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1.
I. V. Pozdeev 《Inland Water Biology》2011,4(1):97-100
The distribution of Dreissena polymorpha in the northeastern part of the Kama River basin is limited to the area with the following geographic coordinates: 59°37′–54°00′
N and 57°10′–49°03′ E. The range of the zebra mussel is continuous along the Kama, Belaya, and Ufa rivers. Isolated populations
of this mollusk exist in the Belaya and Vyatka river floodplains. The distribution of dreissena in the running waters of the
Kama River basin is limited by the potamal conditions. 相似文献
2.
N. I. Selin 《Russian Journal of Marine Biology》2010,36(1):26-33
In the summer of 2008, the abundance, local aggregation structure, growth rate, and life span of the gastropod Nucella freycineti inhabiting the littoral zone of Yankicha Island (Kuriles), which is affected by the postvolcanic activity of the Ushishir
Volcano were studied. The parameters varied within a wide range and appreciably depended on the distance mollusk populations
were from underwater and land gas-hydrothermal vents, which caused strong heating (up to 48°C) of cold sea waters and the
formation of an unusually acidic environment (pH approximately 3.5) in the Kraternaya Bay. The mollusks occurred at a water
temperature below 24°C and a pH above 4, but formed multiage populations at a temperature of 2–14°C and a pH of approximately
6.4–8.2. 相似文献
3.
González-Acuña D Venzal JM Keirans JE Robbins RG Ippi S Guglielmone AA 《Experimental & applied acarology》2005,37(1-2):147-156
New Neotropical records are presented for ticks belonging to the Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904, species group, together with a review of hosts and localities from which members of this complex have previously
been collected. The range of the I. auritulus species group is now understood to include Colombia, and 15 bird species are listed as new hosts. From Guatemala to southern
Argentina and Chile, specimens of the I. auritulus group have been found on birds belonging to the orders Ciconiiformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes,
Piciformes, Procellariiformes and Tinamiformes. Passeriform birds are probably the principal hosts, sustaining tick populations
throughout the Neotropics. Collection data have yielded four areas – southern South America (from 56° S to 51° S), southern
Brazil (25° S–22° S), south-central Peru (14° S–10° S) and Central America (10° N–15° N) – where the I. auritulus group appears to commonly parasitize birds, but additional collections may show that the range of this complex is less discontinuous
than currently perceived. Several morphological differences are described for ticks within and among these areas, but it is
still unclear whether the I. auritulus group comprises more than one species. 相似文献
4.
J. Oleksyn P.B. Reich L. Rachwal M.G. Tjoelker P. Karolewski 《Trees - Structure and Function》2000,14(7):415-421
On range-wide and regional scales, climate and site factors exert control over tree growth, masking the genetic basis of biomass
accumulation and allocation. To determine intrinsic population differences in productivity, aboveground net primary production
(ANPP) was measured in 16-year-old Scots pine from 19 geographically distinct populations grown in a common garden experiment
in central Poland (52°N). The populations originated from the northern (>55°N), central (54–47°N), and southern (<45°N) European
range of Scots pine. We calculated ANPP from aboveground growth components, using diameter-based allometric equations developed
for this site. Average foliage, aboveground woody and total ANPP differed significantly among populations and were greater
for central European populations than for the southern and northern ones. Stocking and total ANPP per tree were positively
correlated to stand aboveground biomass (r
2≥0.71). The relationship between the latitude of seed origin and ANPP was curvilinear and maximum for populations originating
near the planting site (52°N). ANPP declined in populations with increasing longitude eastward from the Atlantic Ocean towards
the center of the continent. This study underscores the potentially large genetic control of ANPP and biomass accumulation
among diverse Scots pine populations.
Received: 3 January 2000 / Accepted: 29 March 2000 相似文献
5.
Ecological niche modeling based on surface seawater (SST) and atmospheric (AT) temperature records was used to predict the
potential range of distribution of Crassostrea gigas, focusing on the South American coast as a study case. In its native range, the species maintains self-sustaining populations
at thermal regimes with mean SST ranging from 14.0° to 28.9°C for the warmest month and from −1.9° to 19.8°C for the coldest
month of the year. Settlement is also constrained to mean AT varying between 15° and 31°C for the warmest month and between
−23° and 14°C for the coldest month of the year. Latitudinal limits for the species’ distribution in South America predicted
by the analysis of AT regimes were Valdivia-Chiloe Island (39.8o–42.0°S, Chile) and Pisco (13.4°S, Peru) on the Pacific coast,
and San Julian port (49.3°S) (Argentina) and Garopaba-Rio Grande (28.0°–32.0°S, Brazil) on the Atlantic coast. Geographical
limits of distribution predicted by analysis of SST regimes were Chiloe Island (42.0°S, Chile) and Mancora (4.1°S, Peru) on
the Pacific coast, and Puerto Deseado ria (47.7°S, Argentina) and Paranaguá (25.7°S, Brazil) on the Atlantic coast. Therefore,
SST regimes would expand the potential range on the Pacific coast equatorward relative to AT. 相似文献
6.
E. B. Lopatina V. E. Kipyatkov S. V. Balashov D. A. Dubovikoff I. V. Sokolova 《Entomological Review》2012,92(2):135-145
The data are obtained on development time at six constant temperatures (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22°C) and thermal requirements
for preimaginal development in a ground beetle Amara communis from Arkhangelsk (64°34′N) and St. Petersburg (59°53′N). The larval and pupal development times were found to be significantly
shorter in the Arkhangelsk than in the St. Petersburg population under all temperatures. As a result, total preimaginal development
appeared to be shorter by 6.2–6.6% in the Arkhangelsk population. The regression lines of the larval, pupal and total (egg-to-adult)
development rate on temperature for the Arkhangelsk population run above and steeper than the respective lines for the St.
Petersburg population. Both populations share the similar values of the thermal thresholds (7.2–8.2°C). This explains faster
preimaginal development in the northern population under all temperatures above the threshold. Thus, the slope of the regression
lines increases, i.e., the sum of degree-days decreases, whereas the thermal threshold for development exhibited no distinctive
changes from south to north in this species. Adults from Arkhangelsk reared in the experiments appeared heavier on the average
in comparison with those from St. Petersburg, especially at 18–22°C. Temperature did not significantly affect adult weight,
except the fact that the beetles were slightly heavier at 20 and 22°C. Consequently, the well-known “temperature-size rule”
is violated in this species. Relative growth rate in larvae of A. communis increased considerably with temperature rise from 14 to 22°C. It was significantly higher in the beetles from Arkhangelsk
at 18–22°C. There were no differences in larval growth rate between the two populations at 14 and 16°C. 相似文献
7.
E. B. Vinogradova 《Entomological Review》2009,89(9):1019-1024
Three methods of short-term storage of the blowfly Calliphora vicina strains are considered based on the experimental study of 21 strains originating from different parts of the species range.
The colony can be preserved as diapausing adults at 6° and darkness for 2–3 months or more, depending on the geographical
origin of the population. During the first five days of adult life the flies should be kept at 12° and short day on a sugar
diet, after which they should be transferred into a refrigerator. During artificial hibernation the flies also require periodic
sugar feeding every 20 days (3–4 h at 20°C) to maintain their vital functions. The combination of temperatures of 20–23°C
and a protein diet terminates reproductive diapause, and oviposition starts in 10–17 days. The fly strain may be preserved
as reproductive females at 6°C and darkness with sugar feeding. Flies also require periodic sugar feeding at 20°C (3–4 hours).
In this case the flies start laying eggs 2–3 days after being transferred to 20–23°C. The preservation of diapausing larvae
is a more reliable method of prolonged strain storage. In this case the flies of maternal generation are maintained at 20–23°C
on sugar and protein diet. The egg rafts laid during 5–6 hours are then transferred into 12°C and short day until hatchment.
The hatched larvae should be immediately placed into a refrigerator (2–3 or 5–6°C), where they feed during 1–1.5 months and
enter diapause. For strain restoration, the diapausing larvae should be transferred into 20–25°C, where they pupariate in
3–5 days and the flies emerge in nearly 10 days. 相似文献
8.
The hypothesis that the Ajime-loach, Niwaella delicata, is guided to groundwater seepages by a positive thermotaxis in autumn, was tested by a field investigation and aquarium-based
experiments. A total of 763 individuals of N. delicata were captured from October to November in a groundwater trap in the Yasu River, Shiga Prefecture. Niwaella delicata began to be captured as the temperature of the surface water fell to 15.8° ± 1.1°C (mean ± SD) and that of the groundwater
to 15.5° ± 0.9°C. Groundwater was often warmer than surface water at night or occasionally all day, and the difference in
temperature reached a maximum of 1.3°C at the night on 5 November. For the diel pattern of captures, nocturnal capture was
higher than diurnal capture when the groundwater was warmer at night and colder during the daytime, whereas both diurnal and
nocturnal captures were high when the groundwater was always warmer than the surface water. The aquarium-based experiments
showed that N. delicata choose warmer water, ranging from 18.4° to 22.2°C, just before the capture period in the Yasu River, and are sensitive to
differences in water temperature of 1.3° ± 0.1°C. Although the present results broadly support the hypothesis, a part of the
results indicates that water temperature gradients may not be the only factor involved in the groundwater selection of N. delicata. 相似文献
9.
Basidiospore germination in an ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungus Hebeloma vinosophyllum was stimulated by 10–500 mM NH4Cl aqueous solution at pH 4.5–9.0, but not by pure water. The basidiospores germinated at 10°–35°C with an optimum at 25°–30°C.
The highest germination percentage (83.0%) was observed in 100 mM NH4Cl aqueous solution adjusted to pH 8.0 by KOH, when the basidiospores were incubated at a density of 106 spores/ml at 30°C for 14 days. The percent germination value decreased with the increased duration of storage under both
dry and wet conditions. Humidity and temperature affected the longevity of H. vinosophyllum basidiospores. The basidiospores maintained their germination ability longer under a dry condition than under a wet condition.
The greatest longevity was accomplished by storage at 15°C under a dry condition. 相似文献
10.
Nitrogenous excretion in two snails, Littorina saxatilis (high intertidal) and L. obtusata (low intertidal) was studied in relation to temperature acclimation (at 4° and 21°C), including total N excretion rates,
the fraction of urea in N excretion, corresponding O:N ratios and the partitioning of deaminated protein between catabolic
and anabolic processes at 4°, 11° and 21°C. Aggregate N excretion rates in both species showed no significant compensatory
adjustments following acclimation. Total weight specific N excretion rates at 21°C were higher in standard 3 mg L. saxatilis (739 ng N mg−1 h−1) than standard 5 mg L. obtusata (257 ng N mg−1 h−1) for snails acclimated to 21°C. Comparisons of Q10 values of total weight specific N excretion to Q10 values for weight specific oxygen consumption ({xxV}O2) between 4° to 11 °C and 11° to 21°C indicated that, while total rates of catabolic metabolism ({xxV}O2) and protein deamination in L. obtusata were essentially parallel, the relationship between N excretion and {xxV}O2 in L. saxatilis revealed the partitioning of a larger share of deaminated protein carbon into anabolism at 4° and 21°C than at 11°C. Urea
N accounted for a larger share of aggregate N excreted in L. saxatilis than in L. obtusata, but in both species urea N is a greater proportion of total N excreted when acclimated at 4°C (urea N: ammonia N ratio range:
1 to 2.15) than in snails acclimated to 21°C (urea N: ammonia N ratio range: 0.46 to 1.39). Molar O:N ratios indicate that
the proportion of metabolism supported by protein catabolism is greater in L. saxatilis (O:N range: 2.5–8.4) than in L. obtusata (O:N range: 7.3–13.0). In both species, regardless of acclimation temperature, the O:N ratios are generally lowest (high
protein catabolism) at 4°C and highest at 21°C. 相似文献
11.
Crowding effect in natural populations of three species ofSargassum, subtidal marine macrophytic algae, was investigated by harvesting all plants within a 1×1 m or 0.5×0.5m quadrat located
at depths of 3–5m in Tanabe Bay (33°41′N and 135°20′E).Sargassum populations conformed to the same 3/2 power law that holds in many terrestrial plant populations. 相似文献
12.
In winter of 2009/2010, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae bloomed in the ice and snow covered oligo-mesotrophic Lake Stechlin, Germany. The photosynthesis of the natural population was measured at eight temperatures in the range of 2–35°C, at nine different irradiance levels in the range of 0–1,320 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR at each applied temperature. The photoadaptation parameter (I k) and the maximum photosynthetic rate (P max) correlated positively with the temperature between 2 and 30°C, and there was a remarkable drop in both parameters at 35°C. The low I k at low temperatures enabled the active photosynthesis of overwintering populations at low irradiance levels under ice and snow cover. The optimum of the photosynthesis was above 20°C at irradiances above 150 μmol m−2 s−1. At lower irradiance levels (7.5–30 μmol m−2 s−1), the photosynthesis was the most intensive in the temperature range of 2–5°C. The interaction between light and temperature allowed the proliferation of A. flos-aquae in Lake Stechlin resulting in winter water bloom in this oligo-mesotrophic lake. The applied 2°C is the lowest experimental temperature ever in the photosynthesis/growth studies of A. flos-aquae, and the results of the P–I and P–T measurements provide novel information about the tolerance and physiological plasticity of this species. 相似文献
13.
Migration and reproduction of the Caspian Lamprey, Caspiomyzon wagneri, in the Shirud River were investigated during late-March to early-May at water temperatures ranging from 11 to 21.25°C. We
examined the effect of water temperature on timing of spawning migrations. There was a significant negative relationship between
temperature and intensive migration of Caspian Lamprey (p < 0.05). The most intensive migration of lampreys was at night (21:00–3:00 h) and when the water temperatures averaged 16°C
(34.43%). The overall sex ratio (male to female) was 1.07 to 1. The individual absolute fecundity was 31 ‘758–51’ 198 eggs
(mean±SD—41,924 ± 5,382). The egg diameter was 0.780–1.151 (0.92 ± 0.081) mm. The individual relative fecundity varies from
80.3 to 148.1 (107.2 ± 15.1) eggs per 1 mm of length and from 260.8 to 677.4 (397.6 ± 93) eggs per 1 g of weight. The gonadosomatic
index (GSI) of females was 5.83–31.44 (11.22 ± 4.30). 相似文献
14.
Chaetomium is a fungus species that inhabits different cellulose substrates. Some species of this genus destroy books, textile, and
wood. This genus is of particular interest due to its antagonistic and enzyme peculiarities. Studies on morphological and
cultural features of Chaetomium species have both theoretical and practical output. Growth rates and development of C. globosum, C. funicola, C. elatum, and C. spirale were studied under different temperatures (17–20°C, 25°C, 27°C, 30°C, and 33–35°C) and carbon source media (glucose, saccharose,
mannite, lactose, amylum, and cellulose). The optimal growth temperature was 25–27°C for all the studied species, while the
temperature range of 33–35°C inhibited the colonies’ growth. Growth dynamics and colony shape and morphology, as well as development
of overhead mycelium and ascocarps, varied greatly in different Chaetomium species in regard to the carbon source media. When comparing the destructive effect of four studied species and C. murorum on craft paper, the highest activity was registered for C. globosum, C. funicola, and C. elatum. 相似文献
15.
Reproductive traits at the beginning and the end of the annual reproductive season were compared between two populations of
the intertidal crab Chasmagnathus granulatus living in ecologically contrasting habitats: (1) Mar Chiquita (MC) (37°45′S, 57°19′W), a highly productive estuarine coastal
lagoon with strong salinity fluctuations. (2) San Antonio Bay (SA) (40°46′S, 64°50′), a physically stable but less productive
coastal marine environment. Number, size, and elemental composition (CHN) of eggs and larvae differed significantly between
populations. Regardless of the season, more but smaller eggs and larvae were produced in MC, while eggs and larvae from SA
revealed higher dry mass and C/N ratios indicating higher lipid content. A latitudinal temperature gradient cannot explain
these patterns, suggesting that other environmental factors including salinity, quality or quantity of benthic food sources
and productivity may be responsible. In both populations, fecundity and biomass per egg were higher at the beginning as compared
to the end of the reproductive season. As a consequence, the reproductive effort was consistently maximal at the beginning
of the season. At MC, also variability was found between two successive years. Intraspecific (both interpopulational and seasonal)
variations in reproductive and developmental traits may be important for the formation of physiologically different metapopulations
along the wide geographic range of C. granulatus. 相似文献
16.
S. D. Kashenko 《Russian Journal of Marine Biology》2009,35(5):422-430
The combined effects of temperatures of 14, 17, 20, 22, and 25°C and salinities of 36–12‰ on embryos and larvae of the sand
dollar Scaphechinus mirabilis was studied. Embryonic development is the most sensitive stage in the early ontogenesis of S. mirabilis. It is completed at a temperature of 14–20°C in a salinity range of 36–24‰ and at temperature of 22°C to 26‰. The fertilization
proceeds in wider ranges of temperature and salinity. Among the swimming larvae, blastulae showed the greatest resistance
to variations of these environmental factors. All the larvae survived at a temperature of 14–22°C and a salinity of 36–20‰,
and more than 70% of them at 18‰. The pluteus I is the most vulnerable stage; probably this is related to the formation of
the larval skeleton and transition to phytoplankton feeding. The survival of larvae at the age of 20 days was 100% at 14–22°
C and a salinity of 36–24‰, most of them survived at 14–20°C and a salinity 18‰. The temperature 25 ° C is the most damaging
for early development of S. mirabilis. The duration of development of that species lasts 28.5–29 days at 20°C and a salinity of 32.2–32.6‰. At 20 and 22°C, the
larvae settled and completed metamorphosis more quickly if sand from the parental habitat was present. The larvae did not
settle during the experiment (14 days) at 14 ° C and in the absence of sand. 相似文献
17.
The winter distribution of Newfoundland harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) was determined using sighting data collected during January and February from 1991 to 1995 aboard research vessels that
covered the northeastern continental shelf between 46–55°N and 47–54°W. Data were standardized for effort and sighting conditions.
Visual appraisals of data were made using a Geographical Information System. In contrast to historical perceptions, offshore
areas such as the northern part of the Grand Banks (48–49°N and 49–51°W) appear to be extremely important to wintering harp
seals. Southeastern shifts in distribution appear to have occurred since the early 1990s, particularly between the 1991–1993
and 1994–1995 periods. This southern shift in range agrees with the recent increase in extralimital occurrences of harp seals
along the North American east coast. Concurrent changes in environmental conditions suggest that physical and biological factors
may influence the distribution of this population.
Accepted: 22 May 2000 相似文献
18.
A. G. Arkhipov A. A. Mamedov T. A. Simonova I. A. Tenitskaya 《Russian Journal of Developmental Biology》2011,42(3):137-142
Changes in the quantitative composition of mass fish species at early stages of ontogenesis in different areas of the Central-Eastern
Atlantic (CEA) in warm and cold seasons in 1994–2008 were analyzed in the paper. The most widespread representatives of ichthyocenosis
of CEA were: European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus), common scad (Trachurus trachurus), round sardinella (Sardinella aurita), and West-African scad (Trachrus trecae). The data obtained indicate that, within the economic zone of Morocco, fluctuations of numbers at early stages of development
in European pilchard and common scad are close over the entire water area under consideration (36°–21° N). The regularities
of fluctuations of the numbers of ichthyoplankton are similar to the interannual changes in the biomass of fish in the area
of Morocco. In the area of Mauritania (21°–16° N), fluctuations of numbers of the early stages of development of commercial
fish cannot be unambiguously correlated with changes in the biomass of adult fish. It is known that, in the economic zone
of Mauritania, there are Senegal-Mauritanian populations of round sardinella and West-African scad that inhabit waters of
different states and are not completely assessed by our surveys. Therefore, no obvious relation was observed between the considered
data. 相似文献
19.
The possibility for Siberian salamanders to reproduce in the permafrost zone of Eurasia is due to specific thermal conditions
in small water bodies (pools) freezing to the bottom, rather than to the adaptive properties of the species. These conditions
are as follows: (1) meltwater in freezing marshland pools appears relatively early; (2) the rate of water warming increases
in the south-north direction due to the lengthening of the daylight period; (3) water temperature is higher than air temperature
but does not reach the values critical for S. keyserlingii eggs and larvae; and (4) the thawed silt layer prevents water cooling by the underlying permafrost bed. Reproduction of Siberian
salamanders in different parts of the species range begins under similar thermal conditions, which are formed 1.5–2 months
earlier in the south (the Jewish Autonomous Region) than in the north (the Chaun Bay coast). In any region, the onset of spawning
may vary by up to 30 days. The existence of Siberian salamanders in the tundra zone is facilitated by continuous daylight
during the polar day, which provides for rapid water warming to relatively high temperatures and creates additional opportunities
for larval feeding. These factors may account for the acceleration of amphibian ontogeny in the North, noted by Shvarts and
Ishchenko (1971). The northern boundary of the Siberian salamander range in Eastern Siberia is defined by the sum of water
temperatures over the warm season, which should be no less than 850–900°/day. This boundary in the tundras of Europe, Western
Siberia, and the Chukchi Peninsula is shifted southward, with its location being apparently dependent on some other factors. 相似文献
20.
The morphology of eggs and larvae of Awaous melanocephalus is described. The eggs measured 0.33–0.35 mm in long-axis diameter and 0.32–0.34 mm in short-axis diameter. Newly hatched
larvae (0.90–0.99 mm in notochord length, NL; 0.93–1.04 mm in total length, TL) were poorly developed, lacking a mouth and
having a large yolk sac and unpigmented eyes. The mouth opened and the eyes became fully pigmented 3 days after hatching (1.78–2.00 mm
NL, 1.88–2.10 mm TL). The yolk sac was completely absorbed 5 days after hatching at a water temperature of 27°–28°C. 相似文献