岩藻糖糖链与肝癌细胞的迁移作用

通过凝集素印迹转移电泳和亲和层析技术,对岩藻糖糖基化蛋白在肝癌细胞中的作用进行了研究.在化学诱发的大鼠肝癌过程中, 分子质量在23 ku到40 ku范围内与荆豆凝集素(UEA)及扁豆凝集素(LCA)结合的岩藻糖糖基化蛋白显著减少, 诱癌至17～20周这些条带重新恢复,而分子质量为80 ku的条带却在诱癌过程中逐周增加.比较高、低转移性肝癌细胞的岩藻糖糖基化蛋白, 发现高转移性肝癌细胞具有多种增强的条带.利用橘果粉胞凝集素(AAL)和LCA亲和层析柱分离了这些岩藻糖基化糖蛋白, 并用这些糖蛋白直接作用于肝癌细胞,发现AAL-糖蛋白具有显著抑制肝癌细胞迁移的作用,迁移细胞数从对照的(100±4.9)%下降到(48.1±2.5)% (P＜0.01), LCA-糖蛋白也有类似作用.用胰酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解蛋白质部分后,形成的糖肽抑制肝癌细胞迁移的作用并不改变,甚至增强.此外直接用肝癌转移灶的组织测定了岩藻糖转移酶活性,发现α1,6岩藻糖基转移酶活性显著比正常肝组织高,而α1,3岩藻糖基转移酶活性没有显著的改变.用系列凝集素分析发现这些糖链主要能结合伴刀豆凝集素A, 也能结合E-型及L-型植物凝集素, 显示这种糖蛋白的糖链可能含有较多的高甘露糖型.这些结果提示糖链在诱癌过程中结构有了改变,使之在肝癌细胞的迁移和转移中起重要作用.     

纳米氧化铈负载槲皮素引起人肝癌细胞自噬阻断

稀土氧化物纳米材料的生物安全性越来越受到关注,这类纳米材料引起的自噬反应对于癌细胞杀伤也具有重要意义。自噬在细胞存活和死亡中发挥双重作用,槲皮素可以促进自噬,稀土氧化物已被证明可引起不同类型的自噬。制备了葡聚糖包被的氧化铈纳米颗粒负载的槲皮素复合材料DCQ,并对其自身性质进行表征,从细胞活力及氧化损伤以及自噬、凋亡机制这几个方面研究了其对人肝癌细胞HepG2的作用。结果表明,此复合材料对HepG2细胞具有更强的毒性(P<0.05),并且对正常细胞人脐静脉血管内皮细胞HUVEC无明显毒害作用,复合材料能够诱发人肝癌细胞产生大量活性氧,引起自噬阻断和诱导癌细胞凋亡。上述结果说明,这种纳米复合材料能有效杀伤人肝癌细胞,为肝癌治疗提供了新思路。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除SAMHD1肝癌细胞系的构建及对增殖的影响

运用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,建立SAMHD1基因敲除的Huh7细胞系,并检测敲除SAMHD1基因后对人肝癌细胞Huh7细胞增殖的影响.针对SAMHD1基因作用的功能区域,设计靶向SAMHD1的小向导sgRNA(Small Guide RNA).构建lentiCRISPRv2-SAMHDl-gRNA重组质粒转化后测序.筛选稳定敲除SAMHD1的稳定细胞系并测序鉴定.采用克隆形成实验分析基因SAMHD1敲除后肝癌细胞Huh7细胞的增殖能力.测序结果显示lentiCRISPRv2-SAMHDl-gRNA载体构建成功.Western blot结果和测序结果表明成功构建敲除SAMHD1的Huh7稳定细胞系.克隆形成实验结果表明,相对于Huh7-WT细胞,Huh7-KO SA-MHD1的细胞增殖能力增强(P＜0.01).成功构建基于CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除SAMHD1基因的Huh7细胞系,SAMHD1的表达缺失促进肝癌细胞的增殖.     

SDS-PAGE分析肝癌细胞和正常肝细胞膜蛋白

目的:采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)方法获得肝癌细胞株HepG2和人正常肝细胞株L-02蛋白质表达谱,期待找到与肝癌细胞相关的差异蛋白。方法:体外培养肝癌细胞株HepG2和正常肝细胞株L-02,分离提取细胞膜蛋白,用SDS-PAGE分析细胞膜蛋白。结果:2种细胞膜蛋白的疏水相和亲水相蛋白区带位置基本相同,但肝癌细胞株HepG2膜蛋白在相对分子质量66×103处有较清晰的异常蛋白区带。结论:肝癌细胞HepG2除了具有与正常肝细胞相同的组成物质外,还有自己独特的蛋白质表达谱,这一实验可为癌症的研究提供一定的参考。     

Dynamics and Control of the Central Carbon Metabolism in Hepatoma Cells

Background  

The liver plays a major role in metabolism and performs a number of vital functions in the body. Therefore, the determination of hepatic metabolite dynamics and the analysis of the control of the respective biochemical pathways are of great pharmacological and medical importance. Extra- and intracellular time-series data from stimulus-response experiments are gaining in importance in the identification of in vivo metabolite dynamics, while dynamic network models are excellent tools for analyzing complex metabolic control patterns. This is the first study that has been undertaken on the data-driven identification of a dynamic liver central carbon metabolism model and its application in the analysis of the distribution of metabolic control in hepatoma cells.     

Oxygen Toxicity Induces Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells

1. A high oxygen atmosphere induced apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells including PC12 cells and rat embryonic cortical, hippocampal, and basal forebrain neurons associated with DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation.2. The sensitivity of CNS neurons to a high-oxygen atmosphere was the following order; cortex > basal forebrain > hippocampus.3. Cycloheximide and actinomycin-D inhibited the apoptosis, indicating that it depends on new macromolecular synthesis. In contrast, cultured postnatal CNS neurons were resistant to oxidative stress.4. Neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) blocked the apoptosis induced by a high-oxygen atmosphere.     

Resveratrol Prevents Ammonia Toxicity in Astroglial Cells

Ammonia is implicated as a neurotoxin in brain metabolic disorders associated with hyperammonemia. Acute ammonia toxicity can be mediated by an excitotoxic mechanism, oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) production. Astrocytes interact with neurons, providing metabolic support and protecting against oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Astrocytes also convert excess ammonia and glutamate into glutamine via glutamine synthetase (GS). Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wines, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and modulates glial functions, such as glutamate metabolism. We investigated the effect of resveratrol on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), GS activity, S100B secretion, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in astroglial cells exposed to ammonia. Ammonia induced oxidative stress, decreased GS activity and increased cytokines release, probably by a mechanism dependent on protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Resveratrol prevented ammonia toxicity by modulating oxidative stress, glial and inflammatory responses. The ERK and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are involved in the protective effect of resveratrol on cytokines proinflammatory release. In contrast, other antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid and trolox) were not effective against hyperammonemia. Thus, resveratrol could be used to protect against ammonia-induced neurotoxicity.     

Effects of Lipofectamine 2000/siRNA Complexes on Autophagy in Hepatoma Cells

Lipofectamine 2000 is commonly used for siRNA transfections. However, few studies have examined cellular responses to this delivery system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of siRNA transfection using Lipofectamine 2000 on cellular autophagy. Huh7.5 cells, stably transfected to express GFP–LC3, were treated with Lipofectamine 2000/negative control siRNA (NC siRNA) complexes. At different time points after treatment, cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cells were also observed using confocal microscopy. An increase of endogenous LC3 lipidation, GFP–LC3 fluorescence, and autophagosomal puncta was observed in cells treated with Lipofectamine 2000/NC siRNA complexes. The kinetics of the increase of GFP–LC3 fluorescence correlated with the concentration of NC siRNA transfected, where 50, 100, and 200 nM NC siRNA caused a significant increase at 72, 48, and 24 h, respectively, after transfection. A similar effect on the GFP–LC3 signal was also observed for cells treated with Lipofectamine 2000 complexed with two other NC siRNAs. The effects were also confirmed in another hepatoma cell line, H4IIE, by immunoblotting. Lipofectamine 2000-mediated transport of NC siRNAs led to an increase of autophagosomes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, this effect on cells should be taken into consideration when using this approach for intracellular delivery of siRNA.     

Synthesis and Secretion of Transferrin by Cultured Mouse Hepatoma Cells

The mouse hepatoma cell (Hepa-1) in tissue culture has been shown to synthesize and secrete three electrophoretically distinct transferrins. Each of these forms of transferrin has a molecular weight of 77,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The concentration of each form is indicated by its staining intensity, which is highest in the form with the fastest mobility and lowest in the form with the slowest mobility. The relative rate of transferrin synthesis has been determined in log-phase and stationary-phase cells; the data indicate that the relative rate of synthesis increases twofold in stationary-phase cells. When the incorporation of [³H]leucine into transferrin reaches steady state, the rate of secretion is equal to the rate of synthesis; the rate of secretion also increases twofold in stationary-phase cells. Our studies also show that transferrin synthesis accounts for 0.98% of the total protein synthesis in log-phase cells and for 1.8% in stationary-phase cells. This is the level of synthesis that has been determined by in vivo studies. We conclude that after continuous culture for several years these hepatoma cells have maintained one of the characteristics of the differentiated liver cell, namely, the ability to synthesize and secrete transferrin.     

沉默EVL表达抑制肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的增殖和迁移能力

Ena/VASP 样蛋白（Ena/VASP like protein,EVL）是Ena/VASP家族成员之一,它参与肌动蛋白细胞骨架重组,以及细胞迁移、收缩环形成和细胞间附着.EVL在肝癌SMMC-7721细胞中高表达. 抑制EVL蛋白表达后,SMMC-7721细胞的增殖与迁移能力降低.为研究EVL在肝癌细胞的功能,构建了靶向shRNA干扰表达载体,稳定转染肝癌SMMC-7721细胞. MTT实验和细胞集落形成实验显示,与转染对照比较,沉默EVL蛋白表达可明显抑制SMMC-7721肝癌细胞的增殖、集落形成能力. Transwell实验证明,沉默EVL表达导致SMMC-7721细胞迁移能力降低. 进而,流式细胞术揭示,沉默EVL表达的SMMC-7721细胞G0/G1期细胞比例增多.研究结果提示,EVL蛋白可促进肝癌细胞的增殖与迁移;该结果可解释EVL在肝癌细胞中高表达的意义.     

去泛素化酶JOSD2促进肝癌细胞的存活和转移

蛋白质泛素化是一种可逆的蛋白质翻译后修饰,在信号转导和蛋白质稳定性调控中发挥关键作用。去泛素化酶调控在许多种肿瘤中的作用机制尚不清楚。本文对63种去泛素化酶在肝细胞癌病人的生存和预后进行分析,发现去泛素化酶JOSD2(josephin domain containing 2)在肝细胞癌组织中表达显著高于癌旁(P<0.0001),且与总生存期相关(P<0.05)。JOSD2属于去泛素化酶MJD(machado josephin domain)亚家族成员,该家族其它成员与肝细胞癌发生无显著的相关性。对TCGA(The Cancer Genome Atlas)数据中JOSD2高表达样本和低表达样本的差异基因进行功能富集分析,显示JOSD2高表达样本中与细胞增殖相关通路显著富集(FDR<0.05)。在肝癌细胞系中过表达JOSD2,发现其能促进肝癌细胞的存活、迁移和侵袭(P<0.01)。综上所述,本文发现去泛素化酶JOSD2在肝细胞癌组织中高表达,高表达JOSD2的肝细胞癌病人总生存期显著降低(P=0.041),过表达JOSD2能促进肝癌细胞的存活和转移,提示JOSD2可能促进肝细胞癌的转移。     

Calpain2对肝癌细胞浸润和转移能力的影响

目的：肝细胞癌（HCC）是一类常见的恶性肿瘤,主要表现为进展迅速、易复发及预后不良。侵袭转移作为肝癌的最主要的恶性表型,是造成较高致死率的主要原因。Calpain是钙激活中性蛋白酶,广泛参与了细胞多种生命过程。其中Calpainl和Calpain2是Calpain家族主要成员,对于维持肿瘤细胞恶性表型有重要作用。本研究通过RNA干涉技术下调人肝癌Huh7细胞中Calpain2基因的表达,检测下调Calpain2对人肝癌Huh7细胞黏附,侵袭和迁移能力的影响,明确Calpain2在人肝癌细胞浸润和转移过程中的作用。方法：合成Calpain2的RNAi片段,瞬时转染人肝癌细胞Huh7,降低Hull7细胞中Calpain2的表达,运用细胞黏附实验,细胞侵袭实验及划痕愈合实验检测干涉Calpain2对肝癌细胞的黏附,侵袭和迁移能力的影响。结果：合成Calpain2的RNAi片段。瞬时转染人肝癌细胞Huh73,36小时后,细胞中Calpain2的蛋白水平明显下降,干涉Calpain2后人肝癌细胞Huh7的黏附率,侵袭率及划痕修复率的显著下降。结论：以上实验结果表明Calpain2能够促进肝癌细胞黏附,侵袭及划痕修复能力,Calpain2能够促进肝癌细胞的浸润和转移的作用,是肝癌发生发展过程中的肿瘤促进因子。因此,Calpain2可以作为抑制肝癌侵袭和转移的潜在靶点,靶向Call＇ain2的药物可能成为治疗肝癌侵袭转移的新方法。     

Smo基因在人肝癌Huh-7细胞中的表达及小RNA干扰Smo基因表达对肝癌Huh-7细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的:在细胞学层面上研究Smo基因在人肝癌Huh-7细胞中的表达及小RNA干扰Smo基因表达对肝癌Huh-7细胞增殖及凋亡的影响。方法:Huh-7细胞培养,总RNA抽提,紫外分光光度计纯度测定,Western印记法检测Smo蛋白表达,转染后流式细胞检测Huh-7凋亡率。结果:在mRNA和蛋白水平Smo均强表达。siRNA-1干扰序列干扰结果最强,转染后可诱导Huh-7细胞凋亡。结论:siRNA-l能对肝癌Huh7细胞Smo基因表达产生干涉作用,siRNA-1序列能有效地降解肝癌Huh7细胞内的SmomRNA,使Smo mRNA及Smo蛋白表达下调,从而达到沉默肝癌Huh7细胞中Smo mRNA表达的效果。     

