Pathways of macroinvertebrate invasions in the Ob River basin (West Siberia)

Water bodies of West Siberia mainly belong to the Ob River basin, which is not connected to other basins by shipping canals. The relative isolation of the basin predetermined the major role of industrial fisheries and aquarium trade in alien invertebrate transfer into the basin reservoirs. About 60% of the alien species were introduced into water bodies of West Siberia through industrial fisheries, and about 40% through aquarium fisheries. This paper is the first attempt to supplement a list of alien aquatic invertebrates from the Ob River basin. The data on the spread of 21 known non-indigenous species of invertebrates in this area are available. It should be noted that 7 species were deliberately introduced to enhance food reserves for fish, 8 were released by aquarists, 5 were inadvertently released during fish and forage organism introduction, and 1 (a crayfish) was imported for human consumption. For species with a known establishment period, there was a prolonged lag time in cases of both intentional and inadvertent introduction. The high invasion rate in the relatively isolated water bodies of the Ob River basin is comparable to that in Europe; hence, establishment of control over fishery-induced movement of alien invertebrates is required.     

The genus Kephyrion Pascher in the basin of the Sabun River (Western Siberia,Russia)

Species diversity of the genus Kephyrion Pascher in the basin of the Sabun River (subzone of northern taiga in western Siberia) is discussed. Its territory holds the Sibirskie Uvaly Nature Park. The genus Kephyrion is represented by 16 specimens in the basin of the Sabun River and by 14 specimens in the bodies of water of the park. Their temperature, visibility, and active reaction of water stimulating vegetation have been identified. Five species and one variety of the genus have been for the first time registered in the flora of western Siberia.     

Influence of spring floods on the diversity and structure of algae from waters of the Alazeya River basin

Algological research of waters of the Alazeya River basin from headwaters to the mouth during high floods and periods of low water are presented. The species composition, abundance, biomass, ecological-geographical characteristics, and sanitary biological characteristics of the investigated bodies of water are given.     

Algae in anthropogenically unaffected water bodies of the Polar Urals

The results of algological studies in water bodies of the Manikuyakha River basin are discussed. A total of 172 taxa of algae have been identified, including 65 taxa new for the Bol’shezemel’skaya tundra and 130 taxa (three genera, 116 species, and six varieties) found in water bodies of the Polar Urals for the first time. The current state of these water bodies has been assessed on the basis of hydrochemical and algological indices.     

Gibel carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis> (Cyprinidae,Actinopterygii) in flowing water bodies of the Don River basin and the Lower Volga River basin

Data on the occurrence of Gibel carp in flowing water bodies of the Don River basin and the Lower Volga River basin are given. It is shown that gibel carp actively seeks for habitats with flowing water and can persist for a long time in streams with a current velocity from 1.0 to 1.3 m/s and overcome chutes with a current velocity of 2.6 m/s and streams with a depth of less than the body depth of the fish. Therefore, gibel carp is proposed to be considered as a lake–river fish. The outbreak of this species in streams is associated with its spawning period, when it moves in search of spawning grounds. It is assumed that these movements may contribute to its settling in rivers.     

History of fish parasitic fauna formation in water reservoirs of European North

The fauna of fish parasites in water bodies of the European North was formed in the Holocene by species immigrated from adjacent regions. The Volga River basin played a very important role in the history of the formation of fauna in water bodies of the European North (North Dvina and Onega river basins, Onega and Ladoga lakes), because there were wide connections between them in the postglacial period.     

Fishes collected by the Zaire River Expedition, 1974-75

An annotated list of the fishes collected by the Zaire River Expedition, October 1974 -January 1975, is presented, and five new species are described. The majority of the collections came from the River Lualaba and associated water bodies and provide new information on the distribution of die ichthyofauna in the Zaire basin. A re-examination of the available geomorphological and zoogeographical evidence failed to substantiate the hypothesis that the upper Lualaba was formerly a tributary of the Nile.     

