扇脊姬蜂属及一新种记述（膜翅目：姬蜂科）

扇脊姬蜂属分布于古北区和东洋区的北缘。迄今为止,已定名的有３种：白颈扇脊姬蜂Ａ．ａｌｂｉｃｅｒｕｉｃａｌｉｓ Ｓｈｅｎｇ ｅｔ Ｆａｎ １９９５、尼扇脊姬蜂Ａ．ｎｉｋｋｏｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｕｃｈｉｄａ,１９３０）和黄扇脊姬蜂Ａ．ｆｌａｖｉｐｅｓ（Ｇｒａｖｅｎｈｏｒｓｔ,１８２９）,第１种分布于中国（沈阳）,第２种分布于中国（福建）和日本,第３种分布于德国。本文记述发现于中国贵州的１个新种：等扇脊姬蜂Ａｌ     

中国锤跗姬蜂属一新种：膜翅目：姬蜂科

本文报道了采自新疆的锤跗姬蜂属一新种;伊犁锤跗姬蜂Ａｃｒｏｄａｃｔｙｌａ ｉｌｉｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。模式标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。     

嗜蛛姬蜂族一新属—斜脉姬蜂属记述：膜翅目：姬蜂科：瘤姬蜂亚科

本文记述采自浙江的嗜蛛姬蜂族Ｐｏｌｓｐｈｉｎｃｔｉｎｉ１新属：斜脉姬蜂属Ｒｅｃｌｉｎｅｒｖｅｌｌｕｓ ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．及１新种：背凹斜脉姬蜂Ｒｅｃｌｉｎｅｒｖｅｌｌｕｓ ｄｏｒｓｉｃｏｎｃａｖｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

新疆同姬蜂属Syrphoctonus一新种记述（膜翅目：姬蜂科：蚜蝇姬…

本文了新疆同姬蜂属Ｓｙｒｐｈｏｃｔｏｎｕｓ Ｆｏｅｒｓｔｅｒ，１８６８ １新种－无胫刚毛同姬蜂Ｓｙｒｐｈｏｃｔｏｎｕｓ ｉｎｔｉｂｉａｅｓｅｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎ．，并给出该新种与其２近似种检索素。     

中国短脉姬蜂属纪要及三新种描述：（膜翅目：姬蜂科）

本文报道中国的５种短脉姬蜂Ｂｒａｃｈｙｎｅｒｖｕｓ Ｕｃｈｉｄａ,其中有３个新种：截距短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｔｒｕｎｃａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,牯岭短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｋｕｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和锚斑短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ａｎｃｈｏｒｉｍａｃｕｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;以及２个已知种;混短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｃｏｎｆｕｓｕｓ Ｇａｕｌｄ北京短脉姬蜂Ｂ．ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｗａｎｇ。对新种作了描述,并报道寄主为刺蛾科昆虫     

小皱背姬蜂属一新种(膜翅目：姬蜂科：长尾姬蜂亚科，皱背姬蜂族)

关于小皱背姬蜂属ＲｈｙｓｅｌａＲｏｈｗｅｒ的种类第一作者与王淑芳教授曾报道过,其中共有５种：丽小皱背姬蜂ＲｈｙｓｅｌａｓｐｅｃｉｏｓａＷａｎｇ＆Ｈｕ、拟小皱背姬蜂Ｒｈｙｓｅｌａａｐｐｒｏｘ－ｉｍａｔｏｒＦａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ、吉林小皱背姬蜂Ｒｈｙｓｅｌａ...     

