used on all other elements. All the complexes of Si₂H₂, Ge₂H₂, Sn₂H₂ and Pb₂H₂ are found to be local minima. The trans-twist nature of the ligand A₂H₂ (A = Si-Pb) is large in μ-coordinated complexes of W, and it is very small in μ₄-η² coordinated complexes of Fe. The electronic structure of these complexes was investigated using fragment molecular orbital method (FMO).     

Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in detached leaves of cucumber exposed to chilling

We studied changes in biochemical and physiological status, level of oxidative damage, and antioxidant enzyme activities in detached leaves of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Pyunggangnaebyungsamchuk) that were exposed to a low temperature (4°C). Chlorophyll fluorescence (F_v/F_m) declined during the chilling treatment, but was slowly restored after the tissues were returned to 25°C. Likewise, the fluorescence quenching coefficient and relative water content decreased during the stress period, but then increased during recovery. In contrast, we detected a significant rise in protein and hydrogen peroxide contents in the chilled leaves, as well as higher activities for superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. However, the level of catalase decreased not only during chilling but also after 24 h of recovery. These results indicate that exposure to low temperatures acts as an oxidative stress. Moreover, we propose that a regulating mechanism exists in the detached cucumber leaves and contains an antioxidant defense system that induces active oxygen species, thereby alleviating the effects of chilling stress within 12 h.     

H2O2和ABA对干旱高温复合胁迫诱导的玉米叶片sHSPs表达的影响

以玉米脱落酸(ABA)缺失突变体vp5及其野生型Vp5的叶片为材料,分别采用ABA、碘化钾(H2O2清除剂)、钨酸钠(ABA抑制剂)预先处理,对干旱+高温复合胁迫下玉米叶片小热休克蛋白(sHSPs)基因表达进行研究,以确定H2O2和ABA对干旱+高温复合胁迫诱导的玉米叶片sHSPs基因表达的影响。结果显示:(1)与对照和干旱相比,高温、干旱+高温复合胁迫显著诱导了sHSP16.9、sHSP17.2、sHSP17.4、sHSP17.5、sHSP22和sHSP26等6种sHSPs的表达。(2)H2O2清除剂KI和ABA抑制剂钨酸钠预处理,仅略微抑制高温、干旱+高温复合胁迫诱导的6种sHSPs表达。(3)与未用100μmol/L ABA预处理的vp5相比,100μmol/L ABA预处理仅略微提高了高温、干旱+高温复合胁迫诱导的6种sHSPs的表达水平。研究表明,在干旱+高温复合胁迫条件下H2O2和ABA参与了干旱+高温复合胁迫诱导的玉米叶片sHSPs表达,但并无显著影响,暗示了H2O2和ABA不是干旱+高温复合胁迫诱导sHSPs表达的重要调控因子。     

Hydrogen peroxide mediates Rac1 activation of S6K1

We previously reported that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mediates mitogen activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) which plays an important role in cell proliferation and growth. In this study, we investigated a possible role of H2O2 as a molecular linker in Rac1 activation of S6K1. Overexpression of recombinant catalase in NIH-3T3 cells led to the drastic inhibition of H2O2 production by PDGF, which was accompanied by a decrease in S6K1 activity. Similarly, PDGF activation of S6K1 was significantly inhibited by transient transfection or stable transfection of the cells with a dominant-negative Rac1 (Rac1N17), while overexpression of constitutively active Rac1 (Rac1V12) in the cells led to an increase in basal activity of S6K1. In addition, stable transfection of Rat2 cells with Rac1N17 dramatically attenuated the H2O2 production by PDGF as compared with that in the control cells. In contrast, Rat2 cells stably transfected with Rac1V12 produced high level of H2O2 in the absence of PDGF, comparable to that in the control cells stimulated with PDGF. More importantly, elimination of H2O2 produced in Rat2 cells overexpressing Rac1V12 inhibited the Rac1V12 activation of S6K1, indicating the possible role of H2O2 as a mediator in the activation of S6K1 by Rac1. However, H2O2 could be also produced via other pathway, which is independent of Rac1 or PI3K, because in Rat2 cells stably transfected with Rac1N17, H2O2 could be produced by arsenite, which has been shown to be a stimulator of H2O2 production. Taken together, these results suggest that H2O2 plays a pivotal role as a mediator in Rac1 activation of S6K1.     

Changes in the isozyme composition of antioxidant enzymes in response to aminotriazole in leaves ofArabidopsis thaliana

The changes in isozyme profiles of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) during severe deactivation of total CAT activity by aminotriazole (AT) treatment were investigated in the leaves ofArabidopsis thaliana (Columbia ecotype) in relation to H₂O₂-mediated oxidative stress. In spite of striking deactivation of total CAT activity by 0.1 mM AT, there were no significant differences in H₂O₂ levels or total leaf soluble protein contents including a Rubisco in both the control and AT-treated leaves. On the other hand, one specific protein band (molecular mass, 66 kD) was observed on the SDS-gel from leaf soluble proteins whose staining intensity was strikingly enhanced by AT treatment for 6 h. However, this band disappeared at 12 h. In the native-gel assays of CAT, POD, APX and GR isozymes, AT remarkably inhibited the expression of the CAT1 isozyme with no effects on CAT2 and CAT3, and generally had no effect on POD isozyme profiles. However, AT stimulated the intensity of activities of pre-existing APX1 and GR1 isozymes. In particular, it induced a new synthesis of one GR isozyme. Therefore, these results collectively suggest that a striking deactivation of total CAT activity by AT inA. thaliana leaves largely results from the suppression of CAT1 isozyme, and that APX1, GR1, and a newly synthesized GR isozyme could complement the role of CAT1 to metabolize H₂O₂ into non-toxic water.     

Microbial 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins: Insights into Their Complex Physiological Roles

The peroxiredoxins (Prxs) constitute a very large and highly conserved family of thiol-based peroxidases that has been discovered only very recently. We consider here these enzymes through the angle of their discovery, and of some features of their molecular and physiological functions, focusing on complex phenotypes of the gene mutations of the 2-Cys Prxs subtype in yeast. As scavengers of the low levels of H₂O₂ and as H₂O₂ receptors and transducers, 2-Cys Prxs have been highly instrumental to understand the biological impact of H₂O₂, and in particular its signaling function. 2-Cys Prxs can also become potent chaperone holdases, and unveiling the in vivo relevance of this function, which is still not established, should further increase our knowledge of the biological impact and toxicity of H₂O₂. The diverse molecular functions of 2-Cys Prx explain the often-hard task of relating them to peroxiredoxin genes phenotypes, which underscores the pleiotropic physiological role of these enzymes and complex biologic impact of H₂O₂.