羟基喜树碱诱导肝癌细胞凋亡前后线粒体疏水蛋白质组的定量分析

抗癌剂羟基喜树碱可以通过线粒体途径诱导肝癌细胞凋亡.应用定量蛋白质组学技术分析羟 基喜树碱诱导肝癌细胞凋亡前后的线粒体疏水蛋白质差异表达,探讨癌细胞凋亡机制及羟基 喜树碱的抗癌机理.分离提取羟基喜树碱诱导肝癌细胞凋亡前后的线粒体,并采用顺序抽提法提取疏水蛋白质;用含稳定同位素亲和标签的c-ICAT试剂标记蛋白,利用基于多维色谱线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱质谱联用技术的鸟枪(shotgun)法策略分析鉴定了在肝癌细胞凋亡前后的线粒体中表达量差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)的疏水蛋白144种,其中, 12种蛋白的表达量在凋亡细胞中下调,而表达量在羟基喜树碱诱导细胞凋亡后上调10倍以上的蛋白43种.这些蛋白主要与细胞分裂增殖、分化凋亡、能量代谢、核酸代谢以及信号转导相关.该研究结果为在亚细胞定量蛋白质组水平上深入探讨羟基喜树碱的作用机理提供了新的实验依据,亦为研究肿瘤细胞凋亡机制提供了新的思路.     

Insulin Dominantly Suppresses Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression in Cultured Human Hepatoma Cells

We have shown previously that insulin suppresses the expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) gene from an endogenous integrated viral genome in cultured human hepatoma Hep3B cells. In this study, we demonstrated that insulin suppresses the viral mRNA transcribed from transiently transfected tandem repeat hepatitis B virus (HBV) dimer DNA or DNA fragment that contains only the major HBsAg gene. Insulin treatment also resulted in a decrease in HBV viral particles produced by the HBV-DNA-transfected cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, when insulin was simultaneously added with glucocorticoid, which stimulates HBV gene expression, the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoid was completely abolished. Our results suggest that insulin has a dominant negative effect on the HBV gene expression in cultured human liver cells.     

Glial Cells Mediate Toxicity in Glutathione-Depleted Mesencephalic Cultures

We have examined the role of glial cells in the toxicity that results from inhibition of reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis by L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) in mesencephalic cell cultures. We show that GSH depletion, to levels that cause total cell loss in cultures containing neurons and glial cells, has no effect on cell viability in enriched neuronal cultures. An increase in the plating cell density sensitizes glia-containing cultures to GSH depletion-induced toxicity. This suggests that cell death in this model is the consequence of events that are induced by GSH depletion and are mediated by glial cells. The antioxidant ascorbic acid and the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (1-10 microM) provide full protection from BSO toxicity, indicating that arachidonic acid metabolism through the LOX pathway and the generation of reactive oxygen species play a role in the loss of cell viability. In contrast, inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase affords only partial protection from BSO toxicity, suggesting that increased NO production cannot entirely account for cell death in this model. Our data provide evidence that GSH depletion in the presence of glial cells leads to neuronal degeneration that can be prevented by inhibition of LOX. This may have relevance to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, where glial activation and depletion of GSH have been found in the substantia nigra pars compacta.     

Extinction of Hepatitis C Virus by Ribavirin in Hepatoma Cells Involves Lethal Mutagenesis

Lethal mutagenesis, or virus extinction produced by enhanced mutation rates, is under investigation as an antiviral strategy that aims at counteracting the adaptive capacity of viral quasispecies, and avoiding selection of antiviral-escape mutants. To explore lethal mutagenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV), it is important to establish whether ribavirin, the purine nucleoside analogue used in anti-HCV therapy, acts as a mutagenic agent during virus replication in cell culture. Here we report the effect of ribavirin during serial passages of HCV in human hepatoma Huh-7.5 cells, regarding viral progeny production and complexity of mutant spectra. Ribavirin produced an increase of mutant spectrum complexity and of the transition types associated with ribavirin mutagenesis, resulting in HCV extinction. Ribavirin-mediated depletion of intracellular GTP was not the major contributory factor to mutagenesis since mycophenolic acid evoked a similar decrease in GTP without an increase in mutant spectrum complexity. The intracellular concentration of the other nucleoside-triphosphates was elevated as a result of ribavirin treatment. Mycophenolic acid extinguished HCV without an intervening mutagenic activity. Ribavirin-mediated, but not mycophenolic acid-mediated, extinction of HCV occurred via a decrease of specific infectivity, a feature typical of lethal mutagenesis. We discuss some possibilities to explain disparate results on ribavirin mutagenesis of HCV.