中国东北地区长栉姬蜂属记述（膜翅目：姬蜂科）

本文报道采自我国东北地区的长栉姬蜂属１新种,全黑长栉姬蜂Ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｂａｎｃｈｕｓ ｎｉｇｅｒ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,２新纪录种,黄斑长栉姬蜂Ｒｈ．ｆｌａｖｏｐｉｃｔｕｓ Ｈｅｉｎｒｉｃｈ,米长栉姬蜂Ｒｈ．ｍｉｎｏｍｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｕｃｈｉｄａ）,并附中国已知种检索表。     

中国长栉姬蜂属一新种：膜翅目：姬蜂科

本文报道中国新纪录属长栉姬蜂属ＲｈｙｎｃｈｏｂａｎｃｈｕｓＫｒｉｅｃｈｂａｕｍｅｒ并记述１新种──斑角长栉姬蜂Ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｂａｎｃｈｕｓｍａｃｕｌｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎ．模式标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。     

中国盾脸姬蜂亚科一新种及一新记录(膜翅目：姬蜂科)

中国盾脸姬蜂亚科一新种及一新记录（膜翅目：姬蜂科）盛茂领章英（林业部森林病虫害防治总站沈阳１１００３４）１９９５－０４－２０收稿,１９９６－０１－１７收修改稿·９２·黄脸姬蜂属ＣｈｏｒｉｎａｅｕｓＨｏｌｍｇｒｅｎ,１８５６和突唇姬蜂属Ｉｓｃｈｙｒｏｃ...     

中国锥唇姬蜂属两新种(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

本文报道采自辽宁、山西省的我国新记录属：锥唇姬蜂属Ｃａｅｎｏｃｒｙｐｔｕｓ Ｔｈｏｍｓｏｎ的两个新种：白斑锥唇姬蜂Ｃａｅｎｏｃｒｙｐｔｕｓ ａｌｂｉｍａｃｕｌａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和柳锥唇姬蜂Ｃａｅｎｏｃｒｙｐｔｕｓ ｓａｌｉｃｉｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。     

江西武夷山河岸带阔叶林群落的物种组成和多样性分析

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区河岸带阔叶林群落为研究对象,对其物种组成进行调查,并采用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数分析物种多样性。结果表明,保护区河岸带物种极丰富,三条水系10个样方中共调查到维管束植物93科174属304种,群落建群种和灌木层优势种均以常绿阔叶树种为主,物种组成具有典型的亚热带植被特色,以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科物种最多。保护区不同海拔河岸带物种丰富度指数、多样性指数的变化规律基本一致。     

The effect of developmental variation on hybridization and rarity in Stipoid grasses

Developmental variation in some Achnatherum species was evaluated for two kinds of groups, (1) species pairs that do or do not hybridize and (2) rare and common species. Variation was assessed in two different ways, one that captures developmental events expressed in an individual and one reflecting developmental events that are part of the information systems of a species. The former captures the effect of the environment on development; the latter expresses developmental variation without the information controlling ontogenetic events being filtered through the environment. Development variation is lower for species pair that hybridizes when the effect of development in an individual is expressed. When that variation is of the species information system, the non-hybridizing species pair shows a lower level of developmental variation, likely the effect of greater similarity between those species. It is lower for rare species when variation in development is that of the information system of a species. The lower level of developmental variation seen in species pairs that hybridize likely reflects the necessity of compatible developmental programs in order for a hybrid to appear. Lower variation in development in rare species is expected. Here, though, the lower variation is a property of the species and not of the environment.     

Co-occurrence of species with various geographical ranges, and correlation between area size and number of species in geographical scale

Co-occurrence of species of various geographical ranges is important to correct endemism evaluation. This co-occurrence is shown as non-hazardous. Influence of area size on species richness is assumed to be different with respect to endemic and non-endemic species. The territory of Israel and Sinai is subdivided into twenty biotic provinces. We segregated three hundred and twenty-five tenebrionid species inhabiting this territory into endemic, regional and ubiquitous species. Regression of the number of endemic species on the number of regional species is non-linear. Two distinct regression lines correspond to hot and cool areas. The number of ubiquitous species depends positively on numbers of both endemic and regional species, and negatively on their product. Ubiquitous species are predominantly synanthropic, and inability to tolerate competition with other tenebrionids is assumed as the basis of numerical relationships with other species. Correlation between numbers of endemic and non-endemic species of bird and mammal and size of area is analysed at the broad geographical scale. Relationships between area size evaluation and the numbers of endemic and non-endemic species are always different. The square root of the area km² is always more important in species richness determination than area itself. This variable is a linear characteristic of the area and its significance is discussed. Possible ecological interactions between species of various geographical ranges are also considered. A new method of evaluation of the level of faunal endemism is proposed.     

