体重与寄主植物对棉铃虫同类相残行为的影响

对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)的同类相残进行行为学观测,以分析体重在胜负中作用,以及不同寄主植物情况下,同类相残导致的数量变化。结果表明:棉铃虫同类相残包括试探性攻击、反击、追击、嘶咬、缠绕、取食等过程,其中能否成功缠绕对方是成功的关键。体重在同类相残过程中起到重要的作用,同一龄期,体重大的个体获胜可能性显著大于体重较小的个体。寄主植物的营养状况对同类相残有着显著影响,不适宜寄主植物环境下,同类相残在低龄期即可降低种群数量。     

棉铃虫幼虫加单氧酶活性的组织分布

棉铃虫（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ）６龄幼虫不同组织的加单氧酶活性的测定结果显示,对－硝基苯甲醚Ｏ－脱甲基酶主要分由于外来物质的入口部位,以中肠和脂肪体的活性较高,在前肠、后肠和马氏管等组织中有相对较低的活性,而在体壁和精巢中未检测到Ｏ－ 甲基作用。体壁表现一定的艾氏剂环氧化作用,但其活性不及中肠的１０％,内源性制剂被证明并非体壁低加单氧酶活性的主要原因。不同组织生物量的差异及其动态     

Purification and characterization of prophenoloxidase from cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera

Phenoloxidases are oxidative enzymes, which play an important role in both cell mediated and humoral immunity. Purification and biochemical characterization of prophenoloxidase from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were carried out to study its biochemical properties. Prophenoloxidase consists of a single polypeptide chain with a relative molecular weight of 85 kDa as determined by SDS–PAGE, MALDI–TOF MS and LC–ESI MS. After the final step, the enzyme showed 71.7 fold of purification with a recovery of 49.2%. Purified prophenoloxidase showed high specific activity and homology with phenoloxidase subunit‐1 of Bombyx mori and the conserved regions of copper binding (B) site of phenoloxidase. Purified prophenoloxidase has pH optima of 6.8 and has high catalytic efficiency towards the dopamine as a substrate in comparison to catechol and L‐Dopa. The PO activity was strongly inhibited by phenylthiourea, thiourea, dithiothreitol and kojic acid.     

Effect of body size and larval experience on mate preference in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep., Noctuidae)

Abstract:  We studied the mating selection in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), in relation to body size and larval diet in the laboratory. When provided with an artificial diet at larval stage, weight, body and forewing length did not affect the probability of a male/female moth being selected for mating, but the abdominal width of selected female moths was significantly wider than that of non-selected female moths. 30 female moths were dissected and number of eggs was counted after mating, and there was a correlation between the abdominal width and egg number. There was also significant difference of weight loss between selected and non-selected male/female moths after the mating. The effect of operational sex ratio on mating latency and copulation duration were tested, and the result indicated that mating latency of male selection was significantly longer than that of female selection, but the difference of copulation duration was not significant. Cotton, corn and peanut plants were provided to larvae to test the effect of larval host plant experience on mate choice. When cotton- and peanut-fed moth severed as potential partners, both female and male of cotton-fed moths significantly preferred cotton- to peanut-fed moths for mating. The possible reasons for mate preference based on larval host plant experience may account for host plants attributes on sex pheromone variation and sexual maturity. These findings may impact Bacillus thuringiensis resistance management.     

光强度对棉铃虫交配行为的影响

【目的】为阐明光强度对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)交配行为的影响。【方法】本实验设置4个光照强度(0,0.5,5.0和50.0 lx),观察记录不同光照强度下棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;分别通过单个腺体性信息素提取法和解剖雌虫受精囊的方式,检测不同光照强度下棉铃虫的雌蛾性信息素滴度和交配率。【结果】在强光(50.0 lx)下,棉铃虫雌蛾求偶起始时间最长,求偶持续时间最短,求偶次数最少,雌蛾性信息素滴度始终处于较低水平,交配率也属于最低。在微光(0.5 lx)下,雌蛾求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间最长,求偶次数最多;雌蛾性信息素始终处于较低水平,但暗期后段求偶率高达40%。【结论】强光(50.0 lx)可以抑制棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为、性信息素的合成及交配;微光(0.5 lx)可以促进棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;相对黑暗环境(0 lx),微光(0.5 lx)还可以促进棉铃虫快速(1 h)完成交配,微光(0.5 lx)对棉铃虫的交配行为具有重要意义;求偶和性信息素的合成没有必然联系。本研究可为探讨光对夜蛾交配行为的影响提供一定的理论基础,也可为利用物理、化学通讯信息调控夜蛾行为提供一定的参考。     

