微生物果胶酶的研究进展

该文综述了近年来微生物果胶酶的产生菌种及菌种选育的研究,论述了果胶酶的分类、作用机制及酶活测定方法,并对微生物果胶酶的酶学性质、分子生物学研究及应用等方面进行了概述。     

濒危药用植物平贝母的研究进展

综合评述了濒危药用植物平贝母在生物学特性、化学成分、繁殖方法、传粉生态学及分子生物学方面的研究现状,展望了未来的发展方向,认为野生种质资源调查、保存及遗传多样性的研究是今后研究的主要方向.     

桃小食心虫的研究现状

桃小食心虫主要分布于中国、日本、东南亚及俄罗斯远东地区,是果树的重要害虫。本文涉及了桃小食心虫的研究的最新进展、学名的变更历史及原因、成虫趋光性行为及人工合成饲料、分子生物学、生态学、防治技术及测报、滞育的研究等内容,为全面了解桃小食心虫的研究现状和寻求进一步研究的方向及探讨新的防治途径将会提供有力帮助。     

我国森林景观生态研究进展

综述了我国森林景观生态研究的5个方面的主要内容:森林景观空间格局分析及影响因素、森林景观生态评价、规划及改造研究、森林边际效应及动态、森林景观水平上的生物多样性保护、森林景观动态模型的构建;从加强景观生态建设、促进森林可持续经营的角度,分析了当前中国森林景观生态研究领域存在的主要问题,提出了今后我国森林景观生态研究的主要动态方向.     

我国植物源农药研究进展

概述了我国植物源农药的主要种类:杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂及病毒抑制剂的研究现状,并简要介绍了植物源农药的作用特点、研究途径及研究中存在的问题,并对其发展前景做了简单的展望。     

华北农业科学研究所虫害研究工作近况

1956年内,华北农研所虫害部分包括下列诸课题、兹将主要成果一并报导如下: 1.蝗虫防治研究 明确了内蒙、华北及东北部分地区蝗虫发生的种类、分布及与环境的依赖关系。明确了筱麦蝗的发生时期、迁移规律及防治适期。 2.草地螟防治研究 明确了草地螟的生活史及其在内蒙、华北及东北的分布情况,改进了拉纲防治法。 3.粘虫防治研究 明确了粘虫在河北大部地区     

人工模拟胃肠道模型在食源性致病菌耐受及致病机理中的应用

人工模拟胃肠道模型是研究食源性致病菌耐受及致病机理的一种重要工具,其本质是在实验室模拟的条件下,重现人体消化过程中的化学、物理及生物作用,以研究食源性致病菌的耐受性、致病机理、肠道菌群互作及疫苗开发,对食源性致病菌的控制和治疗具有十分重要的意义。文中综述了人工模拟胃肠道模型在食源性致病菌研究中的应用,将现有胃肠道模型系统地划分为体外静态模型、体外动态模型、普通动物模型及人源化动物模型,并详细介绍了各类模型的概念及特性。在此基础之上,进一步分析了现有模型的不足,并对未来人工模拟胃肠道模型的研究方向进行了展望,以期为食源性致病菌耐受及致病机理的研究奠定扎实的研究基础。     

L-海因酶与D-海因酶的序列及结构比较研究

运用生物信息学的研究方法,从序列及结构上对L型及D型海因酶进行了初步的比较。研究了两种类型的海因酶在序列、骨架结构及活性中心的区别,并探讨了产生这些差异的理论基础,为海因酶进一步的理论及应用研究提供一定的指导。     