Exploring taxonomic filtering in urban environments

Question: Several mechanisms have been proposed that control the spatio‐temporal pattern of species coexistence. Among others, the species pool hypothesis states that the large‐scale species pool is an important factor in controlling small‐scale species richness through filtering of species that can persist within a species assemblage on the basis of their tolerance of the abiotic environment. Because of the process of environmental filtering, co‐occurring species that experience similar environmental conditions are likely to be more taxonomically similar than ecologically distant species. This is because, due to the conservatism of many species traits during evolutionary diversification, the ability of species to colonize the same ecological space is thought to depend at least partially on their taxonomic similarity. The question for this study is: Under the assumption of trait conservatism, does environmental filtering lead to nonrandom species assemblages with respect to their taxonomic structure? Methods: The significance of taxonomic filtering in regulating species coexistence is tested using data from 15 local species assemblages from the urban flora of Rome (Italy). To find out whether the taxonomic structure of the selected’ local’ species assemblages was significantly different from random, we used a Monte Carlo simulation in which for each local species assemblage, the actual taxonomic diversity was compared to the taxonomic diversity of 1000 virtual species lists of the same size extracted at random from a larger ‘regional’ species pool. Results: We found that in most cases the local species assemblages have a higher degree of taxonomic similarity than would be expected by chance showing a phenomenon of ‘species condensation’ in a small number of higher‐level taxa. Conclusions: Our observations support the species pool hypothesis and imply that environmental filtering is an important mechanism in shaping the taxonomic structure of species assemblages. Therefore, the incorporation of taxonomic diversity into landscape and community ecology may be beneficial for a better understanding of the processes that regulate species coexistence.     

Infusing considerations of trophic dependencies into species distribution modelling

Community ecology involves studying the interdependence of species with each other and their environment to predict their geographical distribution and abundance. Modern species distribution analyses characterise species‐environment dependency well, but offer only crude approximations of species interdependency. Typically, the dependency between focal species and other species is characterised using other species’ point occurrences as spatial covariates to constrain the focal species’ predicted range. This implicitly assumes that the strength of interdependency is homogeneous across space, which is not generally supported by analyses of species interactions. This discrepancy has an important bearing on the accuracy of inferences about habitat suitability for species. We introduce a framework that integrates principles from consumer–resource analyses, resource selection theory and species distribution modelling to enhance quantitative prediction of species geographical distributions. We show how to apply the framework using a case study of lynx and snowshoe hare interactions with each other and their environment. The analysis shows how the framework offers a spatially refined understanding of species distribution that is sensitive to nuances in biophysical attributes of the environment that determine the location and strength of species interactions.     

稀有种和常见种对植物群落物种丰富度格局的相对贡献

物种丰富度格局的形成不仅依赖于群落的构建过程, 同样也依赖于群落中的物种组成(如稀有种和常见种)。本文以黄土高原子午岭林区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林为研究对象, 根据频度大小对物种进行排序, 形成稀有-常见种和常见-稀有种两条物种序列, 通过逐一添加(去除)物种, 分析引起的总体物种丰富度及其成分(α多样性和β多样性)的变化, 确定稀有种和常见种对物种丰富度格局的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)常见-稀有种序列与群落总体物种丰富度的相关性呈先剧增后平稳的对数增长曲线, 而稀有-常见种序列与群落总体的相关性与前者刚好相反, 呈先平稳后剧增的指数增长曲线; (2) α多样性在常见-稀有种序列中呈明显的对数变化曲线, 而在稀有-常见种序列中呈指数增长曲线; (3)与α多样性变化相反, β多样性在常见-稀有种序列中随物种的进入先迅速降低后逐渐平稳, 而在稀有-常见种序列中先平稳后急剧降低。可以看出, 常见种不仅主导群落的总体物种丰富度格局, 同时也是α多样性和β多样性格局的重要贡献者。因此, 常见种是群落物种丰富度格局的指示者, 也应该是优先保护的物种。     

