不同剂量rhBMP-2/CPC 体内骨诱导活性的比较研究*

目的:对比不同剂量rhBMP-2与多孔CPC复合后的诱导成骨效应,探讨与多孔CPC复合后的rhBMP-2的量效关系.方法:将0.5 mg/ml、1 mg/ml、2 mg/ml、3 mg/ml 4种不同剂量的rhBMP-2与多孔CPC材料复合后,植入36只小鼠双侧股部肌肉内,分别于术后1周、2周及4周取材,通过大体观察、组织学分析、形态计量学分析、荧光双标测定,观察4组诱导成骨情况.结果:植入1周,rhBMP-2与多孔CPC材料复合表现出了较明显的剂量依赖性,含有较多rhBMP-2的材料内诱导形成的骨组织也较多,但骨组织的增加并未随着rhBMP-2剂量的增加而连续递增,2 mg组和3 mg组新生骨组织含量无明显差异(P＞0.05).植入4周,新生骨组织向材料内部生长,但此时的新生骨组织面积较2周增加不显著(P＞0.05).0.5 mg组新生骨组织含量仍处于最低水平,而其它三组之间却无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:在0.5 mg/ml-2.0 mg/ml剂量范围,与多孔CPC复合的rhBMP-2诱导成骨量与其剂量成正比,最佳剂量为2 mg/ml.     

合成成骨生长肽的骨内外成骨活性

利用固相多肽合成人成骨生长肽（sOGP),纯度达99．2％,HPLC及毛细管电泳均一,蛋白质序列分析和质谱分析符合理论值。在体内我们观察了sOGP对兔胫骨骨折愈合的药效。用血生化、X射线、骨密度、组织学外骨痂分析、生物力学等方面测得sOGP能显著促进新生骨形成,明显增加成骨活性蛋白碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和骨钙素（BGP）的血清水平,对兔胫骨不稳定的横断骨折愈合具有一定的促进作用。尤其是实验组骨密度和外骨痂中小梁骨成分显著地加的数据,具有统计学意义。还观察了sOGP在没介质中对原代成骨细胞的成骨活性。在体外sOGP低剂量(10^-11mol/L）对原代成骨细胞有明显的增殖作用,表现双向调节。有趣的是sOGP在体外的成骨活性作用必须有血清白蛋白（BSA）和血清中某些因子的参与。     

下颌骨牵张成骨中不同牵张频率对牵张区成骨细胞增殖细胞核抗原表达的影响

目的:对比研究下颌骨牵张成骨中不同牵张频率的作用下新骨组织中成骨细胞的增殖活性,从而筛选出最佳牵张频率。方法:选用16只3月龄的幼年山羊,随机分为4组,每组4只,第1组为对照组,分别对第2、3、4组动物右下颌骨行骨皮质切开术后进行牵张,第2组牵张频率为2次/天,第3组牵张频率为4次/天,第4组牵张频率为6次/天,于完成牵张后4周时分别处死动物,取牵张区新骨组织和对照组右下颌骨颏孔区骨组织行PCNA免疫组化染色并进行组间比较。结果:各牵张组牵张区新生骨组织中成骨细胞PCNA表达的阳性细胞数均显著高于对照组,6次/天牵张组和4次/天牵张组牵张区中成骨细胞PCNA表达的阳性细胞数显著高于2次/天牵张组,但6次/天牵张组和4次/天牵张组成骨细胞PCNA表达的阳性细胞数无显著性差异。结论:在下颌骨牵张成骨进程中,随着牵张频率的增加,牵张区成骨细胞的增殖能力提高,可能术后成骨效果更佳。     

成骨细胞移植和成骨生长肽对股骨头坏死修复作用的实验研究

目的：研究成骨细胞移植和成骨生长肽（OGP）对激素性股骨头坏死的影响。方法：25只健康成年日本大耳白兔,随机分为正常组（5只）,实验组（10只）和对照组（10只）。实验组和对照组注射醋酸泼尼松龙致使激素性股骨头坏死后,前者成骨细胞移植于动物股骨头并且OGP注射4、8周,后者注射等量生理盐水。测定血清碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨钙素（BGP）,测试股骨头力学性质,通过光镜和扫描电镜观察股骨头的形态结构。结果：实验组血清ALP、BGP明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。实验组股骨头的最大压缩载荷及载荷／位移较对照组高（P〉0.05）。光镜、扫描电镜观察到实验组股骨头中骨小梁形态及胶原纤维排列有序性明显好于对照组。结论：成骨细胞移植和OGP注射对股骨头坏死具有一定的修复作用。     