不同食料植物对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

报道了棉花、烟草、番茄和辣椒4种植物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育和繁殖的影响。棉铃虫成虫喜欢在番茄上产卵,在辣椒上的着卵量最少。初孵幼虫喜选食嫩棉叶,选食辣椒嫩叶的虫数最少。4组幼虫取食嫩叶时的平均相对生长速率都有显著差异,顺序为棉叶组>烟叶组>番茄叶组>辣椒叶组。幼虫存活率以取食棉花时最高,取食番茄时最低。棉花组成虫的产卵量最高,烟草组的产卵量最低。取食棉花的棉铃虫种群增长的速度约为取食番茄时的14倍。6龄幼虫能有效利用和转化棉铃、烟草蒴果、辣椒果实,而对番茄果实的利用和转化效率较低。棉铃虫可分别以这4种植物的不同器官为食完成世代循环。其中,棉花是最适宜的寄主,辣椒和番茄是较不适宜的寄主。     

Effect of male body size on sperm precedence in the polyandrous butterfly Pieris napi L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Male Lepidoptera produce an ejaculate during copulation thatcontains both sperm and accessory gland nutrients and may functionas paternal investment and/or male mating effort Several studieshave examined how ejaculates function as paternal investment,but few have determined the influence of sperm competition onmale investment This study examines the effect of male bodysize on sperm precedence in the polyandrous butterfly Pierisnapi L. We used male body mass as an indicator of the size ofejaculate transferred and found that relative male size hada significant effect on paternity. The offspring of twice-matedfemales showed a low incidence of mixed paternity. Larger malesobtained the majority of fertilizations, and the degree of second-malesperm precedence was influenced by relative body size of matingmales. In general, second mates obtained fewer fertilizationsthe larger the size of the first mate. The interval betweenthe first and second mating was influenced by the size of thefirst male mate Females first mated to small males remated soonerthan females first mated to larger males Our results suggestthat large males may have a selective advantage over small maleswhen both a male's fertilization success and a female's refractoryperiod are influenced by the size of ejaculate transferred.Furthermore, the effect of male body size on the proportionof offspring sired lends support to the hypothesis that spermcompetition has played a major role in the evolution of ejaculatesize.     

The effect of male mating history on paternal investment, fecundity and female remating in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

1. In many organisms, males provide nutrients to females via ejaculates that can influence female fecundity, longevity and mating behaviour. The effect of male mating history on male ejaculate size, female fecundity, female longevity and female remating behaviour in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus was determined.
2. The quantity of ejaculate passed to females declined dramatically with successive matings. Despite the decline, a male's ability to fertilize a female fully did not appear to decline substantially until his fourth mating.
3. When females multiply mated with males of a particular mated status, the pattern of egg production was cyclic, with egg production increasing after mating. Females multiply mated to virgins had higher fecundity than females mated to non-virgins, and females mated to twice-mated males had disproportionately increased egg production late in their life.
4. Females that mated to multiple virgins, and consequently laid more eggs, experienced greater mortality than females mated only once or mated to non-virgins, suggesting that egg production is costly, and rather than ameliorating these costs, male ejaculates may increase them by allowing or stimulating females to lay more eggs.
5. Females mating with non-virgin males remated more readily than did females mated to virgins. Females given food supplements were less likely to remate than females that were nutritionally stressed, suggesting that females remate in part to obtain additional nutrients.     