Correlated Non-native Species Richness of Birds, Mammals, Herptiles and Plants: Scale Effects of Area, Human Population and Native Plants

Several extrinsic factors (area, native species diversity, human population size and latitude) significantly influence the non-native species richness of plants, over several orders of magnitude. Using several data sets, I examine the role of these factors in non-native species richness of several animal groups: birds, mammals and herptiles (amphibians, reptiles). I also examine if non-native species richness is correlated among these groups. I find, in agreement with Sax [2001, Journal of Biogeography 28: 139–150], that latitude is inversely correlated with non-native species richness of many groups. Once latitude is accounted for, area, human population size and native plant species richness are shown to be important extrinsic factors influencing non-native animal species. Of these extrinsic factors, human population size and native plant species richness are the best predictors of non-native animal species richness. Area, human population size and native plant species richness are highly intercorrelated, along with non-native species richness of all taxa. Indeed a factor analysis shows that a single multivariate axis explains over half of the variation for all variables among the groups. One reason for this covariation is that humans tend to most densely occupy the most productive and diverse habitats where native plant species richness is very high. It is thus difficult to disentangle the effects of human population size and native species richness on non-native species richness. However, it seems likely that these two factors may combine to increase non-native species richness in a synergistic way: high native species richness reflects greater habitat variety available for non-native species, and dense human populations (that preferentially occupy areas rich in native species) increase non-native species importation and disturbance of local habitats.     

Species: the concept, category and taxon

The term species by itself is vague because it refers to the species concept, the species category and the species taxon, all of which are distinct although related to one another. The species concept is not primarily a part of systematics, but has always been an integral part of basic biological theory, It is based on evolutionary theory and applies only to sexually reproducing organisms. The species concept and the phyletic lineage concept are quite distinct although they are related to one another. The important aspect of the species concept is lack of gene flow between different species, and hence the defining criterion of the species is genetic isolation. The species concept is often considered as non‐dimensional, both in time and space. Species possess three different major properties, namely genetic isolation, reproductive isolation and ecological isolation; these properties evolve at different times and under the effect of different causes during the speciation process. Speciation requires an external isolating barrier during the initial allopatric phase in which genetic isolation evolves and must reach 100% efficiency. The subsequent sympatric phase of speciation occurs after the disappearance of the external isolating barrier when members of the two newly evolved species can interact with one another and exert mutual selective demands on one another. Much of the reproductive and ecological isolation evolves during this secondary sympatric phase. The species category is a rank in the taxonomic hierarchy and serves as the basis on which the diversity of organisms is described; it is not the same as the species concept. The species category applied to all organisms, sexually and asexually reproducing. The species taxon is the practical application of the species category in systematics with the recognition of species taxa requiring many arbitrary decisions. No single set of rules exist by which the species category can be applied to all organisms. Recognition of species taxa in asexually reproducing organisms is based on amount of variation and gaps in the variation of phenotypic features associated with ecological attributes of these organisms as compared with similar attributes in sympatric species taxa of sexually reproducing organisms. Species taxa are multidimensional in that they exist over space–time and often have fuzzy borders. Because recognition of species taxa, including those in sexually reproducing organisms, depends on many arbitrary decisions especially when dealing with broad geographical and temporal ranges, species taxa cannot be used as the foundation for developing and testing theoretical concepts in evolutionary theory which can only be done with the non‐dimensional species concept.     

庐山蛾类区系研究

庐山,地处中亚热带北沿,北纬29.35°,东经115.59°,属亚热带东部季风区域。庐山襟江带湖,雨量充沛,植物种类繁多,种子植物有1800余种,隶属158科642属。因此,庐山蛾类也较丰富。笔者于1975年5月开始,对庐山蛾类进行了调查,共鉴定出蛾类455种。现将庐山蛾类区系报告如下。 区系分析 庐山蛾类已鉴定出32科340届455种。区系情况如表。 从表可以看出: