蛇胆

蛇胆为民间常用的一种中药材。其性味苦微甘。有行气祛痰、搜风祛湿、明目益肝、清热散寒之功效。蛇胆可制成蛇胆干、蛇胆酒、蛇胆丸或加工制成蛇胆陈皮、蛇胆胡椒、蛇胆半夏、蛇胆川贝、蛇胆南星等中成药。蛇胆的功用近年来在有关“蛇伤”的书中均有介绍,但对蛇胆的化学成分及其生理功用均未提及。为有利于蛇胆的利用,现根据文献记载作一简要介绍。蛇的胆汁的排泌及其化学成分与哺乳类十分相似。蛇的胆汁除含有胆汁酸盐(胆盐)外,尚含有磷酯、胆固醇及其酯、胆色素等。蛇胆汁的生理功用主要是帮助脂肪的消化、吸收与运输。因此,蛇在捕食后,…     

一种简易取蛇胆的方法

蛇胆是重要的中药,通常取蛇胆的方法是“杀蛇取胆”。这种方法,操作麻烦,而且必须把蛇杀死。我们在捕蛇的实践中,曾与捕蛇能手一起,摸索了一种简易取蛇胆的方法。现介绍于下: 一、操作方法 1.将活蛇取出,用左脚踏住蛇的头颈部(或用捕蛇钳,捕蛇叉,绳子等工具,把蛇的头颈部固定。) 2.右手抓住蛇体的中部,用大姆指按在蛇体的腹     

海蛇乙醇浸出物的营养成分分析

目的分析四种海蛇蛇体乙醇浸出物（ＡＥＢＦＳＳ）的营养成分。方法采用自动氨基酸分析仪,高效液相色谱仪和原子吸收分光光度仪。结果ＡＥＢＦＳＳ含有大量蛋白质和糖类物质;含有１９种氨基酸和１６种矿物元素。结论海蛇浸酒具有药用及营养功效。     

十四种蛇胆及其常见伪劣品的外观性状鉴别

蛇胆是一种常见中药,它来源下眼镜蛇科及游蛇科等多种蛇类的胆.近年来,由于蛇胆来源困难,价格昂贵,已发现有人用鸡、鸭、鱼等动物胆冒充蛇胆或用机油(柴、汽、煤油)刺激蛇鼻腔或蛇体,使胆囊变大、充盈时取胆,使胆汁增多而质差.还有人将蛇胆多次浸泡在酒液中,然后把蛇胆与酒液分别出售,使胆汁稀薄而牟取暴利.蛇胆的鉴别有外观性状和薄层层析等方法,由于大部分基层单位尚无设备和条件,故未能开展薄层层析鉴别.因此蛇胆的外观性状鉴别成为必不可少的方法,现将十四种蛇胆及其常见伪充品的外观性状描述如下.(见表)供     

蛇胆的簿层分析

蛇胆为常用的一种中药,具有清热解毒,化痰镇痉的功能。中国药典(77年版)曾收载:蛇胆汁为眼镜蛇Naja naja atra(Cantor)、金环蛇Bunqurus fasciatus(Schneider)、三索线蛇Elaphe radlata(Sehlegel)、过树榕蛇Ptyas korros(Sehlegel)、乌梢蛇Zaocys dhumnades(Cantor)的胆汁。由于蛇胆的来源困难、价格昂贵、用量大等原因.使用时往往是多种蛇的胆汁,亦常常发现蛇胆汁中掺有家禽,兽类等动物的胆汁。为此,笔者进行了七种蛇胆汁的薄层对照及蛇胆汁掺假情况的薄层分析,现报告如下:     

灰鼠蛇

灰鼠蛇又名过树龙、过树榕。是我国常见的一种无毒蛇,为浸制三蛇酒、五蛇酒、蛇胆酒的原料之一,常用来治疗风湿等症,也是较普遍的一种食用蛇。主要分布在广东、广西、海南、云南、贵州、福建、台湾、江西、浙江、湖南等省,国外分布于印度北部、印度尼西亚、马来半岛。头长、眼犬,瞳孔园形,体圆柱形,尾长,全长一米左右,头及体背棕灰色,每鳞的中央黑褐色,各鳞前后缀连呈黑褐色的细纵纹。唇缘及腹部淡黄色,腹鳞两端与体色同。     