尿酸影响人骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化过程中BMP-2 表达

目的:探讨在人骨髓间充质干细胞(h BMSCs)成骨分化过程中,不同浓度尿酸(UA)对骨形态形成蛋白-2(BMP-2)表达的影响。方法:以全骨髓贴壁培养法分离h BMSCs,将生长状态良好的第3代h BMSCs分为5组,分别为空白对照组(加入完全培养基)和成骨诱导组(加入成骨诱导液及含0 mmol/L、0.2 mmol/L、0.4 mmol/L、0.8 mmol/L尿酸的完全培养基)。连续干预诱导14d后,用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态的变化,通过观察茜素红染色情况及检测碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性进行成骨情况的检测。RT-PCR技术检测各组细胞BMP-2 mR NA的表达情况。结果:第3代h BMSCs大多为形态单一的长梭形,呈旋涡状生长;干预诱导后的细胞逐渐变成不规则的立方形,局部形成团块状结节,以含尿酸浓度为0.8 mmol/L的成骨诱导培养基最为显著。连续干预14d后,空白对照组茜素红染色为阴性,而各成骨诱导组细胞茜素红染色结果为阳性,提示干预诱导后的细胞为成骨细胞。碱性磷酸酶活性随尿酸浓度的增加和干预时间的延长而增强(P<0.05)。RT-PCR检测结果显示,空白对照组无BMP-2 mR NA的表达。成骨诱导组随培养基中尿酸浓度的增加,BMP-2 mR NA表达逐渐增强,呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。结论:尿酸上调h BMSCs向成骨细胞分化过程中BMP-2 mR NA的表达。     

骨形态发生蛋白2介导甲状旁腺素促进成骨细胞分化的实验研究

目的 探讨骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP2)在甲状旁腺素(PTH)促进成骨细胞分化过程中的重要介导作用.方法培养MC3T3-E1细胞,分为4组:1)盐水对照组;2)PTH组;3)6-[4-[2-(1-哌啶基)乙氧基]苯基]-3-(4-吡啶基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶 (Dorsomorphin) 组;4) PTH+Dorsomorphin组.Real-time PCR法和Westernblot方法检测细胞BMP2、BMP2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色方法检测细胞ALP的活性;双荧光素酶报告基因检测方法检测12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性.结果:PTH组BMP-2、成骨因子的表达及其12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性,明显高于盐水对照组.Dorsomorphin组和PTH+Dorsomorphin组BMP-2、BMP-2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,均明显低于盐水对照组;但其表达于两组间无明显差别.结论 BMP2介导PTH促进成骨细胞的分化,PTH可通过上调BMP2的表达,提高其功能,促进成骨细胞的成熟分化.     

FGF-2对人骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和向成骨细胞分化的影响

探讨体外培养条件下,成纤维细胞生长因子-2（FGF-2）和地塞米松（Dex）对第7代人骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）增殖和向成骨细胞分化的作用以及两者联合使用的效应。MSCs经含FGF-2或／和Dex的培养液作用后,于不同时间采用MTT法测定细胞增殖情况;对硝基苯磷酸（pNPP）法测定碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性;ELISA法测定骨钙蛋白（OC）含量;茜素红S染色法对沉积的钙盐进行染色。发现：（1）FGF-2组细胞的生长速度为对照组的1．31倍,Dex／FGF-2组细胞的生长速度为FGF-2组的1．12倍。（2）Dex组的ALP活性、OC含量和细胞外基质钙盐沉积分别为对照组的17．0倍、2．12倍和10．56倍,并能形成成熟的羟基磷灰石（HA）结晶和骨结节;FGF-2组的ALP活性比对照组降低了76．7％,虽然OC含量、钙盐沉积增加,但不能形成成熟的HA结晶和骨结节;FGF-2对Dex诱导的ALP活性增加和HA结晶形成有拮抗作用。由此证明：（1）FGF-2可促进MSCs的增殖,Dex对MSCs的增殖无明显作用;Dex能增强FGF-2对MSCs的促增殖效应。（2）Dex可使MSCs分化为成熟的成骨细胞,是一个有效的成骨细胞分化诱导剂;FGF-2可使MSCs分化为未成熟的成骨细胞;FGF-2拮抗Dex诱导MSCs分化为成熟的成骨细胞。     

