橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料中pH值对其生长发育的影响

本文主要研究了橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料中不同酸度对橘小实蝇生长发育的影响。继代饲养3代的结果表明：饲料酸度对橘小实蝇化蛹率和后代卵孵化率没有影响;对橘小实蝇蛹重、成虫羽化率和产卵量有显著影响。橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料的pH值调节至3.6时仍可以获得质量较高的橘小实蝇。     

Effect of plant oils on quality parameters of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) reared on liquid larval diet

Liquid larval diets have been developed for several tephritid fruit flies including Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Frogatt) (Q‐fly). In liquid diets, wheat germ oil (WGO) is usually added to improve performance in some quality parameters of reared flies, especially flight ability. However, for some flies, other plant oils may be more readily available, cheaper or produce flies of superior performance. In the present study, four alternative types of plant oils – rice bran, canola, vegetable, and sesame – were incorporated into a fruit fly liquid larval diet to replace the currently used wheat germ oil and their efficacy on the quality parameters of reared Q‐fly was compared to diets containing wheat germ oil or no oil. The quality parameters included: total pupal yield (N), pupal recovery (%), larval duration (days), pupal weight (mg), adult emergence (%), adult fliers (%), rate of fliers (%), sex ratio (%), F₁ egg/female/day and egg hatching (%). There were significant differences among treatments in performance of Q‐fly. Vegetable oil appeared better in terms of total pupal yield, percentage of pupal recovery, percentage of adult emergence, percentage of fliers, mean egg/female/day and % F₁ egg hatch compared with other oil treatments, especially from that of WGO treated diet. The result suggests that WGO can be substituted with rice bran and vegetable oil to improve the liquid larval diet for rearing of B. tryoni, with vegetable oil being the best replacement.     

Canola,corn, and vegetable oils as alternatives for wheat germ oil in fruit fly larval diets

Four wheat germ oil alternatives (corn oil, vegetable oil, canola oil with 10% vitamin E, and canola oil with 20% vitamin E), purchased from a local supermarket in Hawaii, were added to a fruit fly liquid larval diet as a replacement for wheat germ oil in the rearing of fruit fly larvae. The oils were tested on three species of fruit flies in Hawaii, Ceratitis capitata (TSL strain), Bactrocera dorsalis, and Bactrocera cucurbitae. They were evaluated for their efficacy in replacing WGO, based on: pupal recovery (%), larval duration (d), pupal weight (mg), adult emergence (%), adult fliers (%), mating (%), egg production per female per day, egg hatch (%), and peak egging period (d). Diets with WGO and without any oil were used as controls. The objective of the study was to select the most cost effective alternative oils with the best performance to replace the currently used WGO, which is pricey and hard to find. The results showed that there was no significant difference in performance among the tested oils in B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis as regards the above mentioned parameters. Lower mating rate was observed in B. cucurbitae from those reared in vegetable oil and canola oil (10% vitamin E) diet. Lower egg production and egg hatch were obtained with B. dorsalis whose larvae were reared in vegetable and canola oil (both 10% and 20% vitamin E). Vegetable oil diet seemed to reduce pupal weight, shorten larval duration, and increase pupal recovery of C. capitata. The results suggest that WGO can be substituted with corn oil, vegetable oil, or canola oils for B. cucurbitae, while corn oil is a better alternative for B. dorsalis, and vegetable oil is best for C. capitata.     

Evaluation of a pelleted diet for larval mass-rearing of Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha obliqua