Regional features of alien macroinvertebrate invasion into the water ecosystems of the Ob River basin

The peculiarities of invasion of alien macroinvertebrates into the water bodies of the Ob river basin have been studied. It has been noted that the construction of hydropower plants and fishery management play the key role in the invasion of alien fauna. The main invasion corridors and the tendencies of long-term alterations in them have been revealed. The common and distinctive features of the alien fauna of the Ob River basin and the invasive species of large European rivers have been determined. It is shown that a considerable number of alien invertebrates have been introduced into the Ob river accidentally.     

The taxonomic diversity of the parasites of fishes in the Volga basin. III. Aspidogastrea and Trematoda

A checklist of Aspidogastrea and Trematoda parasitizing fishes in the Volga basin is given. The checklist includes host species names for the each parasite and data on the occurrence of parasites in different parts of the Volga basin. The data on trematodes from 69 fish species are presented. The list containes 107 species and 1 subspecies names of trematodes, and 1 species of Aspidogastrea. The family Diplostomidae is represented by the most number of species (22). Six species of trematodes (Amurotrema dombrovskajae, Sanguinicola skrjabini, Nicolla skrjabini, Plagioporus skrjabini, Apophallus muehlingi, Rossikotrema donicum) have been introduced into Volga River along with aclimatizated fishes or penetrated into its basin by self-migration to new water bodies.     

First record of the invasive snail Melanoides tuberculatus (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Thiaridae) in the Paran? River Basin, GO, Brazil.

The Thiarid snail Melanoides tuberculatus (Müller, 1774), native to Asia and East Africa was recorded for the first time in the Paran? River basin, Goiás State. There is no evidence concerning introduction vectors but aquarium releases is the most probable vector. Specimens were collected at three different water bodies after twenty-seven rivers were investigated. The possible spread of this species to other habitats and potential effects on native thermal water communities are discussed.     

The causes of the formation of an intensive focus of triaenophoriasis in the upper Tuloma River reservoir]

Observations on the Triaenophorus crassus invasion in Coregonus lavaretus and Esox lucius were carried out in the period of 1984 to 1989 in the upper Tuloma River [correction of Verkhnetulomsk] water reservoir and Pechozero water body (the Pecha River) which form a common basin. Significant differences were noted in the infection rate of fishes with this parasite in the above water bodies. In Pechozero, where there are preserved natural conditions and therefore an ecological equilibrium in the host-parasite system, T. crassus is not abundant and the infection rate of C. lavaretus and E. lucius with this parasite is low. In the upper Tuloma River [correction of Verkhnetulomsk] water reservoir, due to the dropping out of the amphipod group of benthos from the biocoenosis of the water body, there has been formed a close ecological connection between copepods, C. lavaretus and E. lucius that resulted in the increase of T. crassus and gave rise to Triaenophorus infection of C. lavaretus here.     

Freshwater testate amoebae in the Belaya River basin (Northwestern Caucasus)

Fifty-two species and intraspecific taxa of testate amoebae have been detected in 24 different habitats in the Belaya River basin (Northwestern Caucasus). Four types of communities are distinguished which differ in the composition of the complex of dominating species: freshwater species from bottom sediments in water bodies and water courses, soil-dwelling species from inundated parts of floodplains, a mixture of soildwelling and freshwater species in different littoral biotopes, and eurybiontic species in moss hummocks along the banks.     

南水北调对海河流域水生态环境影响分析

提出可定量分析研究流域水循环变化对水生态环境影响的关联分析方法 ,并对海河流域现状进行了关联分析和和评价。分析研究表明人类对水资源的过度开发利用已改变了海河流域的天然水循环并导致水生态环境全面退化。进一步对未来无南水北调和有南水北调的情况进行定量模拟计算 ,结果表明在无南水北调的情况下 ,未来海河流域将处于无法兼顾发展经济和保护生态环境的困境 ;在实施南水北调的情况下 ,水资源可支撑海河流域经济发展并影响和改善整个流域的水循环状态 ,从整体上遏制海河流域水生态环境恶化的趋势 ,但入海水量仍无法改善     

Odense Pilot River Basin: implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in a shallow eutrophic estuary (Odense Fjord,Denmark) and its upstream catchment

Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a huge environmental management challenge for Europe, demanding an integrated sustainable approach to water management and a common objective of obtaining ‘good status’ for all water bodies before 2015. The main task is the preparation of a river basin management plan for each of the 96 European river basin districts before the end of 2009. In Odense River Basin (island of Fyn, Denmark), one of 14 appointed European Pilot River Basins, the implementation of the WFD has been developed and tested in practice. Reference conditions and ecological status classification for Odense Fjord, based on eelgrass (Zostera marina) depth limit and nutrient concentrations, have been drawn up through a combination of historical data and modelling tools. A subsequent quantitative linking of pressures and impact, in casu between land-based nitrogen (N) loading of the fjord and resulting nutrient concentrations and eelgrass appearance, provided an estimate of the needed nitrogen load reduction of the fjord. This amounted to approx. 1,200 tonnes N per year (an annual load reduction of ca. 11 kg N ha^?1 of catchment area or ca. 19.5 g N m^?2 of fjord surface)—a load reduction of ca. 60% from the present level—to obtain at least ‘good’ ecological status sensu WFD. It is presently not possible to quantify a target load for phosphorus (P) in relation to marine environmental objectives. An economically feasible programme of measures to obtain ‘good’ status in all surface water and groundwater bodies in Odense River Basin, using an integrated cost-effectiveness analysis, showed that re-establishment of wetlands, catchcrops, and reduced fertilisation norms are the most effective measures if large reductions in N loads to the aquatic environment are to be achieved. The total socio-economic cost of implementing the WFD in the river basin amounts to about 13 million €/year, which will increase the expense for water services by only 0.5–0.6% of the total income and production value in the basin (15,650 million €/year). Investments to obtain the needed nitrogen load reductions from agriculture are thus economically feasible. Further, it is not an impossible task, either economically or technically, to reach the objectives of the WFD while still retaining the possibility of keeping a high agricultural production in the catchment (maintaining livestock production but decreasing crop production in the case of Odense River Basin). The future conditions in Odense Fjord will not only depend on the success in reducing the load from the river basin area, but will also be affected by the trend in the nutrient loss from the whole Baltic catchment area. The high growth rates in the new EU Member States thus pose an important challenge to water managers, and decoupling of economic growth from pressure on water bodies will be necessary. Finally, a number of challenges facing water managers around the Baltic and within the EU, namely preconditions required to successfully implement the WFD, are presented.     

黄河流域微塑料污染现状及防治策略

微塑料污染(microplastics pollution)在全球范围内受到广泛关注。相比于海洋环境以及其他主要河流、湖泊的微塑料污染情况,黄河流域的相关数据较为贫乏。通过综述文献分析了黄河流域河道沉积物和表层水的微塑料污染丰度、类型以及空间分布特征,探讨了黄河流域重要城市和重点保护区的微塑料污染现状,并提出了相应的防控措施。结果表明：黄河流域沉积物和表层水中微塑料污染在空间分布上整体呈现自上游向下游增多的趋势,尤其在黄河三角洲湿地该趋势更加明显;黄河流域沉积物和表层水中微塑料类型存在明显差异,主要与微塑料的材质有关;与全国同类区域相比,黄河流域国家重点城市市域和国家湿地公园的微塑料污染水平处于中高程度,应引起重视;塑料通过多种暴露途径会对黄河滩区养殖业和人类健康造成严重影响。控制黄河流域水体微塑料污染,需要完善相关生产标准和法律法规,提高可降解微塑料产能和塑料废弃物的工程化降解能力。     