Body size of virtual rivals affects ejaculate size in sticklebacks

Sperm competition occurs when sperm of two or more males competeto fertilize a given set of eggs. Theories on sperm competitionexpect males under high risk of sperm competition to increaseejaculate size. Here we confirm this prediction experimentallyin the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Inthis species, sneaking (i.e., stealing of fertilizations byneighboring males) can lead to sperm competition. Sneaking malesinvade foreign nests, and the owners vigorously try to preventthis intrusion. In such fights, male body size is assumed tobe an important predictor of success. Consequently, the riskof sperm competition may depend on the size of a potential competitor.We experimentally confronted males before spawning with eithera large or a small computer-animated rival. We show that malesejaculated significantly more sperm after the presentation ofthe larger virtual rival than after the small stimulus. In addition,the time between the initiation of courting and the spawningwas shorter in the large virtual male treatment. The resultssuggest that stickleback males tailor ejaculate size relativeto the risk of sperm competition perceived by the size of apotential competitor.     

棉铃虫Polycalin基因的克隆及其表达分析

【目的】通过对棉铃虫Polycalin基因的克隆及其表达谱分析,进一步明确Polycalin基因在抗性中发挥的作用,为棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的抗性治理提供理论依据。【方法】通过RACE结合PCR技术克隆获得了棉铃虫Polycalin基因的全长序列,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了在棉铃虫不同发育时期、幼虫肠道不同部位的Polycalin基因表达量,比较了棉铃虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白的饲料后,Polycalin基因表达量的变化。【结果】该基因全长序列为2 955 bp,开放阅读框为2 781 bp,编码926个氨基酸(Gen Bank登录号为KP100652);预测蛋白的分子量为101.68 ku,等电点为4.57。推导的氨基酸序列中,N末端含有20个氨基酸组成的信号肽,含有8个O-糖基化位点,3个N-糖基化位点,C末端存在2个GPI结合位点。Polycalin在棉铃虫所有发育阶段都可以表达,幼虫期表达量较高,尤其在1~3龄幼虫体内表达量最高,在卵、成虫和蛹中的表达量较低。棉铃虫4龄幼虫取食含活化Cry1Ac蛋白的人工饲料后,Polycalin基因的表达受到抑制。【结论】研究结果可以为进一步揭示Polycalin基因的功能及其在Bt杀虫机制中的作用奠定基础。     

苦参碱对棉铃虫幼虫神经细胞钠通道的影响

用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了生物碱类植物杀虫剂苦参碱对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫离体培养中枢神经细胞钠离子通道门控过程的影响。结果表明： 苦参碱对棉铃虫幼虫神经细胞所表达的TTX （tetradotoxin, 河豚毒素)敏感钠通道具有浓度依赖性阻滞作用,1,10和100 μmol/L的苦参碱作用5 min后,分别使钠电流峰值较给药前下降（12.49±1.67）%、（18.79±2.16）%和（43.15±8.17）% (n=8, P<0.05)。苦参碱使钠电流的电流 电压关系曲线上移,但并不改变其激活电压、峰电压和电流电压关系曲线的形状。苦参碱对钠通道的阻滞作用可能是其具有某些毒理效应的离子基础。     

枫杨枝把在田间对棉铃虫的引诱作用

观察了枫杨枝把和性诱剂在田间对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 的引诱作用。结果表明,枫杨枝把在田间对棉铃虫成虫有较强的引诱作用,所诱雌蛾略多于雄蛾。枫杨枝把上所诱雄蛾量与上把的雌蛾量呈正相关。棉铃虫性诱剂对枫杨枝把的诱蛾作用没有显著的影响。讨论了枫杨枝把在田间引诱棉铃虫的作用。     

棉铃虫蜕皮时期同工酶表达模式

同工酶广泛存在于不同种属生物的组织细胞中,在生物发育的不同阶段有着特定的表达模式和重要的生理功能。昆虫蜕皮是在促前胸腺激素（PTTH）、蜕皮激素和保幼激素共同控制下由一系列基因表达和调控的级联反应。阐明蜕皮发育过程中同工酶的表达模式,可以为研究蜕皮的分子机理提供新的分子靶标,为研制生长调节剂类杀虫剂提供检测的分子标记。该研究分析了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera蜕皮时期不同组织中过氧化物酶、乙醇脱氢酶和酯酶的表达模式,找到了3种蜕皮差异表达的过氧化物酶, 2种蜕皮或变态差异表达的乙醇脱氢酶,3种蜕皮差异表达的酯酶。生长调节剂类化学杀虫剂非甾醇类蜕皮激素竞争物RH24-85可以诱导3种酯酶表达上调,可能与蜕皮有关。这些结果为进一步研究棉铃虫蜕皮的分子机理和检测促蜕皮生长调节剂类化学杀虫剂提供了新的分子靶标。     