Bone Regeneration Using rhBMP-2 Induction in Hemimandibulectomy Type Defects of Elderly Sub-Human Primates

Our previous work has shown that total osseous reconstruction of large discontinuity hemimandibulectomy, critical-sized defects can be achieved easily in 8-year-old Macaca fascicularis monkeys (Boyne 1996). However the literature has indicated that animal aging decreases the BMP induction of stem cells in rats and in other rodent species. It was necessarily important that the rhBMP-2 be demonstrated in non-human primates to determine if this reduction in effectiveness also existed in the higher animals phylogenetically. The purpose of this study was to operate aged non-human primates duplicating the model used in middle-aged animals to demonstrate regeneration of hemimandibulectomy defects. This age group could be extrapolated to the 80-year-old clinic patient. Six non-human primates aged 20 years were rendered edentulous posteriorly and the mandibles allowed to heal. Three months postoperatively bilateral hemimandibulectomies were performed. The defects received BMP in a collagen sponge (Helistat) using a dose level of 0.75 mg of rhBMP-2. After the manner previously reported by Boyne (1996, 1999), at the end of four months the surgical sites were exposed by mucoperiosteal flap demonstrating complete regeneration of the critical-sized defects. The animals received two dental implants in restored areas. The implants were brought into function approximately four months later, and were allowed to function for eight months in all cases. The results indicate that the regeneration of mandibular critical-sized defects by the use of rhBMP-2 in aged animals is comparable to that of the middle-aged group. This study indicates that aged non-human primates, chronologically comparable to 80-year-old humans, respond as favorably to rhBMP-2 as do the middle-aged animals. Extrapolating the results to the clinical level, one would expect that rhBMP-2 would produce a comparable result in the regeneration of large hemimandibulectomy-type defects in clinical human patients.     

Effect of guided bone regeneration on bone quality surrounding dental implants

Bone quality as well as its quantity at the implant interface is responsible for determining stability of the implant system. The objective of this study is to examine the nanoindentation based elastic modulus (E) at different bone regions adjacent to titanium dental implants with guided bone regeneration (GBR) treated with DBM and BMP-2 during different post-implantation periods. Six adult male beagle dogs were used to create circumferential defects with buccal bone removal at each implantation site of mandibles. The implant systems were randomly assigned to only GBR (control), GBR with demineralized bone matrix (DBM), and GBR with DBM + recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) (BMP) groups. Three animals were sacrificed at each 4 and 8 weeks of post-implantation healing periods. Following buccolingual dissection, the E values were assessed at the defects (Defect), interfacial bone tissue adjacent to the implant (Interface), and pre-existing bone tissue away from the implant (Pre-existing). The E values of BMP group had significantly higher than control and DBM groups for interface and defect regions at 4 weeks of post-implantation period and for the defect region at 8 weeks (p < 0.043). DBM group had higher E values than control group only for the defect region at 4 weeks (p < 0.001). The current results indicate that treatment of rhBMP-2 with GBR accelerates bone tissue mineralization for longer healing period because the GBR likely facilitates a microenvironment to provide more metabolites with open space of the defect region surrounding the implant.     

Accelerating Bone Generation and Bone Mineralization in the Interparietal Sutures of Rats Using an rhBMP-2/ACS Composite after Rapid Expansion

This study aims to investigate the effects of rhBMP-2/ACS composite on bone regeneration and mineralization during expansion of the interparietal suture in rats. Forty 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=10). The first group (intact group) did not receive any intervention. The second group (expansion control group) received an expansion force of 60 g. The remaining two groups received an expansion force of 60 g and were implanted with an atelo-type I absorbable collagen sponge and rhBMP-2/ACS composite positioned on the suture beneath the periosteum. The relapse, relapse ratio, relevant bone remodelling, and calcium and osteocalcin contents were evaluated. Bone regeneration in the interparietal suture was estimated by the histological method. The osteocalcin content was measured by radioimmunoassay, and the calcium content was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bone regeneration was more active in the suture after application of the expansion force compared with that of the suture without any intervention. Bone bridges formed in the rhBMP-2/collagen composite group. Both osteocalcin and calcium content were higher in the rhBMP-2/collagen composite group than in the other three groups (P<0.01). The relapse ratio in the rhBMP-2/collagen group was much lower than that in the other two expansion groups (P<0.01). RhBMP-2/ACS composite can promote bone regeneration and bone mineralization in the expanded suture and decrease the relapse ratio. Thus, the rhBMP-2/ACS composite may be therapeutically beneficial to the inhibition of relapse and shortening of the retention period during rapid expansion.     