1995-2014年拉萨河流域水环境变化及其驱动力

探究自然环境和人类活动影响下的河流水环境变化,对于流域水资源管理和保护有重要意义。目前从较长时间尺度上系统开展拉萨河流域水环境的研究较少,基于拉萨河流域达孜、卡林、才纳3个环境监测中心站近20年（1995-2014）的水质资料,综合单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法评估拉萨河流域水环境状况,并采用Mann-Kendall检验法分析其多年变化趋势。同时,从经济社会和自然环境两个方面通过灰色关联分析法识别了影响流域水环境变化的关键驱动因子,以期为流域水环境保护提供借鉴。结果表明：（1）总体上,拉萨河流域水环境状况良好,满足水功能区要求;（2）水体中pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量、总磷等指标的取值较高,在0.7左右,是拉萨河流域水环境需重点关注指标;（3）水环境质量稍有下降,内梅罗指数从1995年的0.62增加到2014年的0.73;（4）近20年来拉萨河流域水环境变化的主要驱动因子为降水量、牲畜存栏数、人口数、农村人口数和国民经济生产总值等,农牧非点源污染是拉萨河流域的主要污染源,要重点关注和管控。     

水文变异条件下鄱阳湖流域的生态流量

受气候变化和人类活动综合影响,鄱阳湖流域水文状况发生变异。河流生态系统适应了变异前的水文状况,变异后势必会影响当地生态系统。基于此,采用8种变异检测方法对水文变异进行综合诊断,阐明水文变异原因。在此基础上,采用15种概率分布函数分别拟合5站各月变异前日流量序列,最终确定5站点各月最优分布函数及所对应的概率密度最大处的流量,即得河道内生态流量。研究表明:(1)抚河于1962年发生弱变异,赣江、修河于1968年发生中变异,信江、饶河于1991年发生弱变异;(2)变异后,赣江、信江、饶河、修河生态需水满足率平均上升11%,抚河生态需水满足率下降32%;(3)水文变异增加提高生态需水满足率,水利工程建设降低年均生态需水满足率、提高干季生态需水满足率。高森林覆盖率提高干季生态需水满足率,对年均生态需水满足率影响不明显。研究结果为鄱阳湖流域水资源管理及区域水资源规划与配置提供重要科学依据。     

基于土地利用变化的京津冀生境质量时空演变

土地利用变化是全球变化的核心内容,评估土地利用变化引起的生境质量时空分异性是区域生态规划的基础,能为土地利用规划和土地管理政策制定提供科学依据.本文在分析京津冀2000—2010年土地利用变化的基础上,以InVEST模型对生境质量进行总体评估,并基于流域划分,借助剖面线和空间自相关深入分析了生境质量格局时空分异性.结果表明：2000—2010年,研究区主要土地利用变化类型为：耕地转为建设用地、林地和草地间的相互转换及水体转为耕地,这导致景观结构异质性的减弱和破碎度的提升.两时期生境质量格局整体表现为东南部和南部较低、北部和西部较高.其中,东南部和南部2010年生境质量明显下降,发生了一定生境退化乃至丧失现象.各流域生境质量具有明显分段特征,较多样点在2010年出现不同程度退化,但也有部分有所改善.该区生境质量格局空间分布集聚性有所增强.2000年“高高”型生境质量流域空间聚集区为滦河流域和白河流域上游地区,“低低”型聚集区集中在永定河中下游和潮白河流域部分地区.2010年“高高”型和“低低”型空间聚集区在原有基础上各自向西南方向有所扩展.     

涟水流域水产出服务供需分析与服务流研究

水产出服务的供需的定量评估与空间制图是当前研究的核心与前沿议题,但是需要进一步加强人类需求与自然过程的时空关联分析和服务流模拟之间的耦合.以涟水流域为研究区,基于ArcGIS和In VEST模型,利用多源数据构建了水产出服务供需平衡与空间流动模型,从子流域尺度探究了涟水流域水产出服务的供需空间匹配特征与流动规律,对流域...