海南岛青皮属（龙脑香科）一新变种和鱼骨木属（茜草科）一新组合

海南岛发现青皮属一新变种以及倒卵鱼骨木新组合。     

锦葵目蚬木属和柄翅果属的木材解剖学研究及其系统学意义

蚬木属(Excentrodendron H.T.Chang & R.H.Miau)与柄翅果属(Burretiodendron Rehder)的分离一直未得到广泛认同,二者在锦葵目中的系统地位也还不十分清楚.本文研究了柄翅果、元江柄翅果、滇桐和火绳树的木材解剖.柄翅果和元江柄翅果在木材解剖特征上非常相似,2～3个管孔组成径列复管孔,单管孔较多,导管分子无螺纹加厚,穿孔板单一,轴向薄壁组织稀少,射线异型IIB,单列射线少,多列射线常2～3列,具翅子树属型瓦形细胞;蚬木属单列射线罕见,瓦形细胞榴莲型,单列射线较高,木材解剖特征支持蚬木属和柄翅果属的分离;蚬木属和柄翅果属与滇桐属在木材解剖特征上差异显著,与火绳树属的差异也较明显,但与梧桐科翅子树属比较接近,与其它有关类群,如一担柴属、Luehea、Entelea以及Dombeyeae族等都有明显差异.     

猴头杜鹃木纤维形态特征和化学成分研究

通过对猴头杜鹃木材纤维形态和化学成分的测定、分析、揭示了猴头杜鹃木纤维形态和化学成分的特征及纤维形态随轮龄的变化规律。     

四合木属四合木(蒺藜科)的木材解剖学研究

在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下观察了蒺藜科四合木属四合木(Tetraena mongolica Maim.)木材结构.其导管分子直径小,管壁厚,分布密度高,分子短,端壁几乎水平,具单穿孔;管间纹孔为对列或互列的具缘纹孔;韧性纤维短、壁厚、壁上有较少的单纹孔;同型单列射线、分布密度高;轴向薄壁组织散生或傍导管生.这些表明四合木的木材解剖特征是与干旱环境条件是相适应的.     

中国卫矛科新记录属—膝柄木属的木材解剖（简报）

膝柄木(Bhesa sinica)为常绿乔木,高13m,胸径60cm,具板根,是一种稀有的热带珍贵用材树种。本文对膝柄木的木材构造进行解剖研究。材料采自广西合浦县南康乡大塘下檀屯的丘陵台地上,海拔50m,木材标本号7909217。用常规方法将材料切成三切面切片,厚约20μm,供微观特征观察及解剖分子测定之用。解剖分子的各项测定次数均为60次,取其平均值及标准差。     

木材的立体结构与花纹

在木本双子叶植物与裸子植物的茎中,形成层环绕在木质部外方,不断产生新的木质部,包围在原有木质部外面,逐年增多,形成了有用的木材。双子叶植物木材由导管分子、管胞、木纤维及木薄壁细胞等组成,松柏类等裸子植物的木材不具有导管与木纤维。这些木材分子的细胞壁有不同程度的木质化,即细胞壁纤维素间隙     

胡桃属植物青皮和叶的化学成分及其生物活性研究进展

对胡桃属植物青皮和叶的化学成分及其生物活性的研究已取得一定进展,本文就近几年胡桃属植物青皮和叶的化学成分及其抑菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、杀虫、除草等生物活性方面的研究进行综述,为胡桃属植物的进一步研究和开发利用提供理论依据。     

内蒙古早二叠世早期南洋杉型木属一新种

报道了一种具混合型纹孔（互列式纹孔和对列式纹孔）的化石本。化石木产自内蒙古乌达矿区老石旦矿附近太原组上部,地质时代为早二叠世早期。经比较,确认为南洋杉型木属（Ａｒａｕｃａｒｉｏｘｙｌｏｎ Ｋｒａｕｓ）一种新;老石旦南洋杉型木（Ａｒａｕｃａｒｉｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｌａｏｓｈｉｄａｎｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）．根据混合型纹孔的存在及其他特征,认为新种可能代表了一种原始的松杉类植物的木材化石。主要特征：仅保存     

不同规格青皮药材UPLC特征图谱和多指标成分含量对比研究CSCD

建立个青皮、四花青皮超高效液相色谱(UPLC)特征图谱,结合多成分含量测定,为完善不同规格青皮药材的质量控制提供参考。采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液,流速为每分钟0.30 mL,梯度洗脱,检测波长为275 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为1μL;建立15批个青皮和15批四花青皮的特征图谱,通过对照品比对并结合光谱分析,对共有峰进行鉴定;借助中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统对15批个青皮和15批四花青皮的特征图谱进行相似度评价,通过聚类分析(HCA)、主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)比较两种规格青皮的差异,寻找差异性成分;并对两种规格青皮药材5种有效成分含量进行对比研究。结果显示,个青皮和四花青皮特征图谱均有7个共有峰,指认出其中5个峰,分别为辛弗林、芸香柚皮苷、橙皮苷、川陈皮素和橘皮素;HCA和PCA将青皮药材按规格不同大致分为两类,OPLS-DA发现3个差异性标志物,分别为峰1(辛弗林)、峰4和峰2(橙皮苷)。含量测定研究结果显示,个青皮中辛弗林和橙皮苷的含量高于四花青皮,四花青皮中川陈皮素的含量高于个青皮,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。该方法可以有效鉴别不同规格的青皮药材质量的差异性,为其质量控制提供参考。     

红松应力木木材形成组织的化学组成特征分析

检测分析了天然红松应力木木材形成组织的乙酰溴木质素含量,傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射图谱。结果表明：木材形成组织木质素含量小于成熟木材,应压木中木质素含量高于正常材;木材形成组织中羟基特征峰的位置有异于成熟木材,在波数1 034~1 510 cm^-1处的吸收峰有明显差异,化学官能团的相对吸收强度低于成熟木材;应压木木材形成组织红外光谱特征峰的位置和峰形与对应木、正常木的基本相同;应压木全谱图各化学官能团的相对吸收强度大于正常木。木材形成组织X射线衍射强度低于成熟木材,应压木低于正常材和对应木;木材形成组织纤维素相对结晶度小于成熟木材,应压木低于正常材和对应木。说明木材形成过程中组织的化学特征是动态变化的。应力木形成中木材组织化学特征就与正常木有差异。     

马尾松正常木与应压木的比较解剖

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察比较了马尾松(Pinus massoniana)正常木与应压木的结构差异。研究结果表明:马尾松应压木从早材到晚材呈缓变,管胞在横切面上除生长轮分界处的两侧外均为圆形,管胞之间具明显的胞间隙;管胞的次生壁仅有 S_1和 S_2两层;次生壁上螺纹间隙和螺纹裂隙都很明显,并与 S_2层微纤丝平行。此外,还初步讨论了应压木形成的可能机理。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters wood production, wood quality and wood strength of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) after three years of enrichment

Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were grown in open top chambers for three years under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations. The trees were aged 3 y at the beginning of the CO₂ exposure, and the effects of the treatment on total stem volume, stem wood biomass, wood quality and wood anatomy were examined at the end of the exposure. The elevated CO₂ treatment lead to a 49% and 38% increase in stem biomass and stem wood volume, respectively. However, no significant effects of the elevated CO₂ treatment on wood density were observed, neither when green wood density was estimated from stem biomass and stem volume, nor when oven-dry wood density was measured on small wood samples. Under elevated CO₂ significantly wider growth rings were observed. The effect of elevated CO₂ on growth ring width was primarily the result of an increase in earlywood width. Wood compression strength decreased under elevated CO₂ conditions, which could be explained by significantly larger tracheids and the increased earlywood band, that has thinner walls and larger cavities. A significant decrease of the number of resin canals in the third growth ring was observed under the elevated treatment; this might indicate that trees produced and contained less resin, which has implications for disease and pest resistance. So, although wood volume yield in Scots pine increased significantly with elevated CO₂ after three years of treatment, wood density remained unchanged, while wood strength decreased. Whilst wood volume and stem biomass production may increase in this major boreal forest tree species, wood quality and resin production might decrease under future elevated CO₂ conditions.     

An Overview of the Biology of Reaction Wood Formation

Reaction wood possesses altered properties and performs the function of regulating a tree＇s form, but it is a serious defect in wood utility. Trees usually develop reaction wood in response to a gravistimulus. Reaction wood in gymnosperms is referred to as compression wood and develops on the lower side of leaning stems or branches. In arboreal, dicotyledonous angiosperms, however, it is called tension wood and is formed on the upper side of the leaning. Exploring the biology of reaction wood formation is of great value for the understanding of the wood differentiation mechanisms, cambial activity, gravitropism, and the systematics and evolution of plants. After giving an outline of the variety of wood and properties of reaction wood, this review lays emphasis on various stimuli for reaction wood induction and the extensive studies carried out so far on the roles of plant hormones in reaction wood formation. Inconsistent results have been reported for the effects of plant hormones. Both auxin and ethylene regulate the formation of compression wood in gymnosperms. However, the role of ethylene may be indirect as exogenous ethylene cannot induce compression wood formation. Tension wood formation is mainly regulated by auxin and gibberellin. Interactions among hormones and other substances may play important parts in the regulation of reaction wood formation.     

木材上的微生物类群对木材的分解及其演替规律

论述了木材上的微生物类群以及各类群在木材生物分解过程中的演替规律 ,并解释了活立木心材能够发生腐朽的原因。结果表明 :能够生长在木材上的微生物类群有木材腐朽菌、木材软腐菌、木材变色菌、污染性霉菌、细菌、放线菌等多种。这些微生物类群共同合作完成对复杂的木质有机物质的生物分解。它们按一定次序进行作用 ,在木材生物分解的不同时期显示出明显的菌种协调与演替规律。一般情况是细菌、一些半知菌、接合菌和子囊菌等先驱微生物首先侵入 ,然后草本对策的木材腐朽菌开始出现 ,最后由竞争对策或忍耐对策的木腐菌取代草本对策的木腐菌 ,这时木材的分解过程就进入稳定的发展阶段 ,最后使木材分解或腐朽。木材腐朽最终是腐殖化阶段 ,这时微生物群落被土壤习居菌如毛霉、青霉、木霉、镰刀菌及细菌与放线菌等所取代。     

Modelling of the hygroelastic behaviour of normal and compression wood tracheids

Compression wood conifer tracheids show different swelling and stiffness properties than those of usual normal wood, which has a practical function in the living plant: when a conifer shoot is moved from its vertical position, compression wood is formed in the under part of the shoot. The growth rate of the compression wood is faster than in the upper part resulting in a renewed horizontal growth. The actuating and load-carrying function of the compression wood is addressed, on the basis of its special ultrastructure and shape of the tracheids. As a first step, a quantitative model is developed to predict the difference of moisture-induced expansion and axial stiffness between normal wood and compression wood. The model is based on a state space approach using concentric cylinders with anisotropic helical structure for each cell-wall layer, whose hygroelastic properties are in turn determined by a self-consistent concentric cylinder assemblage of the constituent wood polymers. The predicted properties compare well with experimental results found in the literature. Significant differences in both stiffness and hygroexpansion are found for normal and compression wood, primarily due to the large difference in microfibril angle and lignin content. On the basis of these numerical results, some functional arguments for the reason of high microfibril angle, high lignin content and cylindrical structure of compression wood tracheids are supported.     

子叶节区理论与木材结构的演化

从系统发育看,出现最早的应是早已灭亡的乔木状蕨类植物的隐花植物式木材,例如：Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ,ｓｐｈｅｎｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ等。现存的都是出现在古生代末期和中生代以后的显花植物式木材,它包括裸子植的的叶子树材与被子植物的痴味树材。     

Effect of wood density and water permeability on wood decomposition rates of 32 Bornean rainforest trees

Aims A better understanding of wood litter decomposition is essential for predicting responses of forest ecosystems to global climate change. Recent studies suggest that chemical properties of wood litters, rather than physical ones such as wood density, are more important for interspecific differences in wood decomposition rates. However, empirical data are still limited, especially for tropical trees. In addition, decomposition rate of wood litter often varies with time, which makes interspecific comparison difficult. We studied the wood decomposition of 32 rainforest trees to elucidate (i) the degree of interspecific variation in wood decomposition rate of a given size and configuration and (ii) if initial wood density and water permeability are consistent predictors of the overall decomposition rate and its pattern over time.Methods A common garden decomposition experiment was conducted in a tropical rainforest in Malaysian Borneo for 32 native tree species. Small wood sticks were set on the forest floor and the weight loss was monitored monthly for 2.7 years.Important findings We found large variation in the wood decomposition rate (a 49-fold range), suggesting that we need to consider this variation when calculating community-level carbon dynamics of tropical rain forests. The physical traits of wood, i.e. wood density and water permeability, were related to wood decomposition rate and its pattern over time. Decomposition half-time related positively and negatively to initial wood density and water permeability, respectively. The time-dependent-rate model fitted better for 18 species (56% of the study species) that had higher water permeabilities than the others, suggesting that micelle porosity in wood relates to temporal changes in decomposition rate.     