蛇酒与健康

蛇酒具有很好的强身健体 ,驱除瘴气、毒气的功效 ,能治疗多种疾病。像驰名中外的三蛇酒、五蛇酒、蛇胆酒、蛇鞭酒、龟蛇酒等都堪称是治病祛疾 ,滋补强身的佳品。　　蛇酒 :含多种人体所需元素 ,是人体高级滋补品。经常适量饮用 ,具有治疗内外风湿、偏头痛、腰风、脚风 ,年久风湿、半身不遂、神经衰弱、毛发脱落、四肢无力、寒凉、壮筋骨、活经络、通血脉、润肤养颜等显著功效。蛇酒补而不燥 ,产后妇女及老少均宜 ,早晚一小杯 ,四季可饮。　　蛇胆酒 :对清火降血、清肺养肝、气喘哮喘、气管炎、咽喉炎、皮肤过敏、痔疮、眼睛疲劳、视力减退、…     

羟基磷灰石水泥的体外生物学安全性试验

羟基磷灰石水泥(HAC)是新型的羟基磷灰石类人工骨材料。1991年得到美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)的批准,在临床试用,用于颅骨缺损的填充治疗。华东理工大学最近研制出类似的HAC。我们用它的生理盐水浸出液对其进行了生物学安全性试验,包括细胞培养毒性试验、全身注射毒性试验、Ames试验、微核试验及UDS试验。结果表明HAC的浸出液对培养细胞的生长无抑制作用,对体细胞的遗传物质(染色体、DNA)无致突变作用。上述结果提示我们,HAC用于人体是安全的。     

青龙脂（蛇油）在化妆品中的开发应用研究

蛇为毒虫,人皆恶之,但其全身都是宝。早在二千多年前,西汉《神农本草经》书中就有记载,到明代李时珍所著《本草纲目》等古医籍中对蛇能入药均有较详细的记载。到科学技术飞跃发展的今天,蛇的全身如蛇毒、蛇胆、蛇皮、蛇蜕、蛇骨、蛇肉等都有许多的用途。其中蛇毒,蛇胆可制成特效良药,蛇皮可制作乐器,提药入腹,且肉为美味佳肴,亦有清热解毒之效。唯有蛇油(蛇脂肪)开发利用较晚,我们于1988年初开发利用制成以蛇油为主要原料的青龙脂美容霜,经二年来市场供应确实具有减缓皮肤皱纹发展,改善皮肤光润度等功能深受用户欢迎。     

蛇肉的营养与粗加工

蛇肉不仅味道鲜美可口 ,而且具有丰富的营养价值。其蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、钙、磷、铁及维生素 A、维生素 B1、维生素 B2 等的含量与鸡肉、牛肉及某些山珍海味比美 ,研究发现 ,蝮蛇中还含有一种能增加脑细胞活力的谷氨酸营养素 ,以及能帮助消除疲劳的天门冬氨酸。所以常吃蛇肉能增进健康 ,延年益寿。1　蛇肉的食用概况　　蛇肉是一种名贵的菜肴 ,在我国以蛇为食至少有两千年的历史。远在汉代的《淮南子》及唐代的《酉阳杂俎》等书中都提到广东人用蛇肉做佳肴之说。明代著名药理学家李时珍所著的《本草纲目》中也有“南人食蛇”的记载。吃蛇…     

Predicted structure model of Bungarotoxin from Bungarus fasciatus snake

Snake venoms are cocktails comprising combinations of different proteins, peptides, enzymes and toxins. Snake toxins have diverse characteristics having different molecular configuration, structure and mode of action. Many toxins derived from snake venom have distinct pharmacological activities. Venom from Bungarus fasciatus (commonly known as banded krait) is a species of elapid snake found on the South East Asia and Indian sub-continent, mainly contains neurotoxins. Beta bungartotoxin is the major fraction of Bungarus venom and particularly act pre-synaptically by obstructing neurotransmitter release. This toxin in other snake species functionally forms a heterodimer containing two different subunits (A and B). Dimerization of these two chains is a pre-requisite for the proper functionality of this protein. However, B. fasciatus bungartotoxin contains only B chain and their structural orientation in yet to be resolved. Therefore, it is of interest to describe the predicted structure model of the toxin for functional insights. In this work we analyzed the neurotoxic nature, their alignments, secondary and three dimensional structures, functions, active sites and stability with the help of different bioinformatical tools. A comprehensive analysis of the predicted model provides approaching to the functional interpretation of its molecular action.     