Most artificial diets used for mass-rearing of fruit fly larvae involve the purchase and independent weighing of each ingredient of the formulation, followed by mixing and diet preparation process. A ready-to-use formulation would avoid this time-consuming task and simplify the preparation procedure, leading to a more standardized diet. In this work, we compared life-history traits and survival and developmental parameters of Anastrepha ludens Loew and Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared on two formulations of an artificial diet. Two experiments were performed; first, a conventional non-pelleted diet was compared to a newly developed pelleted diet, which was mixed with water before being given to the larvae. The second experiment consisted of a comparison between the pelleted diet which was stirred in a mixer with water and dissolved preservatives and a pelleted diet which was only soaked in water with dissolved preservatives. We found that the pelleted diet allowed the mass-rearing of A. ludens and A. obliqua. Moreover, feeding larvae with pelleted diet led to increased weight of the larva by 7.4 and 11.8%, and of the pupa by 9.5 and 16.7% for A. ludens and A. obliqua, respectively, compared to conventional diet. For process evaluation, the number of activities, handling time, reception, storage, and larval diet preparation were recorded. The pelleted diet only needed soaking in water containing preservatives, thereby simplifying the mass-rearing process and saving time, space, and labour. Pelletizing is a versatile technology that can be adjusted for better physicochemical quality and reduced microbiological risk. This diet should be of particular interest for the mass-rearing process in ‘sterile insect technique’ applications.     

Mass rearingCeratitis capitata: reuse of the finisher larval diet

The standard finisher larval diet used at Seibersdorf for rearing the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), was reused following autoclave heat-treatment to kill larvae or pupae remaining from its first use. Only when the spent diet was mixed with water (about 40% of final diet, w/w) to reconstitute fresh-diet texture, and combined with fresh starter, a similar, but still inferior in respect to larval duration and pupal recovery and size, to the fresh finisher diet production of flies was achieved. Enrichment of the autoclaved spent finisher with small quantities of nutrients gave inconclusive results. Although spent-diet pupae were significantly smaller than fresh-diet control pupae, their adults survived significantly longer than control adults.

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Zur massenaufzucht vonCeratitis capitata: die wiesderverwendung der endkomponente der larvendiät

Zusammenfassung Die in Seibersdorf zur Aufzucht der Mittelmeerfruchtfliege,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), verwendete Standardendkomponente der Larvendiät konnte nach Abtötung der von der Erstverwendung verbliebenen Larven oder Puppen mittels Autoklavensterilisation wiederverwendet werden. Eine zur frischen Kontrolldiät vergleichbare, jedoch bezüglich der Länge des Larvenstadiums, der Entwicklung der Puppen nach dem Schlüpfen sowie der Größe der Puppen noch immer schlechtere Fliegenproduktion wurde erreicht, wenn die wiederverwendete, autoklavierte Diät mit Wasser (ca. 40% der Enddiät, w/w) zwecks Rekonstitution zur frischen Diättexture gemischt und mit frischem Starter kombiniert wurde. Eine Anreicherung der wiederverwendeten Diätendkomponente mit geringen Mengen von Nährstoffen ergab keine schlüssigen Resultate. Obwohl Puppen der wiederverwendeten Diät signifikant kleiner als Puppen der Frischdiät-Kontrolle waren, überlebten deren Erwachsene signifikant länger als die Erwachsenen der Kontrolle.

     

Effects of larval competition on survival and growth in Mediterranean fruit flies

1. Larval success was compared when one, two, or three egg clutches were laid in kumquat fruits (≈ 10 ml in volume) either successively on the same day or at the rate of one clutch per day. 2. Increased clutch density was associated with a significant decrease in larval survival rate and non‐significant decreases in larval growth rate and pupal mass. 3. Larval and pupal parameters showed significantly larger variance when clutches were laid on successive days than on the same day, suggesting a competitive advantage for older larvae over younger larvae. 4. The results suggest that, in small fruit, reduced fitness due to larval competition may act against possible fitness benefits due to social facilitation among adult females, hence reducing the likelihood of non‐linear population dynamics caused by processes such as the Allee effect.     

Wheat germ oil in larval diet influences gene expression in adult oriental fruit fly

Culture medium supplemented with wheat germ oil (WGO) causes physiological reactions, such as increased fecundity and mobility, in some insects. Although the impact of WGO on insect physiology is important, the mechanisms of these actions are poorly understood. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that the addition of WGO to medium developed for larval oriental fruit flies modulates gene expression in the corresponding adults. We separately reared larvae of Bactrocera dorsalis on diets lacking or supplemented with WGO, and analyzed for expressed proteins in the resulting adult males and females by 2D-electrophoresis. Analysis of the gels revealed significant changes in expression levels of >70 proteins, 64 of which were identified by mass spectrometric analysis on MALDI-TOF/TOF. Apparent changes in expression levels for 6 of these proteins were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, showing that the changes in mRNA expression were reflected in changes in protein expression. These findings support the hypothesis that one mechanism of WGO actions in insect nutrition is the modulation of gene expression.     

