Species of Turbellaria Acoela in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, with Remarks on Their Anatomy, Taxonomy and Distribution

The Turbellaria Acoela in the collection of slides in the Swedish Museum of Natural History have been subject to reexamination considering new taxonomic principles. In a list of 101 species contributions are given to the anatomy, taxonomy, distribution and habitats of the species. The list is at the same time a catalogue of the types in the collection. The main part of the species have been described in several papers by Einar Westblad and Ernst Marcus.     

La sacroiliite inflammatoire en TEMP/TDM osseuse

In this review paper, which deals with inflammatory sacroiliitis, first, we present the anatomy of the sacroiliac joint and list the main etiologies of inflammatory sacroiliitis with the diagnostic criteria. The radiographic, CT, MRI and scintigraphic aspects are then detailed and clinical cases illustrate the usual presentation of an inflammatory sacroiliitis as well as its principal radiological differential diagnosis: degenerative sacroiliac joint disease.     

Discovery of Some of the Biological Effects of Nitric Oxide and its Role in Cell Signaling

The role of nitric oxide in cellular signaling in the past 22 years has become one of the most rapidly growing areas in biology with more than 20,000 publications to date. Nitric oxide is a gas and free radical with an unshared electron that can regulate an ever-growing list of biological processes. In many instances nitric oxide mediates its biological effects by activating guanylyl cyclase and increasing cyclic GMP synthesis from GTP. However, the list of effects of nitric oxide that are independent of cyclic GMP is also growing at a rapid rate. For example, nitric oxide can interact with transition metals such as iron, thiol groups, other free radicals, oxygen, superoxide anion, unsaturated fatty acids and other molecules. Some of these reactions result in the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrite and nitrate to terminate its effect, while other reactions can lead to altered protein structure, function, and/or catalytic capacity. These diverse effects of nitric oxide that are either cyclic GMP dependent or independent can alter and regulate important physiological and biochemical events in cell regulation and function. Nitric oxide can function as an intracellular messenger, an autacoid, a paracrine substance, a neurotransmitter, or as a hormone that can be carried to distant sites for effects. Thus, it is a unique simple molecule with an array of signaling functions. However, as with any messenger molecule, there can be too little or too much of the substance and pathological events result. Some of the methods to regulate either nitric oxide formation, metabolism, or function have been in clinical use for more than a century as with the use of organic nitrates and nitroglycerin in angina pectoris that was initiated in the 1870’s. Current and future research with nitric oxide and cyclic GMP will undoubtedly expand the clinicians’ therapeutic armamentarium to manage a number of important diseases by perturbing nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation and metabolism. Such promise and expectations have obviously fueled the interests in these signaling molecules for a growing list of potential therapeutic applications.     

如何学好人体断层解剖学

断层解剖学作为解剖学与医学影像学等学科相结合的交叉学科,对现代化的影像技术及临床应用具有非常重要的意义。要学好断层解剖学：必须明确断层解剖学的重要性;培养学习的兴趣,注意临床针对性;抓好学习的重点,注意学习方法;打好局部解剖学知识的基础,始终贯彻断层标本与影像相结合的原则;并高度重视现代化多媒体资料的应用。     

Discovery of Some of the Biological Effects of Nitric Oxide and its Role in Cell Signaling

The role of nitric oxide in cellular signaling in the past 22 years has become one of the most rapidly growing areas in biology with more than 20,000 publications to date. Nitric oxide is a gas and free radical with an unshared electron that can regulate an ever-growing list of biological processes. In many instances nitric oxide mediates its biological effects by activating guanylyl cyclase and increasing cyclic GMP synthesis from GTP. However, the list of effects of nitric oxide that are independent of cyclic GMP is also growing at a rapid rate. For example, nitric oxide can interact with transition metals such as iron, thiol groups, other free radicals, oxygen, superoxide anion, unsaturated fatty acids and other molecules. Some of these reactions result in the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrite and nitrate to terminate its effect, while other reactions can lead to altered protein structure, function, and/or catalytic capacity. These diverse effects of nitric oxide that are either cyclic GMP dependent or independent can alter and regulate important physiological and biochemical events in cell regulation and function. Nitric oxide can function as an intracellular messenger, an autacoid, a paracrine substance, a neurotransmitter, or as a hormone that can be carried to distant sites for effects. Thus, it is a unique simple molecule with an array of signaling functions. However, as with any messenger molecule, there can be too little or too much of the substance and pathological events result. Some of the methods to regulate either nitric oxide formation, metabolism, or function have been in clinical use for more than a century as with the use of organic nitrates and nitroglycerin in angina pectoris that was initiated in the 1870's. Current and future research with nitric oxide and cyclic GMP will undoubtedly expand the clinicians' therapeutic armamentarium to manage a number of important diseases by perturbing nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation and metabolism. Such promise and expectations have obviously fueled the interests in these signaling molecules for a growing list of potential therapeutic applications.John S. Dunn Distinguished Chair in Medicine and Physiology, Regental Professor and Chair of Department of Integrative Biology, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Director of the Institute of Molecular Medicine     

如何学好人体断层解剖学

断层解剖学作为解剖学与医学影像学等学科相结合的交叉学科,对现代化的影像技术及临床应用具有非常重要的意义。要学好断层解剖学:必须明确断层解剖学的重要性;培养学习的兴趣,注意临床针对性;抓好学习的重点,注意学习方法;打好局部解剖学知识的基础,始终贯彻断层标本与影像相结合的原则;并高度重视现代化多媒体资料的应用。     

How to write consistently boring scientific literature

Although scientists typically insist that their research is very exciting and adventurous when they talk to laymen and prospective students, the allure of this enthusiasm is too often lost in the predictable, stilted structure and language of their scientific publications. I present here, a top-10 list of recommendations for how to write consistently boring scientific publications. I then discuss why we should and how we could make these contributions more accessible and exciting.     

Waiting list for nursing home admission gives limited insight of the problems. Study in handling of the waiting list and the consequences for the patients

The waiting list for nursing home admission is expected to remain unacceptably long. A study of the use and of possibly problematic consequences of the waiting list was described in a thesis. Despite long mean waiting periods and many problems (depressive symptoms, experiences of burden) already at the start of the waiting period, the majority of the informal caregivers were satisfied with the waiting times. This may be explained by a reticence to nursing home admission and by enlistment to the waiting list "out of precaution". Both a long and a short waiting period could be experienced as too long. Waiting list figures give insufficient insight in the "real" demand for nursing home care and in problematic waiting periods.     

中国柽柳科植物叶解剖特征与分类关系的探讨

对分布于新疆的柽柳科植物叶的结构进行了比较观察,结果表明：水柏枝属叶为一般背腹叶,具湿中性特征;红砂属植物的叶横切面呈扁圆形,栅栏组织呈现状排列于表皮之下;柽柳属的叶与一般的背腹叶不同,栅栏组织位于远轴面,海绵组织位于近轴面。同时对叶的解剖结构与分类关系进行探讨,认为柽柳科植物的某些叶特征稳定且具类群特异性,在确定亲缘关系和分类方面具有重要意义。最后列出了柽柳科分属和柽柳属分种检索表。     

Measurement of Side Effects of Drugs

In a clinical trial of two antirheumatic agents two methods of collection of side effects were used, one with and the other without a check list of possible symptoms. Findings suggested that the use of a check list interfered with the collection of side effects. Known side effects of aspirin—tinnitus, deafness, and gastrointestinal disturbance—were more efficiently shown and symptoms not included in the check list were more likely to be reported when a check list was not used.     

Technique of Porcine Liver Procurement and Orthotopic Transplantation using an Active Porto-Caval Shunt

The success of liver transplantation has resulted in a dramatic organ shortage. Each year, a considerable number of patients on the liver transplantation waiting list die without receiving an organ transplant or are delisted due to disease progression. Even after a successful transplantation, rejection and side effects of immunosuppression remain major concerns for graft survival and patient morbidity. Experimental animal research has been essential to the success of liver transplantation and still plays a pivotal role in the development of clinical transplantation practice. In particular, the porcine orthotopic liver transplantation model (OLTx) is optimal for clinically oriented research for its close resemblance to human size, anatomy, and physiology. Decompression of intestinal congestion during the anhepatic phase of porcine OLTx is important to guarantee reliable animal survival. The use of an active porto-caval-jugular shunt achieves excellent intestinal decompression. The system can be used for short-term as well as long-term survival experiments. The following protocol contains all technical information for a stable and reproducible liver transplantation model in pigs including post-operative animal care.     

Multi-photon excitation microscopy

Multi-photon excitation (MPE) microscopy plays a growing role among microscopical techniques utilized for studying biological matter. In conjunction with confocal microscopy it can be considered the imaging workhorse of life science laboratories. Its roots can be found in a fundamental work written by Maria Goeppert Mayer more than 70 years ago. Nowadays, 2PE and MPE microscopes are expected to increase their impact in areas such biotechnology, neurobiology, embryology, tissue engineering, materials science where imaging can be coupled to the possibility of using the microscopes in an active way, too. As well, 2PE implementations in noninvasive optical bioscopy or laser-based treatments point out to the relevance in clinical applications. Here we report about some basic aspects related to the phenomenon, implications in three-dimensional imaging microscopy, practical aspects related to design and realization of MPE microscopes, and we only give a list of potential applications and variations on the theme in order to offer a starting point for advancing new applications and developments.     

Chronology of Phytoparasitic Fungi Introduced to Germany and Adjacent Countries

A chronologically arranged list of 59 taxa of phytoparasitic micromycetes, introduced to Germany after 1750, is presented. Another list enumerates 15 fungal taxa which have been introduced to other parts of Europe but may be expected in Germany, too. Most of the enumerated newcomers are members of the orders Pucciniales and Erysiphales. The new terms archaeomycete, neomycete, and ephemeromycete are proposed.     

List size and patient contact in general medical practice.

One hundred and ninety nine general practitioners collected data on consultations with patients for a representative sample of recording days. The number of consultations and amount of time spent in patient contact were positively correlated with the number of registered patients (list size), whereas the consultation rate and the amount of time spent with each patient were negatively correlated. These relations, however, were not too strong, and there was considerable variation among doctors, particularly for those with lower list sizes. These findings have implications for issues concerning quality of care and the potential effects of reductions in patient list size.     

Plica synovialis infrapatellaris in man

The existence of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris, which has long been known in anatomy, is explained from the point of view of evolution. The development of this formation in the early stages of human life is outlined too. The results of the analysis of 117 knee-joints lead to a classification respecting macroscopical points of view of the observed plicae synoviales infrapatellares. 47 plicae synoviales infrapatellares were examined by histological methods under the headings of material, blood vessels and nerves. Mechanical importance of the plica synovialis infrapatellaris must be denied in considering the results of X-ray examination. What is more, the plica synovialis infrapatellaris does not seem to have any importance for the nutrition of neighbouring areas, neither in pre- nor in postnatal life.     

Proposal for a nutritional study using a survey of anthropometric data on school-age children from the Molise countryside]

The present work is a preliminary study, preceding a larger one in the Molise countryside ; its aim is to set out methodological and operative basis to estimate the nutrition state of children aged 6-10 years, through a survey of anthropometric data. The list of considered parameters is here related. From the analysis of the different parameters it comes out that the tested population shows a trend to have a body weight too high compared to its height. That involves a more thick-set and less long-limbed body structure. Although the sample is small in number, the results enable us to believe that carrying on the study on a vast scale is suitable.     

PBL教学应用于少数民族学生解剖学教学的体悟

人体解剖学是直接影响其他基础医学和临床医学课程教学成效的重要基础课程。新疆是多民族聚居区,我校也是以少数民族学生居多,所以如何结合他们的民族特点,运用良好的教学方法和教学手段,对提高我校少数民族人体解剖学的教学质量具有至关重要的作用。我们在教学过程中开展了PBL教学探索,认为PBL教学可以锻炼学生的自主学习能力,激发学生的学习兴趣,以弥补传统教学中的呆板、缺乏灵活性等缺点,让学生更快更好更有兴趣地学习人体解剖学,从而达到提高教学质量的目的,为少数民族教育探索提供了新的途径。     

Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: a national consensus panel

OBJECTIVE: To develop a consensus-based list of inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people. DESIGN: Mail survey of a 32-member national panel. SETTING: Academic medical centres across Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two specialists selected arbitrarily, including 7 clinical pharmacologists, 9 geriatricians, 8 family practitioners and 8 pharmacists. OUTCOME MEASURES: Consensus that the practice would introduce a substantial and significant increase in the risk of serious adverse effect and is common enough that its curtailment would decrease morbidity among elderly people, ranking of clinical importance of the risk, and availability of equally or more effective and less risky alternative therapy. RESULTS: The 32-member national panel developed a list of 71 practices in prescribing for elderly people and rated the clinical significance of each on a scale of 1 (not significant) to 4 (highly significant). The practices in prescribing identified fell into 3 categories: drugs generally contraindicated for elderly people, drug-disease interactions and drug-drug interactions. The mean significance rating was greater than 3 for 39 practices. For each practice, alternative therapies were recommended. There was surprising congruence among the specialists on the significance rating and the suggested alternative therapies. CONCLUSION: The authors have developed a valid, relevant list of inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people, to be used in a practice-based intervention study.     

SMAS graft of the nasolabial area during deep plane rhytidectomy

The extensive list of treatments for the nasolabial area illustrates that the problem is not solved yet. Although a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the nasolabial area has been developed, the ideal treatment has not been found. It seems that a combined approach based on summation of partially effective modalities is the best option. The authors present their experience with combined deep plane rhytidectomy, malar fat lift, and superficial musculoaponeurotic system graft in the treatment of the aging nasolabial area. Results in 70 consecutive patients are presented with this simple, nonscarring, inexpensive technique.     

Face lift

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Identify and describe the anatomy of and changes to the aging face, including changes in bone mass and structure and changes to the skin, tissue, and muscles. 2. Assess each individual's unique anatomy before embarking on face-lift surgery and incorporate various surgical techniques, including fat grafting and other corrective procedures in addition to shifting existing fat to a higher position on the face, into discussions with patients. 3. Identify risk factors and potential complications in prospective patients. 4. Describe the benefits and risks of various techniques. SUMMARY: The ability to surgically rejuvenate the aging face has progressed in parallel with plastic surgeons' understanding of facial anatomy. In turn, a more clear explanation now exists for the visible changes seen in the aging face. This article and its associated video content review the current understanding of facial anatomy as it relates to facial aging. The standard face-lift techniques are explained and their various features, both good and bad, are reviewed. The objective is for surgeons to make a better aesthetic diagnosis before embarking on face-lift surgery, and to have the ability to use the appropriate technique depending on the clinical situation.