中国东北落叶松属植物分类学特征的分析Ⅰ——球果形态的地理变异

从中国东北的大兴安岭、小兴安岭、张广才岭及长白山地区采集落叶松球果进行了测定分析,结果表明:大兴安岭和小兴岭的落叶松球果,其形态多呈椭圆形,相对稳定,变异较小。张广才岭和长白山的落叶松球果多呈广卵形和卵形,变异较大。球果的长度和宽度性状较不稳定,不宜作为东北地区落叶松属内种间分类的依据。     

中国东北落叶松属植物分类学特征的分析I——球果形态的地理变异

从中国东北的大兴安岭、小兴安岭、张广才岭及长白山地区采集落叶松球果进行了测定分析,结果表明：大兴安岭和小兴岭的落叶松球果,其形态多呈椭圆形,相对稳定,变异较小。张广才岭和长白山的落叶松球果多呈广卵形和卵形,变异较大。球果的长度和宽度性状较不稳定,不宜作为东北地区落叶松属内种间分类的依据。     

中国东北地区远东鼩鼱遗传多样性与遗传结构

对中国东北地区3个种群(大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山山脉)的远东鼩鼱(77个样本)Cyt b基因全序列进行分析,共获得64个单倍型。整体单倍型多态性为0.9920,核苷酸多态性为0.0105,表明该地区远东鼩鼱具有较高遗传多样性,且长白山山脉远东鼩鼱种群遗传多样性明显高于大兴安岭和小兴安岭种群。F-统计量、遗传相似系数和遗传距离分析结果均显示,种群间和采样地间的遗传距离与地理距离基本相符。方差分析显示,种群间的变异占总变异的33.4%,种群内的采样地间变异占总变异的10.2%,采样点内部变异占总变异的56.4%。种群历史分析显示,东北地区远东鼩鼱未经历过数量扩张。从GenBank下载了欧亚其他地区远东鼩鼱序列进行遗传结构研究。远东鼩鼱系统发生树分化为2大分支:一大支主要由大兴安岭和小兴安岭种群构成,两种群具有一定分化;另一大支又分为两个分支。中介网络图显示,远东鼩鼱具有3个谱系:一个谱系主要由大兴安岭和小兴安岭的单倍型样本构成,还包括长白山山脉的4个单倍型样本;另一谱系包括来自于中国东北地区3个种群的个别单倍型,还包括俄罗斯贝加尔湖单倍型和芬兰单倍型;最后一个谱系完全是由长白山山脉单倍型构成。遗传多样性、系统发生树和中介网络图结果均表明,长白山山脉为远东鼩鼱末次冰期避难所。     

销声匿迹的东北虎

东北虎Panthera tigris amurensis是现存虎类中体型最大的一种,主要分布于我国黑龙江省小兴安岭、完达山脉、老爷岭、张广才岭和吉林省的长白山地区;国外分布在原苏联远东地区的阿穆尔州和滨海边区;朝鲜半岛也有少量分布。由于人类活动造成的生境破坏和环境变迁,到六十年代末,东北虎的种群数量骤衰锐减,目前,可供东北虎藏身和觅食的森林     

2000-2008年中国东北地区植被净初级生产力的模拟及季节变化

利用GLOPEM-CEVSA模型模拟并分析了中国东北地区2000-2008年植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空分布格局及其影响因素,并以4个森林生态站点(大兴安岭、老爷岭、凉水和长白山森林生态站)为例研究了东北地区森林NPP季节变化特征及其环境驱动.结果表明:2000-2008年,东北地区植被年均NPP为445 g C·m-2·a-1;整个研究区沿长白山山脉到小兴安岭山脉地区以及三江平原部分地区的NPP最高,沿长白山山脉到小兴安岭山脉西侧的辽河平原、松嫩平原东部、三江平原和大兴安岭地区次之,西部稀疏草原和荒漠地区的NPP最低.东北地区森林生态系统年均NPP最高,其次为灌丛、农田和草地,荒漠最低.森林生态系统中,针阔混交林年均NPP最大(722 g C·m-2·a-1),落叶针叶林年均NPP最小(451 g C·m-2·a-1).研究期间,森林NPP无显著年际变化,其中2007、2008年较往年NPP大幅增加,很可能与该地区期间气温上升有关(较往年偏高1 ℃=～2℃).东北地区森林自北向南生长季开始时间逐渐提前,生长季变长.     