Theoretical influence of female mating status and remating propensity on male sperm allocation patterns

Theoretical models predict that males should allocate more sperm in matings where the immediate risk of sperm competition is high. It has therefore often been argued that males should invest less sperm in matings with virgin females compared with matings with already mated females. However, with relatively polyandrous females, high sperm competition risk will covary with high sperm competition intensity leading to more unpredictable conditions, as high competition intensity should favour smaller ejaculates. With the use of a genetic algorithm, we found that males should allocate more sperm in matings with virgin females when female mating frequency is relatively high, whereas low remating rates will select for higher effort in matings with nonvirgin females. At higher remating rates, first male sperm precedence favours larger ejaculates in matings with virgin females and second male precedence favours the reverse. These results shed some light on several findings that have been difficult to explain adaptively by the hitherto developed theory on sperm allocation.     

Novel polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera （Lepidoptera：Noctuidae）

A novel set of five polymorphic di- or trinucleofide microsatellite loci suitable for population genetic study were developed from an enriched genomic library for the pest insect cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and cross-amplifiability of these and other published loci was tested in a closely related species, the tobacco budworm, H.assulta. The expected heterozygosity at these loci ranges from 0.62 to 0.91 in the cotton bollworm. The observed allele numbers varies from 4 to 12 in the limited number of individuals tested. Although a large proportion of cloned microsatellite sequences are present in multi-copy in the cotton bollworm genome, the overwhelming majority of the finalized polymorphic diallelic loci are tri-nucleotide microsatellites - an unexpected outcome, which should facilitate subsequent genotyping analysis.     

用性信息素预测棉铃虫发生期的可靠性

利用棉铃虫（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｉｐａ ａｍｉｇｅｒａ）性信息素诱蛾,预测下一代棉铃虫的卵高峰,幼虫孵化高峰,通过田间调查印证是准确的,它比黑光诱蛾以及田间调查方法简便,省工省时,指导化学农药防治时间准确,经济效益明显。可为棉铃虫发生期预测预报增添一种新的有效方法。     

Spatial heterogeneity and population risk analysis of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, in China

In this study, semivariance was used to quantitatively measure the spatial heterogeneity for the egg population of cotton bollworm during a growing season. The typical characteristic parameters of theoretical semivariance models against lag distances were applied to measure components of spatial heterogeneity： trend, range, spatial dependence, and the strength of spatial dependence. Then, kriging interpolation was used to evaluate the population risk of cotton bollworm exceeding economic thresholds. From early June through early September, the population densities were sampled 10 times in the study field. Results showed that the spatial patterns were related to population density. For its low-density population, the spatially heterogeneous trends were usually of spherical shapes; but for highdensity ones, the trends shifted to Gaussian shapes. The spatial dependence appeared at varied distances ranging from 52 meters to 936 meters, and the spatial dependence was in the range of 0.39-288.60, which changed with population densities. While having high heterogeneity, the strength of spatial dependence became much stronger. Results of population risk analysis showed that there was a high risk during its early stages, especially in mid-June. In August, population risk was so low that it did not need to be controlled.     

棉铃虫中肠几种酶的组织化学研究

采用酶组织化学方法研究了棉铃虫中肠三磷酸腺苷酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的分布和活性。结果显示三种酶在棉铃虫中肠均有分布,但分布部位各不相同,其中,三磷酸腺苷酶在肠壁分泌细胞、肠壁细胞、环肌和纵肌均有分布,以肠壁分泌细胞活性较高;碱性磷酸酶主要分布于肠壁分泌细胞,在肠壁分泌细胞做绒毛处活性最高;酸性磷酸酶分布于肠壁细胞、环肌和纵肌,在肠壁细胞底膜处活性最高。这些酶可以作为棉铃虫中肠不同条件下的生理指标。