Multilayered structure of tension wood cell walls in Salicaceae sensu lato and its taxonomic significance

Salicaceae have been enlarged to include a majority of the species formerly placed in the polyphyletic tropical Flacourtiaceae. Several studies have reported a peculiar and infrequently formed multilayered structure of tension wood in four of the tropical genera. Tension wood is a tissue produced by trees to restore their vertical orientation and most studies have focused on trees developing tension wood by means of cellulose‐rich, gelatinous fibres, as in Populus and Salix (Salicaceae s.s.). This study aims to determine if the multilayered structure of tension wood is an anatomical characteristic common in other Salicaceae and, if so, how its distribution correlates to phylogenetic relationships. Therefore, we studied the tension wood of 14 genera of Salicaceae and two genera of Achariaceae, one genus of Goupiaceae and one genus of Lacistemataceae, families closely related to Salicaceae or formerly placed in Flacourtiaceae. Opposite wood and tension wood were compared with light microscopy and three‐dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy. The results indicate that a multilayered structure of tension wood is common in the family except in Salix, Populus and one of their closest relatives, Idesia polycarpa. We suggest that tension wood may be a useful anatomical character in understanding phylogenetic relationships in Salicaceae. Further investigation is still needed on the tension wood of several other putatively close relatives of Salix and Populus, in particular Bennettiodendron, Macrohasseltia and Itoa.     

Chemical constituents of tropical woods and resistance to the invasive drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis

Wood-feeding, nesting and production of secondary reproductives are key determinant traits of invasive species of drywood termites, and the West Indian drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) is one of their major examples of worldwide concern as pest species of structural lumber, furniture and other wood products. The problem and losses by this species are determined by the prevailing wood characteristics. However, despite the current widespread occurrence of this species in the tropics, except Asia, tropical wood resistance and underlying mechanisms of resistance against this termite are scarcely known. Nonetheless, wood hardness and particularly wood density were recently recognized as important underlying traits for C. brevis resistance in tropical woods, but the chemical wood constituents were not considered. Here, we assessed tropical wood resistance to the invasive termite species C. brevis and tested the relevance of their holocellulose, lignin and (total) extractive contents preventing termite infestation. Free-choice and no-choice tests were carried out in parallel with wood chemical characterization. Resistance to the West Indian termite varied with wood species in terms of both colonization and consumption, but only under free-choice testing because without choice, no significant difference was detected among wood species. Regardless, none of these traits were significantly correlated with wood resistance to C. brevis. Therefore, wood physical resistance, particularly wood density, seems the main recognized determinant of tropical wood resistance against the West Indian drywood termite. The pattern of termite movement on the surface of soft, mid and hard wood was also consistent with this conclusion.     

Radial Gradients in Wood Specific Gravity,Water and Gas Content in Trees of a Mexican Tropical Rain Forest

Cell walls, water, and gas that have mechanical and physiological functions in wood, and wood specific gravity (WSG) is related to demographic traits. To understand variation in wood structure and function, we analyzed radial changes in WSG, in the gas and the water fractions from trees growing in four different habitats in a southern Mexican rain forest. Mean WSG was 0.55 ± 0.16, slightly lower than reported for other tropical forests. In 27 species, WSG decreased and in two species, it increased from pith to bark with a strong (r² = 0.65) negative correlation between WSG in the center of the tree and the radial WSG gradient. Habitat had some effect on mean WSG and trees growing on karst had significantly higher WSG than the same species growing on alluvial soil. The cell wall, water, and gas fractions accounted for 35 percent (range: 16–50), 42 percent (28–65), and 23 percent (2–56), respectively, of wood volume, with a negative correlation between the gas and the cell wall and between the gas and the water fractions, but not between the cell wall and water fractions. Radially increasing WSG is advantageous for pioneer trees with fast initial growth. We found that the water displacement method may result in biased WSG estimates. To increase the accuracy of WSG data, we suggest to measure sample volume geometrically using a constant diameter (that of the borer tip), to include radial variation in WSG, and to consider for possible site effects on species‐specific WSG.