小兴安岭红皮云杉年轮-气候关系及其衰退原因

运用树木年轮学方法,建立了小兴安岭丰林自然保护区不同海拔2个红皮云杉树轮宽度年表,研究其与局地温度、降水、帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)及大尺度气候因子的关系,探讨红皮云杉径向生长的主要限制因子,分析其近几十年衰退的原因.结果表明： 小兴安岭红皮云杉径向生长受温度限制作用强于降水,且生长季最低温度限制最强.不同海拔红皮云杉径向生长对气候响应存在明显差异：低海拔红皮云杉径向生长与生长季(6—9月)年降水量呈显著正相关;与不同深度土壤温度呈显著负相关,80 cm土层土温在生长季阶段限制作用最强;与PDSI在生长季呈显著正相关.高海拔红皮云杉与空气温度、降水、土壤温度及PDSI的关系没有低海拔显著.小兴安岭红皮云杉衰退可能与北大西洋多年代际振荡(AMO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)的相位转变以及1980年后的显著升温有一定关联,上述因素的耦合作用使该区土壤蒸发量加大,暖干化现象加剧,进而导致低海拔红皮云杉生长衰退.     

东北森林与生态平衡

东北地区包括辽、吉、黑三省和内蒙古东部四盟,为一个完整的自然经济区域,本区内森林资源丰富,自古称著于世。从地质年代第四纪之后,本区植物群落基本形成,大兴安岭南北两坡分布茂密的寒温带针叶林,小兴安岭、完达山、老爷岭、张广才岭以及长白山林区生长的红松为主的针阔叶混交林。林区的特点是珍贵树种较多,如红松、落叶松、云冷杉、樟子松等针叶树种,椴、水曲柳、黄菠萝等阔叶树种。林区内动、植物种类繁多,经济价值较高,如出产著名的东北虎、驼鹿、紫貂、黑熊等     

蒙古栎苗期种源分析

对带岭试验地25个蒙古栎种源的树高、地径进行调查分析,得到如下结论：（1）蒙古栎1年生苗高、地径及6年生树高、地径间呈正相关且达到了极显著水平。蒙古栎种源各生长性状存在着显著性差异,这表明蒙古栎种源选择是十分必要的。苇河、集安种源可初步作为带岭试验地的优良种源应用于林业生产。（2）蒙古栎地理变异总趋势受经纬度影响,其中经度影响略大。（3）不同蒙古栎种源生长性状、地理、气象因子之间具有一定的相关性。（4）将参试的25个种源划分为3个种源区,Ⅰ区种源多数分布在长白山南部、龙岗山一带,Ⅱ区种源多数分布在长白山及老爷岭,Ⅲ区种源位于小兴安岭和张广才岭。     

祁连山青海云杉天然群体的种实性状表型多样性

 以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia )天然分布区的10个群体的8个种实性状进行了比较分析。采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行了讨论。方差分析结果表明,各种实性状在群体间都存在极显著差异,除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异;表型分化系数即群体间变异为27.18%,小于群体内的变异(72.82%);球果长、球果径、球果干质量、球果形状指数、种子长、种子宽、千粒重和种子形状指数的变异系数分别为：10.08%、5.80%、19.29%、9.66%、8.38%、15.34%、6.52%和13.94%;8个种实性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关,球果干质量、种子长、千粒重、球果长和球果径为青海云杉易测定和重要的种实性状;种实性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性;通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4类。     