大尺度陆地生态系统管理的理论基础及其应用研究的思考

大尺度陆地生态系统管理是解决当前全球资源环境挑战、应对气候变化、治理区域生态环境、实现社会经济可持续发展的重要技术途径,是全球自然资源和生态保护理论及应用研究的热点。本文采用对过去20年间的几个国际大型生态系统管理行动计划跟踪分析方法,从生态系统管理学科发展、理论基础及应用研究的视角,对生态系统管理概念及其应用问题进行了重新思考,具体内容包括以下3个方面: 首先,回顾了生态系统管理科学概念及应用实践的发展历程,讨论了概念的内涵及其再定义,归纳了生态系统管理社会实践及其对学科发展的贡献。其次,明确了生态系统管理研究的科技使命及基本任务,梳理了生态系统管理科学的科学体系及其主要研究领域,概括了生态系统管理科学的生态学基础理论及知识体系,明确了生态系统管理行动的关键环节、管理方案的基本要素与管理途径。最后,分析了生态系统管理科学研究及学科发展的新趋势,讨论了生态系统管理科学的重点研究空间尺度和对象系统,提出了全球生态系统管理的前沿科学问题,整合生态学研究思维及宏生态系统途径,以期为中国的生态系统管理科学研究及学科发展提供参考。     

粮棉油作物雄性不育及杂交优势利用基础研究研讨会

为落实“八五”期间国家基础研究及应用基础研究重大项目:“粮棉油作物雄性不育及杂种优势利用基础研究”,国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部邀请国内从事粮棉油作物雄性不育及杂种优势利用研究的21位学者于1990年3月23—25日在北京召开学术讨论会。农业部王连铮副部长,中国科学院李振声副院长,基金委梁栋材副主任等领导出席。经过三天的热烈讨论、就本项研究的任务、范围及预定指标,各抒己见,畅所欲言,进行了认真讨论,共同商定了下述几点意见:①作物研究范围为粮(水稻、小麦、玉米)、棉花及油菜五个主要作物,其     

Cocaine addiction: clues from Drosophila on drugs.

Recent studies have shown that the fruitfly Drosophila exhibits behavioral sensitization in response to repeated exposure to cocaine; the exploitation of this genetically tractable model system for studying cocaine addiction is already providing new clues that may help understand the process of drug addiction in man.     

蛋白质组学应用研究进展

蛋白质组学是现代生命科学领域一个新的发展迅速的带头学科,其研究成果为药物筛选、新药开发、临床诊断及新陈代谢途径研究等提供了理论依据和技术基础。该文就蛋白质组学在基础生物学、药物开发、医学、农业等方面的应用进行了综述。     

伊犁河流域红果小檗资源分布与形态调查

红果小檗(Berberis nummularia Bge.)系小檗科(Berberidaceae)小檗属(Berberis L.)植物,是新疆及中亚地区特有的植物物种之一.对伊犁河流域的药食兼用植物红果小檗(Berberis nummularia Bge.)的资源分布、形态特征、生态条件、繁殖特征及人工栽培等进行了综合调查、对植物各部位标本采集及采样分析研究,并对其药用价值、经济价值、生态价值、观赏价值、资源开发及保护管理等方面进行了系统地探讨,为民族药的发掘和整理、丰富中华民族中药宝库以及野生植物资源的保护和合理开发可持续性利用提供了科学依据.     

五峰尖贝原植物形态及有效成分研究

通过对湖北民间常用中药——五峰尖贝的产地调查,系统地对其原植物及药用器官(鳞茎)的形态及有效成分进行了研究。确定五峰尖贝为百合科(Liliaceae)植物太白贝母(Fritilliaria taipaiensis P.V.Li)。     

Prevalence and Risk of Violence and the Physical,Mental, and Sexual Health Problems Associated with Human Trafficking: Systematic Review

Background

There is very limited evidence on the health consequences of human trafficking. This systematic review reports on studies investigating the prevalence and risk of violence while trafficked and the prevalence and risk of physical, mental, and sexual health problems, including HIV, among trafficked people.

Methods and Findings

We conducted a systematic review comprising a search of Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Web of Science, hand searches of reference lists of included articles, citation tracking, and expert recommendations. We included peer-reviewed papers reporting on the prevalence or risk of violence while trafficked and/or on the prevalence or risk of any measure of physical, mental, or sexual health among trafficked people. Two reviewers independently screened papers for eligibility and appraised the quality of included studies. The search identified 19 eligible studies, all of which reported on trafficked women and girls only and focused primarily on trafficking for sexual exploitation. The review suggests a high prevalence of violence and of mental distress among women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation. The random effects pooled prevalence of diagnosed HIV was 31.9% (95% CI 21.3%–42.4%) in studies of women accessing post-trafficking support in India and Nepal, but the estimate was associated with high heterogeneity (I ² = 83.7%). Infection prevalence may be related as much to prevalence rates in women''s areas of origin or exploitation as to the characteristics of their experience. Findings are limited by the methodological weaknesses of primary studies and their poor comparability and generalisability.