FGF/FGFR信号调控成骨细胞分化的研究进展

不管是在胚胎骨骼形成还是出生后骨骼发育过程中,FGF/FGFR信号都发挥着重要的作用,成骨细胞在骨骼形成过程中起主导作用,成骨细胞不断地分化是骨骼形成的必要条件,FGF/FGFR信号可调控成骨细胞分化过程中不同标志性基因的表达。该信号不仅可以通过自身作用于成骨细胞分化,而且也可与其他信号通路(BMP,Wnt和PTH)相互作用,共同协调控制成骨细胞分化。FGFR突变会引起成骨细胞分化异常从而出现各种骨疾病,如颅缝早闭,骨质疏松,异位骨化等。现对FGF及FGFR家族,成骨细胞分化过程中标志性基因及相应的标志物,FGF/FGFR信号调控成骨细胞分化作用等方面进行综述。     

多孔n-HA/PA66支架复合rhBMP-2修复兔桡骨缺损的实验研究

目的 ：研究多孔纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66（nHA/PA66）骨修复材料作为骨组织工程支架复合基因重组人骨形态发生蛋白2（rhBMP2）后的成骨能力的变化,探讨加速nHA/PA66人工骨与受体骨愈合的方法。方法：选用新西兰大白兔双侧桡骨制作骨缺损模型,将nHA/PA66/rhBMP2复合材料植入左侧骨缺损处,右侧骨缺损以nHA/PA66植入作为实验对照,另做不植入任何材料的骨缺损空白对照。在1、2、4、8、12周各时相点分别进行大体观察、X线照片、组织学切片、免疫组化原位杂交进行检测图象分析。结果：nHA/PA66/BMP2与nHA/PA66组骨缺损均完全修复,而空白对照组骨缺损未见修复;2周时nHA/PA66与nHA/PA66/rhBMP2两组间原位杂交阳性细胞表达有统计学意义（ P<0.05）, 4周时nHA/PA66与nHA/PA66/rhBMP2两组间原位杂交阳性细胞表达无统计学意义（ P>0.05）,2周及4周实验和实验对照两组分别与空白对照组比较均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）,nHA/PA66/rhBMP2组较nHA/PA66组可加速人工骨/植入体/受体界面骨愈合。 结论：多孔nHA/PA66作为骨组织工程支架复合具有诱导成骨活性的rhBMP2后,增强了早期成骨能力,加速了其与受体骨的愈合。     

Ability of a bovine bone graft, alone or enriched with PDGF-BB or rhBMP-2, to promote human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells proliferation. A preliminary study

One of the most important goals of the periodontal therapy procedures is to stimulate the formation of new bone into osseous defects resulted from periodontal disease. A wide range of grafting materials is used to achieve this aim. Recently, the Human Tissue Bank of the National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos in Athens (Greece) has prepared, in a preliminary study, a cancellous bovine-derived bone matrix (BBM). The purpose of the present work was to investigate the role of this bovine bone material in the periodontal regeneration, by studying the rate of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells proliferation in the presence of this matrix alone, or after the addition of the growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) or recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2).Bovine bone graft was prepared using the know how acquired by the 30 years continuous preparation and delivery of lyophilized human bone grafts by the Demokritos Bank.PDL cells cultures were derived from the mid root of two maxillary premolars. The teeth were caries-free and were extracted for orthodontic reasons from 1 adult female patient. Cells were grown in 24-well dishes in the presence of 20 mg BBM. On day 2 of quiescence, new medium was added with 10 ng/ml of PDGF-BB or 50 ng/ml of rhBMP-2. To determine the effects of the test agents on cell proliferation, DNA synthesis was estimated by measuring [³H] thymidine incorporation. After 48 h of incubation the cells were processed to subject to scintillation counting. Counts per minute (cpm/well) were determined for each sample.The results revealed that this BBM has the ability to maintain PDL cells proliferation and could be used as an alternative graft material. PDGF-BB when added improved the cell proliferative response resulting in a more active BBM, while the presence of rhBMP-2 did not support cell mitosis.     