东北林区不同尺度森林的含碳率

准确估算森林生态系统碳储量对整个陆地生态系统碳循环及全球变化研究具有至关重要的作用.本研究利用2007、2008年东北林区(大兴安岭林区、小兴安岭林区、张广才岭和长白山林区)标准地调查数据及同一时期的一类样地清查数据,采用地面乔、灌、草生物量模型及实验室Multi N/C 3000分析仪测定的林木含碳率,计算不同尺度上森林生物量及碳储量,分析不同尺度森林含碳率的变化及稳定性.结果表明: 东北林区林木不同器官的含碳率差异明显,其平均含碳率为树叶(0.4448)＞树枝(0.4422)＞树皮(0.4398)＞树干(0.4351).张广才岭和长白山林区针叶林的含碳率高于阔叶林,而大、小兴安岭林区阔叶林的含碳率高于针叶林.研究区域森林的含碳率相对稳定,东北林区森林总含碳率为0.44.     

天然红松种群形态特征地理变异的研究

在我国红松天然分布区内,根据纬度和海拔的差异,选取了凉水、小北湖和长白山３个地区具有典型代表性下的天然红松林,进行了形态结构的观测分析。分单株采样,测量了一级枝针叶的长度,球果长度、宽度、每球果含种子数目,种子的重量,树皮的形态。结果表明：红松平均针叶长度在我国分布区风呈现中间长、南北短的趋势。种群内针叶的变异幅度凉山地区最大（０．１４８６）,长白山地我最小（０．１０５６）;种群间针叶长度变异较大     

在韩国境内Potentilla fragarioides var .sprengeliana的遗传多样性和种群结构(英文)

根据 2 2个等位酶位点遗传变异 ,探讨了韩国境内委陵菜 (PotentillafragarioidesL .var.sprengeliana)的遗传多样性和种群结构。酶位点的多态位点百分比为 5 9 1%。种和种群水平上的遗传多样性比较高 ,分别为Hes=0 .2 10 ,Hep=0 .199;而种群的分化水平则相对较低 (GST=0 .0 74)。 19个种群中随机交配的偏差为FIS=0 .331。每代迁移数的间接估计 (Nm=3.15 )表明该种在韩国的种群间基因流较高。另外 ,固定指数分析显示在一些种群和位点有轻微的杂合子缺乏。种群间平均遗传一致度为 0 985。这些韩国委陵菜种群存在于较为均一的生境 ,这很有可能是造成其种群遗传一致性较高的原因。     

Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Clonal Herb,Potentilla fragarioides var. sprengeliana (Rosaceae) in Korea

The genetic diversity and population structure of Potentilla fragarioides var. sprengeliana(Rosaceae) in Korea were investigated using genetic variation at 22 allozyme loci. The percent of polymorphic loci within the enzymes was 59.1%. The genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was high (Hes=0.210; Hep=0.199, respectively), whereas the extent of the population divergence was relatively low (GST=0.074). FIS, a measure of the deviation from random mating within the 19 populations, was 0.331. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=3.15) indicates that gene flow is high among Korean populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a slight heterozygote deficiency in some populations and at some loci. The mean genetic identity between populations was 0.985. It is highly probable that the trend of genetic uniformity in a relatively homogeneous habitat is thought to be operated among Korean populations of P. fragarioides var.sprengeliana.     

