六种芦荟叶的解剖结构及其与芦荟素含量的相关性

应用半薄切片法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和荧光显微镜研究了6种芦荟叶的结构、芦荟素的含量和储藏芦荟素的组织。结果表明,6种芦荟叶均由表皮、光合组织、储水组织和维管束组成,都表现出明显的旱生植物肉质叶的结构特征,表皮由一层扁平的细胞组成,其外壁加厚,并覆盖着厚的角质膜,气孔器凹陷,储水组织发达。6种芦荟叶的结构存在显著差异。木立芦荟(Aloe arborescens Mill．)和易变芦荟(A．mutabilis Pillans)的光合组织细胞呈长柱状,类似栅栏薄壁组织。中华芦荟(A．vera L.var．chinensis Berg．)、库拉索芦荟(A．vera L．)、皂叶芦荟(A．saponaria Hawer)和绿芦荟(A．greenii Bak．)则为等直径薄壁细胞。木立芦荟、中华芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟的维管束中有大型薄壁细胞,皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟的维管束中无大型薄壁细胞。木立芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟在光合组织和储水组织之间有一层不含叶绿体的小型薄壁细胞,包围着储水薄壁组织,称之为储水组织鞘。中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟则没有储水组织鞘。HPLC测量结果表明,木立芦荟叶芦荟素含量最高,库拉索芦荟和易变芦荟次之,中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟含量最低。荧光显微镜观察结果表明,在紫外光和蓝光下,黄色和黄绿色小球体仅存在于维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘中,而光合组织和储水组织中没有黄色和黄绿色小球体。因此,维管束中大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘是芦荟素等蒽醌类物质的储藏场所。综上所述,芦荟素含量与维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘的情况密切相关。     

六种芦荟叶的解剖结构及其与芦荟素含量的相关性

应用半薄切片法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和荧光显微镜研究了6种芦荟叶的结构、芦荟素的含量和储藏芦荟素的组织.结果表明,6种芦荟叶均由表皮、光合组织、储水组织和维管束组成,都表现出明显的旱生植物肉质叶的结构特征,表皮由一层扁平的细胞组成,其外壁加厚,并覆盖着厚的角质膜,气孔器凹陷,储水组织发达.6 种芦荟叶的结构存在显著差异.木立芦荟(Aloe arborescens Mill.)和易变芦荟(A. mutabilis Pillans)的光合组织细胞呈长柱状,类似栅栏薄壁组织.中华芦荟(A. vera L. var. chinensis Berg.)、库拉索芦荟(A. vera L.)、皂叶芦荟(A. saponaria Hawer)和绿芦荟(A. greenii Bak.)则为等直径薄壁细胞.木立芦荟、中华芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟的维管束中有大型薄壁细胞,皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟的维管束中无大型薄壁细胞.木立芦荟、易变芦荟和库拉索芦荟在光合组织和储水组织之间有一层不含叶绿体的小型薄壁细胞,包围着储水薄壁组织,称之为储水组织鞘.中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟则没有储水组织鞘.HPLC测量结果表明,木立芦荟叶芦荟素含量最高,库拉索芦荟和易变芦荟次之,中华芦荟、皂叶芦荟和绿芦荟含量最低.荧光显微镜观察结果表明,在紫外光和蓝光下,黄色和黄绿色小球体仅存在于维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘中,而光合组织和储水组织中没有黄色和黄绿色小球体.因此,维管束中大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘是芦荟素等蒽醌类物质的储藏场所.综上所述,芦荟素含量与维管束的大型薄壁细胞、维管束鞘和储水组织鞘的情况密切相关.     

增强UV-B辐射对3种芦荟蒽醌类物质含量的影响

以中华芦荟、库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟为试验材料,采用HPLC技术,研究了增强UV-B辐射对3种芦荟叶片中主要药用成分总蒽醌、芦荟素和芦荟大黄素含量的影响。结果显示:增强UV-B辐射20 d,每天处理6 h,库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟叶中总蒽醌、芦荟素、芦荟大黄素的含量增加,叶提取物中出峰数量增多,总峰面积增大;而中华芦荟中蒽醌类物质含量显著降低,叶提取物中出峰数量减少,总峰面积减少。研究表明,增强UV-B辐射能刺激库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟叶片中蒽醌类物质的积累和新物质的合成,而不利于中华芦荟蒽醌类物质的积累。     

遮荫对库拉索芦荟细胞超微结构和芦荟素含量的影响

分别用透射电子显微镜技术、高效液相色谱法研究了生长在遮荫和自然光照条件下库拉索芦荟叶片的超微结构和芦荟素含量.电镜观察结果表明,遮荫处理6个月后,库拉索芦荟叶片细胞中叶绿体基粒数量减少,类囊体片层数目减少且排列疏松,质体中原来积累的淀粉粒逐渐减少直至消失;内质网、高尔基体等内膜系统不发达.高效液相色谱分析结果显示,生长在遮荫条件下的库拉索芦荟叶片,芦荟素含量明显低于生长在自然光照下的含量.其中,遮荫下幼叶芦荟素的含量是自然光照下的63.33%,而成熟叶芦荟素含量仅有自然光照下的23.77%.无论自然光下还是遮荫条件下生长的芦荟,芦荟素的含量与叶龄有显著的负相关性,遮荫对成熟叶的影响更大.综合两方面的实验结果认为,遮荫首先影响芦荟叶片细胞内膜系统的发育,进而限制了芦荟素的合成和运输,使芦荟叶片中芦荟素含量降低.     

9种芦荟属植物叶的结构和芦荟素含量的比较研究

9种芦荟属植物叶的比较解剖研究结果表明,它们都具有明显的旱生叶的结构特征,其维管束的韧皮部内都有大型薄壁细胞,但其表皮角质膜的厚度,表面纹饰,气孔上,下腔的形状和大小,同化组织 导 ,细胞分化情况,维管束的大小,分布密度和其大型薄壁细胞占维管束的比例,中央贮水组织占叶横切面的比例等特征,在各种间存在差异,且性状稳定,可以作为该属内种间分类的解剖学指标,植物化学分析结果表明,9种植物叶内蒽醌类物质的主要种类和含量不同,其含量高,低与叶内维管束密度,大型薄壁细胞占维管束的比例以及同化组织的厚度密度切相关,从而为芦荟属植物选育商业用良种提供了植物解剖学依据。     

芦荟抗氧化作用的测定

采用DPPH·法对一年、四年生的库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟、两年生的皂质芦荟及一年生组织培养库拉索芦荟的粉末及鲜汁乙醇提取液的抗氧活性进行了测定.结果表明三种芦荟都具有一定的抗氧化作用,芦荟鲜汁的抗氧化作用比粉末强,同一品种芦荟生长期长的抗氧化作用比生长期短的抗氧化作用强,组织培养库拉索芦荟的抗氧作用与库拉索芦荟的抗氧化作用相当,在测定的样品中皂质芦荟的抗氧化作用最强.     

芦荟属植物叶内蒽醌类物质的分布与其化学防御的关系

芦荟属植物是一类生长在干旱或半干旱沙漠环境的肉质植物,木立芦荟和海藻芦荟的肉质叶的植物研究结果表明,叶内含高浓度的芦荟素,高那特芦荟素,芦荟苦素和芦荟宁等蒽醌类物质,其中,海莱芦荟整叶的蒽醌类物质总含量占其泌出物干重的44．89％。两种芦荟叶内蒽醌类物质的分布有共同的规律,即幼叶的含量高于老叶;叶上部的含量高于中,基部,叶缘则高于叶的中央。但由于木立芦荟和海莱芦荟的个体形态不同,蒽醌类物质的分布在种间还存在各自的特点,根据实验结果推测,蒽醌类物质在芦荟属植物体内的累积和分布与其化学防御机制有关。     