Conclusions

Although limited, existing evidence suggests that trafficking for sexual exploitation is associated with violence and a range of serious health problems. Further research is needed on the health of trafficked men, individuals trafficked for other forms of exploitation, and effective health intervention approaches. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary     

How Exactly Are Peasants "Exploited"?

We are very frequently told that peasants are exploited without being told what exactly this means, whether peasant exploitation is confined to peasants, or whether the word exploitation is meant to convey different meanings for different societies. This paper discusses two meanings of exploitation, neither of which relates uniquely to peasantry, and poses specific questions about "exploitation" and "surplus," the answers to which would tell us a good deal about what is meant by the exploitation of peasantry.     

Multicellular behavior in bacteria: communication, cooperation, competition and cheating

The sociobiology of bacteria, largely unappreciated and ignored by the microbiology research community two decades ago is now a major research area, catalyzed to a significant degree by studies of communication and cooperative behavior among the myxobacteria and in quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation by pseudomonads and other microbes. Recently, the topic of multicellular cooperative behaviors among bacteria has been increasingly considered in the context of evolutionary biology. Here we discuss the significance of two recent studies of the phenomenon of "cheating" mutants and their exploitation of cooperating microbial populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

SOS!濒临极限的生物多样性

本文论述了生物多样性的价值、多样性丧失的严重性和后果,以及多样性保护与持续利用的对策。文中强调指出,生物界中的每片基因,每一个物种,每一类生态系统对人类的持久生存都是无价之宝,任何多样性的丧失都是不可逆、不可再生的,因而对人类的损失是难以估量的。然而目前由于人类剧烈的活动干扰如滥砍滥伐、滥捕滥猎、环境污染、火灾、垦荒等,生物多样性丧失的速率怵目惊心！若不赶快行动起来,人类赖以生存的生物多样性将所剩无几,人类生存的危机也将难以避免。从保护与利用及其协同发展出发,本文呼吁要大力开展生物多样性的研究和开发工作,目的一方面在于进一步加强生物多样性的基础调查和研究工作,另一方面在于使生物多样性资源更好地为人类造福。为减缓目前生物多样性所承受的压力及促进其恢复,本文建议对完全依赖野生生物资源的传统产业征收“资源更新税”;而对开发和利用生物多样性资源,不仅不影响野生资源,而且能替代它,或减缓其压力,或促进其恢复的高新技术产业,在税收上给予特别优惠。     

Differential expression and extent of fungal/plant and fungal/bacterial chitinases of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus fumigatus</Emphasis>

We provide the first indication of the extent of the complex chitinolytic system of a filamentous fungus. Phylogenetic analysis of the 14 apparent chitinases of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus identified four and ten enzymes related to plant and bacterial chitinases, respectively. Further, real time-RT-PCR studies revealed distinct patterns of gene expression, consistent with morphogenetic or nutritional roles, for members of the fungal/plant or fungal/bacterial sub-families, respectively. Our results provide a basis for future studies with A. fumigatus chitinases, which may lead to the exploitation of these enzymes, or their regulators, in the development of novel drug strategies.     

An eye on RNAi in nematode parasites

RNA interference (RNAi) has revolutionised approaches to gene function determination. From a parasitology perspective, gene function studies have the added dimension of providing validation data, increasingly deemed essential to the initial phases of drug target selection, pre-screen development. Notionally advantageous to those working on nematode parasites is the fact that Caenorhabditis elegans research spawned RNAi discovery and continues to seed our understanding of its fundamentals. Unfortunately, RNAi data for nematode parasites illustrate variable and inconsistent susceptibilities which undermine confidence and exploitation. Now well-ensconced in an era of nematode parasite genomics, we can begin to unscramble this variation.