Evolutionary implications of allozyme and RAPD variation in diploid populations of dioecious buffalograss Buchloë dactyloides

Buffalograss, Buchloë dactyloides, is widely distributed throughout the Great Plains of North America, where it is an important species for rangeland forage and soil conservation. The species consists of two widespread polyploid races, with narrowly endemic diploid populations known from two regions: central Mexico and Gulf Coast Texas. We describe and compare the patterns of allozyme and RAPD variation in the two diploid races, using a set of 48 individuals from Texas and Mexico (four population samples of 12 individuals each). Twelve of 22 allozyme loci were polymorphic, exhibiting 35 alleles, while seven 10-mer RAPD primers revealed 98 polymorphic bands. Strong regional differences were detected in the extent of allozyme polymorphism: Mexican populations exhibited more internal gene diversity (H_e= 0.20, 0.19) than did the Texan populations (H_e= 0.08, 0.06), although the number of RAPD bands in Texas (n= 62) was only marginally smaller than in Mexico (n= 68). F-statistics for the allozyme data, averaged over loci, revealed strong regional differentiation (mean F_RT=+ 0.30), as well as some differentiation among populations within regions (mean F_PR=+ 0.09). In order to describe and compare the partitioning of genetic variation for multiple allozyme and RAPD loci, we performed an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA). AMOVA for both allozyme and RAPD data revealed similar qualitative patterns: large regional differences and smaller (but significant) population differences within regions. RAPDs revealed greater variation among regions (58.4% of total variance) than allozymes (45.2%), but less variation among individuals within populations (31.9% for RAPDs vs. 45.2% for allozymes); the proportion of genetic variance among populations within regions was similar (9.7% for RAPDs vs. 9.6% for allozymes). Despite this large-scale concordance of allozyme and RAPD variation patterns, multiple correlation Mantel techniques revealed that the correlations were low on an individual by individual basis. Our findings of strong regional differences among the diploid races will facilitate further study of polyploid evolution in buffalograss.     

DIFFERENTIATION AMONG NINE POPULATIONS OF PHLOX. I. ELECTROPHORETIC AND QUANTITATIVE VARIATION

The organization of genetic variation in Phlox drummondii was investigated using both allozyme electrophoresis and quantitative genetics. Variation at five polymorphic enzyme loci was characterized in nine populations, and variation in 16 morphological and life-history characters was examined using an analysis of full- and half-sibs in seven populations. Significant levels of genetic variation were found at enzyme loci and for metric characters. Significant heritabilities were observed for 15 of the 16 characters examined. Genetic differences among populations were revealed both by Nei's genetic distance and by phenotypic differences, summarized by discriminant analysis. Partitioning variance in allozyme frequencies among hierarchical levels of genetic organization indicated that 94% of this variance lay within populations, 4% between populations within varieties, and 2% between varieties. Partitioning phenotypic variance for metric characters indicated that 73% lay within populations, 24% lay between populations within varieties, and 3% lay between varieties. Thus, both electrophoretic and metric characters indicated that despite extensive genetic differentiation among populations, most of the evolutionary potential of the species lies within populations.     

天然红松群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术分析了分布于中国东北的3个红松（Pinus koraiensis Seib.et Zucc.）天然群体的遗传多样性及群体间的遗传分化。38个随机引物共检测到241个可重复的位点,其中多态位点139个,占总位点的57.68%。Shannon信息指数和Nei指数的统计结果都表明,红松种内的遗传变异主要存在于群体内,凉水群体的遗传多样性水平高于黑河、虎林群体。群体内遗传相似度为0.927,群体间为0.845。红松现阶段对偏低的遗传多样性水平与第四纪冰期所遭受的严重打击和人类近期的干扰有较大关系。     

Gene Diversity and Genetic Differentiation in Natural Populations of Picea koraiensis

Vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to examine inheritance of four isoenzymes in megagametophytes of Picea koraiensis. Gene diversity and genetic differentiation in four natural populations of P. koraiensis in Northeastern China were analyzed at six loci coding for four enzyme systems. The proportion of loci polymorphism in population was 0.5. The average expected heterozygosity of all samples was 0. 314, and the average observed heterozygosity of all samples was 0. 316. The average number of alleles detected per locus was 2.50. The effective number of alleles per locus was 1. 71. Measurement of gene diversity for the six loci showed a 0. 0059 significance of interpopulation differentiation. More than ninety-nine percent of the total gene diversity resided within population. The mean genetic distance over all pairs of P. koraiensis was 0. 0110.     

Allozyme and morphological variation in two subspecies of Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae)in Alaska

The Alaskan endemic shrub Dryas octopetala ssp. alaskensis and its circumpolar conspecific ssp. octopetala are adapted to closely adjacent habitats in alpine areas of Alaska. These alpine areas form geographically disjunct "islands" among which there are limited opportunities for gene flow. Allozyme electrophoresis and a common garden experiment were used to examine genetic variation between subspecies and among disjunct populations of each subspecies. Overall, allozyme variation in D. octopetala is low with little differentiation among populations or between subspecies. Morphological differences, however, are greater between subspecies than among populations within subspecies. Divergence for a few morphological and life-history characters has apparently occurred in response to strong selection, but without divergence at allozyme loci. The ancestors of both subspecies of D. octopetala in Alaska were isolated during the Pleistocene in the glacial refugia of Alaska and Yukon, which may explain low overall variation. Dryas. o. alaskensis is thought to be a Pleistocene derivative of ssp. octopetala, which may account for the low allozyme divergence between subspecies. Recent restriction to alpine areas may explain the low differentiation among disjunct populations.     

Population Genetic structure ofPotentilla fragariodes var.major (Rosaceae) in Korea

The genetic diversity and population structure of eighteenPotentilla fragariodes var.major (Rosaceae) populations in Korea were determined using genetic variations at 22 allozyme loci. The percent of polymorphic loci within the enzymes was 66.7%. Genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was high (Hes = 0.203; Hep = 0.185, respectively), whereas the extent of the population divergence was relatively low (G_ST = 0.069). F_IS, a measure of the deviation from random mating within the 18 populations, was 0.075. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 3.36) indicated that gene flow was high among Korean populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a slight heterozygote deficiency in some populations and at some loci. Wide geographic ranges, perennial herbaceous nature and the persistence of multiple generations are associated with the high level of genetic variation. AlthoughP. fragariodes var.major usually propagated by asexually-produced ramets, we could not rule out the possibility that sexual reproduction occurred at a low rate because each ramet may produce terminal flowers. Mean genetic identity between populations was 0.983. It is highly probable that directional movement toward genetic uniformity in a relatively homogeneous habitat operates among Korean populations ofP. fragariodes var.major.     

Extremely low levels of genetic diversity in the terrestrial orchid Epipactis thunbergii (Orchidaceae) in South Korea: implications for conservation

Levels of allozyme variation, population genetic structure, and fine-scale genetic structure (FSGS) of the rare, both sexually and clonally reproducing terrestrial orchid Epipactis thunbergii were examined for eight ( N  = 734) populations in a 20 × 20-km area in South Korea. Twenty-three putative allozyme loci resolved from 15 enzyme systems were used. Extremely low levels of allozyme variation were found within populations: the mean frequency of polymorphic loci was 3.8% [isocitrate dehydrogenase ( Idh-2 ) with two alleles was polymorphic across populations], the mean number of alleles per locus was 1.04, and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.013. The overall fixation index was not significantly different from zero ( F _IS = 0.069), although the species is self-compatible. However, a significantly high degree of population differentiation was found between populations at Idh-2 ( F _ST = 0.388) in the studied area. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed a significant FSGS (up to 3 m) within populations. These observations suggest that the main explanatory factors for the extremely low levels of genetic diversity and the shaping of the population genetic structure of E. thunbergii are genetic drift as a result of a small effective population size, a restricted gene flow, and the isolation of populations. Considering the current genetic structure of E. thunbergii , three guidelines are suggested for the development of conservation strategies for the species in South Korea: (1) protection of habitats of standing populations; (2) prohibition by law of any collection of E. thunbergii ; and (3) protection of nearby pollinator populations, given the fact that fruit set in natural habitats is very low.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 155 , 161–169.