几种蛇毒抑菌作用的比较

本文通过平板扩散实验观察了蛇岛蝮蛇毒、长白山白眉蝮蛇毒、江浙蝮蛇毒及中华眼镜蛇毒对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌作用。结果表明四种蛇毒对试验菌株均有不同程度的抑菌作用;其中白眉蝮蛇毒对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为０．６３ｍｇ／ｍｌ,对大肠杆菌为５．０ｍｇ／ｍｌ。抑菌作用与蛇毒中Ｌ—氨基酸氧化酶的活力有相关性。利用ＣＭ—ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＣ－２５ＳｅｐｈｄｅｘＧ—７５一对江浙蝮蛇毒的抑菌成份进行初步的柱层析分离,从纯化的各组份看,Ｌ—氨基酸氧化酶活力高的其抑菌活性也高。     

Identification and phylogeny of Arabian snakes: Comparison of venom chromatographic profiles versus 16S rRNA gene sequences

Identification of snake species is important for various reasons including the emergency treatment of snake bite victims. We present a simple method for identification of six snake species using the gel filtration chromatographic profiles of their venoms. The venoms of Echis coloratus, Echis pyramidum, Cerastes gasperettii, Bitis arietans, Naja arabica, and Walterinnesia aegyptia were milked, lyophilized, diluted and centrifuged to separate the mucus from the venom. The clear supernatants were filtered and chromatographed on fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). We obtained the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the above species and performed phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method. The chromatograms of venoms from different snake species showed peculiar patterns based on the number and location of peaks. The dendrograms generated from similarity matrix based on the presence/absence of particular chromatographic peaks clearly differentiated Elapids from Viperids. Molecular cladistics using 16S rRNA gene sequences resulted in jumping clades while separating the members of these two families. These findings suggest that chromatographic profiles of snake venoms may provide a simple and reproducible chemical fingerprinting method for quick identification of snake species. However, the validation of this methodology requires further studies on large number of specimens from within and across species.     

蛇油中脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

目的为充分利用蛇副产品资源,增加其附加值,探究其功用。方法取蛇内脏脂肪组织,用微波加热法得蛇油,将其甲酯化后低温保存,采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术和标准图谱检索对照,分离和鉴定蛇油的组成成分,用离子流色谱峰面积归一化法计算各脂肪酸成分的相对含量,取峰值较高的15种脂肪酸成分进行分析。结果蛇油中含有大量不饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸含量的52%以上。结论蛇油脂利用价值较高,且含有部分对人体具有十分重要生理功能的高度不饱和脂肪酸,特别是EPA、DHA。     

蛇毒蛋白原核表达包涵体复性研究进展

外源基因在大肠杆菌中表达后常形成不溶性的无活性包涵体。包涵体的形成已经成为研究和应用活性蛋白质生产的主要障碍。然而,在合适的条件下,包涵体经过溶解、纯化、复性过程后可在体外重新折叠成有活性的蛋白质。迄今,已对蝰科、眼镜蛇科11种毒蛇的18个基因(包括金属蛋白酶、PLA₂、β-银环蛇毒素、心脏素素、丝氨酸蛋白酶、神经生长因子、C-型凝集素等)成功进行了原核表达,采用稀释复性、透析复性和层析复性三种方法成功进行了包涵体复性。着重就蛇毒蛋白原核表达后包涵体复性所用的方法予以综述。     

蛇毒酶制剂出血毒试验方法比较

使用不同稀释度的蛇毒毒素,等体积注射于大鼠背部皮下、皮内和小鼠背部皮下,１８～２４小时剥皮观察比较动物皮下出血程度,经统计学处理,小鼠背部皮下注射对检查出血毒最敏感。选用小鼠背部皮下注射０．２ｕ蛇毒酶成品、半成品,１８～２４小时剥皮观察皮下瘀血或瘀斑,发现４２批成品中８８．１％未见皮下瘀血,２４批半成品７５％未见皮下瘀血。说明选用小鼠背部皮下注射０．２ｕ蛇毒酶来限量检查出血毒的方法是可取的。     

Partitioning of acidic, basic and neutral amino acids into imidazolium-based ionic liquids

In this paper, partitioning behaviors of typical neutral (Alanine), acidic (Glutamic acid) and basic (Lysine) amino acids into imidazolium-based ionic liquids [C₄mim][PF₆], [C₆mim][PF₆], [C₈mim][PF₆], [C₆mim][BF₄] and [C₈mim][BF₄] as extracting solvents were examined. [C₆mim][BF₄] showed the best efficiency for partitioning of amino acids. The partition coefficients of amino acids in ionic liquids were found to depend strongly on pH of the aqueous solution, amino acid and ionic liquid chemical structures. Different chemical forms of amino acids in aqueous solutions were pH dependent, so the pH value of the aqueous phase was a determining factor for extraction of amino acids into ionic liquid phase. Both water content of ionic liquids and charge densities of their anionic and cationic parts were important factors for partitioning of cationic and anionic forms of amino acids into ionic liquid phase. Extracted amino acids were back extracted into phosphate buffer solutions adjusted on appropriate pH values. The results showed that ionic liquids could be used as suitable modifiers on the stationary phase of an HPLC column for efficient separation of acidic, basic, and neutral amino acids.     

几种游蛇的Cyt b基因片段序列分析及其演化关系

分别从蛇类药材和冷冻保存的新鲜蛇类肌肉标本中提取DNA,经PCR扩增出12种蛇共25个样品的Cyt b基因片段,并用银染测序的方法对DNA序列进行了分析.在此基础上用MEGA软件重建的系统发生树表明,研究的11种游蛇科蛇类可以分为3组:第一组为赤链蛇和水赤链游蛇,第二组为乌梢蛇和灰鼠蛇,第三组为锦蛇属的蛇,它们与第二组较近.锦蛇属是一高度分化的属,该组至少可分为两类,一类包括百花锦蛇和黑眉锦蛇;另一类包括玉斑锦蛇、棕黑锦蛇、红点锦蛇、王锦蛇和双斑锦蛇.后一类还可进一步分为3个亚组,玉斑锦蛇和棕黑锦蛇为第一亚组,红点锦蛇单独为第二亚组,王锦蛇和双斑锦蛇为第三亚组.本研究结果还表明,多年保存的陈旧药材标本可以用DNA序列分析的方法对其进行分子系统演化关系的研究.     

酶标免疫分析法鉴定蛇毒

蛇伤的治疗与蛇伤种类的快速诊断密切相关。我们用亲和层析法纯化了三种蛇毒的抗体Fab,它们之间无免疫交叉反应。然后用高碘酸钠法将辣根过氧化物酶标记到抗体Fab上。我们建立的三夹心式酶标免疫测定蛇毒的方法,可在90分钟内检测到5毫微克以下的蛇毒,人体血清对该测定无干扰现象,临床检测效果良好。     

Ionic liquids for the production of insecticidal and microbicidal extracts of the fungus Cantharellus cibarius

Different ionic liquids were used as solvents for the effective extraction of the active metabolites of the fruit bodies of C. cibarius. The type of ionic liquid was found to play a significant role in this process. We found that the protic ionic liquid 1-[(nonyloxy)methyl]-1H-imidazol-3-ium salicylate (6) is a most-efficient extracting agent, being superior to classical solvents such as AcOEt or hexane. The obtained extracts generally revealed high insecticidal activities against both house fly and cockroach, with similar potencies as the standard pesticides bromfenvinphos or alphacypermethrin, as well as significant activities against bacteria, yeast, and moulds. Notably, the cidal activities against plant-pathogenic bacteria were stronger than against human bacterial strains.