胡萝卜和白萝卜对果蝇寿命的比较效应

在玉米粉培养基上分别添加胡萝卜汁和白萝卜汁喂养果蝇 ,吃胡萝卜汁的果蝇平均寿命和最高寿命都较长 ;胡萝卜和白萝卜对果蝇生长发育的影响亦显示类似的效应差异。     

以技术集成促进生物催化技术转移

生物催化研究和产业化都在迅速发展,但两者之间的联系并不紧密,成功的技术转移很少。缺乏集成研发平台成为生物催化技术转移的瓶颈。在国内相关企业的技术力量不足以进行技术集成的现状下,建议中国科学院建设酶工程集成研发平台,依托此平台企业和科研院所建立广泛的技术合作和技术转移关系,建立生物催化产业的产学研价值链。     

Hosts of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Broome and the Broome Peninsula, Western Australia

Abstract  In the Kimberley region of Western Australia, Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is only established at Broome. From 1998 to 2001 extensive fruit sampling was carried out at Broome during a trial investigating the eradication of medfly from the Kimberley using the sterile insect technique. Fruit was collected from 82 native and introduced plants growing in and surrounding the town of Broome and held for emergence of medfly. Eighteen plants, including the native tree Terminalia petiolaris , were found to be medfly hosts . On the basis of abundance, fruiting phenology and host suitability, eight species (kumquat Fortunella japonica , mango Magnifera indica , Barbados cherry Malpighia glabra , orange jessamine Murraya paniculata , guava Psidium guajava , Pacific almond Terminalia catapa , blackberry tree Terminalia petiolaris and yellow oleander Thevetia peruviana ) were the most important hosts ensuring medfly survival and population growth. Despite medfly being reared from T. petiolaris , it is likely that medfly can only maintain populations in areas close to human habitation, and eradication from these areas would lead to eradication from the whole Kimberley region.     

Effects of diet and temperature on Morimus funereus larval hemolymph cation concentrations

The effects of diet and different constant temperatures on hemolymph cation concentrations (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) have been studied in Morimus funereus larvae collected from natural habitat, fed natural (oak or beech bark) or artificial diet, as well as in larvae reared from hatching on an artificial diet. In the hemolymph of larvae maintained under natural conditions Mg²⁺ was dominant, whereas Na⁺ concentration was very low. In their natural diets concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ were very low, while those of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were high. In larvae continuously reared on an artificial diet, hemolymph Mg²⁺ concentration was significantly decreased and Na⁺ concentration increased more than fourfold compared to the results obtained in oak-fed larvae. Na⁺ and K⁺ are the dominant cations in the artificial diet. The concentrations of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the hemolymph of larvae fed natural or artificial diet are nearly identical, suggesting the existence of an internal regulatory mechanism in this insect for these cations. The hemolymph cation concentrations of M. funereus larvae are predominantly dependent upon the diet consumed, much less upon the environmental temperatures. The most stable concentrations of cations were observed in larvae continuously fed an artificial diet and exposed to different constant temperatures. There was much less stability in the hemolymph cation concentration in oak larvae fed either natural or artificial food after their transfer to constant temperatures. With respect to the response to the external factors studied, the most sensitive are the Na⁺ concentrations, the most stable seems to be K⁺. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Ecological niches and potential geographical distributions of Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa)

Aim To predict and compare potential geographical distributions of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa). Location Africa, southern Europe, and worldwide. Methods Two correlative ecological niche modelling techniques, genetic algorithm for rule‐set prediction (GARP) and a technique based on principal components analysis (PCA), were used to predict distributions of the two fly species using distribution records and a set of environmental predictor variables. Results The two species appear to have broadly similar potential ranges in Africa and southern Europe, with much of sub‐Saharan Africa and Madagascar predicted as highly suitable. The drier regions of Africa (central and western regions of southern Africa and Sahelian zone) were identified as being less suitable for C. rosa than for C. capitata. Overall, the proportion of the region predicted to be highly suitable is larger for C. capitata than for C. rosa under both techniques, suggesting that C. capitata may be tolerant of a wider range of climatic conditions than C. rosa. Worldwide, tropical and subtropical regions are highlighted as highly suitable for both species. Differences in overlap of predictions from the two models for these species were observed. An evaluation using independent records from the adventive range for C. capitata and comparison with other predictions suggest that GARP models offer more accurate predictions than PCA models. Main conclusions This study suggests that these species have broadly similar potential distributions worldwide (based on climate), although the potential distribution appears to be broader for C. capitata than for C. rosa. Ceratitis capitata has become invasive throughout the world, whereas C. rosa has not, despite both species having broadly similar potential distributions. Further research into the biology of these species and their ability to overcome barriers is necessary to explain this difference, and to better understand invasion risk.     

Western gorilla diet: a synthesis from six sites

The objective of this paper is to collate information on western gorilla diet from six study sites throughout much of their current range, including preliminary information from two sites (Afi and Lossi), where studies of diet have begun only recently. Food lists were available from each site, derived from indirect signs of gorilla feeding (such as feces), with some observational data. Important staple, seasonal, and fallback foods have been identified, and a number of striking similarities across sites have been revealed based on a much larger data set than was previously available. It was confirmed that the western gorilla diet is always eclectic, including up to 230 items and 180 species. The greatest diversity is found among the fruit species eaten, fruit being included in western gorilla diets from all sites and throughout most or all of the year. Eight plant families provide important foods at five, or all six, sites, suggesting that it may be possible in the future to predict which habitats are the most suitable for gorillas. Gorillas exploit both rare and common forest species. Similarities and differences among sites can be explained superficially on the basis of geography and the past history of the forest. Gorilla density across sites appears to be most affected by the density of monocotyledonous bulk food plants, but its relationship to the density of important tree food species has yet to be tested.     

Performance and feeding behavior of Ceratitis capitata: comparison of a wild population and a laboratory population

Experiments were carried out to test the performance and some aspects of feeding behavior in two populations of Ceratitis capitata (a population reared in the laboratory for 16 years, i.e., approximately 160 generations, and a wild one obtained from infested coffee, Coffea arabica grains). Two types of food were used in the experiment: an artificial yeast diet used for laboratory rearing and papaya (Carica papaya), a natural host of the fly. The performance parameters tested were percent emergence, time to emergence, adult female size, and egg production during the pre-oviposition phase (first five days of adult life). The behavioral aspects tested were food preference by newly hatched larvae, induction, estimated ingestion of the two diets, whether the larvae placed on one diet stayed there or moved to the other diet, and acceptance of food for oviposition. The results indicated that the performance of the wild population was superior when the flies fed on papaya, whereas the performance of the laboratory population was similar with the two diets; the wild population showed a strong preference for papaya in all choice experiments, whereas the laboratory population showed no diet preference; the females of the wild population only oviposited on pieces of papaya that had not been peeled, and did not oviposit in the artificial diet; the females of the laboratory population oviposited indiscriminately on unpeeled and peeled papaya and on the artificial diet.     

Effect of fermented liquid diet prepared with Lactobacillus plantarum LQ80 on the immune response in weaning pigs

Probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria directly influence the host's health and have beneficial effects such as decreasing the number of enteric pathogens, regulating intestinal immune responses and preventing diseases. Among domestic animals, probiotics have been expected to be an alternative to antibiotics added in the diet; and fermented liquid diet (FLD) containing probiotics has great potential as a diet for reducing the use of antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of FLD, prepared using Lactobacillus plantarum LQ80 (LQ80), on the immune response of weaning pigs. Ten weaning piglets were divided into two groups and were fed the FLD (n = 5) or a non-fermented liquid diet (NFLD) (n = 5) for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, the total immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the sera of the FLD-fed piglets were significantly higher than those of the NFLD-fed piglets (P < 0.05). In contrast, the total immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in the feces and saliva were not significantly affected by FLD feeding. However, the mean fecal IgA levels of FLD-fed piglets at day 28 were higher than those at 14 and 21 days (P < 0.05). Blood cells from the FLD-fed piglets showed a low level of interferon-γ secretion and mitogen-induced proliferation compared to that of the NFLD-fed piglets. Furthermore, the levels of interluekin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α, which are proinflammatory cytokines, in the blood cells of the FLD-fed piglets were lower than those of the NFLD-fed piglets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the FLD used in this study could alter the immune responses of weaning piglets by stimulation of the systemic or mucosal antibody response, without unnecessary inflammatory reactions. This indicates, that the FLD feed prepared with the use of LQ80 may be a candidate feed, with regard to enhancing immune responses and preventing diseases in weaning piglets.     

云南西部实蝇的多样性

2005和2006年,在云南西部瑞丽、潞江坝、六库、保山、大理5个地区,采用信息素引诱法及被害瓜果内实蝇收集法对5个地区实蝇多样性进行分析.结果表明,5个地区实蝇丰富度的发生模式明显分为2种类型:瑞丽和潞江坝实蝇全年发生;六库、保山和大理实蝇季节性发生;瑞丽的实蝇种类丰富度最高,有20种,其次是潞江坝,11种,而保山、大理的实蝇种类丰富度低,分别为4种和3种;该区域实蝇优势种为桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)和南亚果实蝇(B. tau);2年实蝇多样性指数均以六库最低,以潞江坝最高.各地实蝇种类相似性变化较大, 相似性系数在0.15～1.00 之间.结果为了解云南西部实蝇种类分布以及预防实蝇危害提供了基础数据.     

Survival of step and ramp changes of temperature by the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni

ABSTRACT. Survival time at subzero temperatures is related to both long-term thermal history and the rate at which the insects are cooled. Insects cooled at one degree per hour survive for up to 3 times as long at a given test temperature than do insects cooled at 1C/min. Survival times are significantly shorter than times taken to freeze. Survival time at an extreme high temperature is related to long-term thermal history but the rate of heating makes no difference.     

Oviposition responses of Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) to mineral oil deposits on tomato fruit

Behavioural responses of wild and laboratory‐culture females of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to mineral oil deposits on tomato fruit dipped in aqueous oil emulsions were assessed in a no‐choice test and three choice tests. The oils were two commercial products used to manage plant pests and diseases, Ampol D‐C‐Tron NR and SK EnSpray 99, one distillation fraction of the base oil of the former, and four distillation fractions of the base oil of the latter. The initial and final boiling points of the fractions were equivalent to those of n‐alkanes with chain lengths of C20–22 (Ampol), and C21–C23, C22–23.5, C22–24, and C22–24.5 (SK). For both fly types in the no‐choice test, numbers of punctures and eggs per fruit declined strongly as concentrations of the nC20–22 Ampol fraction in emulsions rose from 0.25 to 2% (vol/vol). Fly type affected the extent of responses but there was no significant interaction for fly type*oil concentration. Responses of laboratory‐culture females in the choice tests also declined as concentrations of SK and the four fractions of its base oil in emulsions rose from 0 to 0.25%. The SK nC22–24 and nC22–24.5 fractions had least impact. Responses of laboratory‐culture flies to 0.5% emulsions of the nC20–22 Ampol fraction and the nC21–23 SK fraction in choice tests were not significantly different. Likewise, responses of laboratory‐culture flies to 0.5% emulsions of the two commercial products were not significantly different. Emulsifier type did not affect numbers of punctures or eggs per fruit in choice responses of laboratory‐culture flies to 0.5% emulsions of the Ampol nC20–22 fraction or 0.5% emulsions of the SK nC21–23 fraction. If the equivalence of no‐choice and choice responses in the laboratory were to hold in the field, then unsprayed ‘sacrificial’ plants would not be necessary and oil emulsions could be used as cover sprays.