中华芦荟叶的解剖学、组织化学和植物化学研究

用解剖学,组织化学和植物化学方法研究了中华芦荟（Aloe vera L.var.chinensis(Haw.)Berg.)叶的结构,芦荟素的含量及其可能的储藏和合成场所,解剖学研究结果表明,中华芦荟叶的结构由表皮,同化薄壁组织,维管束和储水组织组成,其旱生结构特征比较明显,表皮具厚的角质层,外切向壁次生加厚,气孔下陷,中央储水组织发达,绿色组织没有明显的分化,其中,5个细胞环绕的气孔器和叶基出现的第二轮维管束在芦荟属中首次报道,具有种的特征,中华芦荟叶中所含的蒽醌类次生代谢物主要是芦荟素（barbaloin or aloin),其含量和叶位及同一叶的不同部位有关,植株上剖嫩叶及每一叶的上部含量高于下部老叶和叶的中部,叶基部含量最低,比较被测的解剖学指标和植物化学分析的结果发现,叶中维管束的密度和芦荟素的含量呈明显的正相关,用5％Pb(CH3COOH)2沉淀处理及5％NaOHR颜色反应检测芦荟素的储藏物合成部位,初步结果表明,位于韧皮部端的数个发达大型薄壁细胞是芦荟素的储藏场所,而绿色组织和维管束鞘是可能的合成场所。     

芦荟属3种植物不同叶龄、不同部位叶内蒽醌类物质含量及其变化的研究

用植物化学技术研究了3种芦荟属植物不同叶龄和不同部位叶中蒽醌类物质的含量及其变化。结果表明,被研究的芦荟属3种植物叶中主含的蒽醌类物质有：芦荟素或高那特芦荟素,芦荟宁和芦荟苦素。其中,中华芦荟和木立芦荟主含芦荟素;海莱芦荟主含高那特芦荟素。叶各部位详细分析的结果表明,蒽醌类物质在植株上部的嫩叶中的含量要高于下部老叶;同一叶中,叶尖高于叶中部,叶基含量最低;而叶缘含量高于叶的中央部分。在同一叶的横切面上,蒽醌类物质的含量在维管柬区最高,同化薄壁组织部分次之,储水组织部分最低。芦荟属植物在同一个植物体不同的叶之间,以及同一叶不同的位置间有规律的累积蒽醌类物质有重要的生物学意义。它是保证芦荟属植物在原产地的干旱和半干旱生活环境中得以良好生存的适应反应和化学防御机制。     

芦荟维管束的结构与芦荟素积累的相关性

应用半薄切片、组织化学、荧光显微镜观察和薄层层析 (TLC)相结合的方法研究了中华芦荟 (Aloeve-ra L.var.chinensis)、木立芦荟 (Aloe arborescens)叶和茎内维管束的结构及其与芦荟素积累的关系。结果表明 ,木立芦荟叶内维管束和中华芦荟叶内外轮的维管束中有大型韧皮薄壁细胞 ,而木立芦荟茎和中华芦荟叶中内轮维管束无大型韧皮薄壁细胞。组织化学结果表明 ,用醋酸铅处理过的上述材料 ,大型韧皮薄壁细胞内出现沉淀物 ;在荧光显微镜下经蓝光激发 ,大型韧皮薄壁细胞发出桔黄色荧光 ,都显示出芦荟素反应。薄层层析(TLC)结果证明 ,木立芦荟和中华芦荟叶含有大型韧皮薄壁细胞的维管束都含芦荟素 ,而木立芦荟茎及中华芦荟叶中内轮维管束都不含芦荟素。为此 ,维管束中的大型韧皮薄壁细胞与芦荟素的积累密切相关 ,维管束中是否有大型韧皮薄壁细胞可作为判断是否含有芦荟素的解剖学指标。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418