Proteomic profiling of CHO cells with enhanced rhBMP-2 productivity following co-expression of PACEsol

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for the production of recombinant protein biopharmaceuticals. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the proteome of CHO DUKX cells expressing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) (G5 cells) compared to cells also expressing soluble exogenous paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme soluble paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme (PACEsol) (3C9 cells), which has been previously found to improve the post-translational processing of the mature rhBMP-2 dimer. PACEsol co-expression was also associated with a significant increase (almost four-fold) in cellular productivity of rhBMP-2 protein. Differential proteomic expression profiling using 2-D DIGE and MALDI-TOF MS was performed to compare 3C9 and G5 cells, and revealed a list of 60 proteins that showed differential expression (up/downregulated), with a variety of different cellular functions. A substantial number of these altered proteins were found to have chaperone activity, involved with protein folding, assembly and secretion, as well as a number of proteins involved in protein translation. These results support the use of proteomic profiling as a valuable tool towards understanding the biology of bioprocess cultures.     

同时缓释骨形态发生蛋白和氯己定的功能性壳聚糖温敏凝胶的制备

壳聚糖温敏凝胶是一种新型的可注射、在体固化的载体材料,该材料在室温条件下呈生理中性的溶液状态,在37℃左右可由溶液转变成水凝胶。该水凝胶对大分子药物具有良好的缓释效能,但对小分子药物缓释效能极差。 为制备同时缓释生长因子重组人骨形态发生蛋白- 2 (recombined human bone morphogenetic protein - 2, rhBMP-2)和抗菌药物氯己定的功能性壳聚糖温敏凝胶,将小分子药物氯己定先与β-环糊精制备成包结物,再将rhBMP-2与β-环糊精/氯己定包结物共混于壳聚糖温敏凝胶中,通过HAAKE粘度测量仪,对比加入目标药物前后系统的流变学性质,并且分别通过高效液相(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)方法测量目标药物的体外释放性质,温敏凝胶系统的流变学性质几乎未受加入药物的影响。而氯己定从凝胶系统中释放的速度大大减慢,药物持续释放可保持1月以上。同时,rhBMP-2也获得较好的缓释效果。 通过先行环糊精包结共混的方法,成功制备同时缓释rhBMP-2和氯己定的功能性温敏凝胶。     

重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2抗体的制备及纯化

骨形态发生蛋白-2是骨科研究领域的重要生物蛋白。用重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP₂)与BSA连接成复合物作为免疫原,免疫家兔制备出多克隆抗血清。分别用免疫沉淀法和Sepharose4B-BSA反向免疫亲和吸附法去除抗血清中载体BSA抗体。用盐析法和蛋白层析法纯化出抗rhBMP₂抗体。研究发现,家兔产生高效价抗体的最佳时间为14-16周,从rhBMP₂抗体的特异性、相对纯度及回收率综合分析,免疫沉淀法去除BSA抗体优于反相亲和吸附法。     

同时缓释骨形态发生蛋白和氯己定的功能性壳聚糖温敏凝胶的制备

壳聚糖温敏凝胶是一种新型的可注射、在体固化的载体材料,该材料在室温条件下呈生理中性的溶液状态,在37℃左右可由溶液转变成水凝胶。该水凝胶对大分子药物具有良好的缓释效能,但对小分子药物缓释效能极差。为制备同时缓释生长因子重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(recombined human bone morphogenetic protein-2,rhBMP-2)和抗菌药物氯己定的功能性壳聚糖温敏凝胶,将小分子药物氯己定先与β-环糊精制备成包结物,再将rhBMP-2与β-环糊精/氯己定包结物共混于壳聚糖温敏凝胶中,通过HAAKE粘度测量仪,对比加入目标药物前后系统的流变学性质,并且分别通过高效液相(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和酶联免疫吸附(enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay,ELISA)方法测量目标药物的体外释放性质,温敏凝胶系统的流变学性质几乎未受加入药物的影响。而氯己定从凝胶系统中释放的速度大大减慢,药物持续释放可保持1月以上。同时,rhBMP-2也获得较好的缓释效果。通过先行环糊精包结共混的方法,成功制备同时缓释rhBMP-2和氯己定的功能性温敏凝胶。