国外动物生物技术研究和产业化趋势分析

生物技术在全世界范围取得了飞速的进展,与此同时其应用和产业化在各国政府、科研机构和生物技术公司的大力参与和激烈竞争中也逐步加快,预计它将成为许多国家经济的重要支柱产业之一。一些重大生物研究项目如人类基因组计划、克隆技术等开始引起公众的广泛注意。综述了２０世纪９０ 来动物生物技术的发展状况,对基因组研究、转基因动物、克隆技术和细胞培养等重要研究方向作了介绍和分析。     

制作实验动物组织切片的质量控制

实验动物组织制片要比人体组织制片有一定难度,这是动物组织的性质和特点,因此我们多年来为了解决制片质量问题,而从动物的的固定、取材、脱水、透明、浸蜡、包理和染色环节中,进行了系列性反复实验,已形成了完整的动物制片改进方法。此法适用于大批动物组织制片质量的控制,是目前较为理想的动物制片方法。材料和方法一、组织固定与取材的方法:本室选用12%中性甲醛固定液,动物解剖时候,将各     

青藏高原摄珍奇

我的动物摄影源于青藏高原。1979年我带领两位专业摄影师赴青藏高原为第一部《中国珍稀濒危动物》画册拍摄野生动物图片。我们的工作地在海拔4500米以上的祁连山、昆仑山、唐古拉山和喜马拉雅山。那里山高路险,环境恶劣,刚开始工作不久,两位摄影师就遗憾地相继折回上海了,从事野生动物专业工作的我被“逼上梁山”,孤身一人带着国产海鸥DF相机、DF500反射镜头(人称“大炮筒子”),就这样边学边摄,开始了我的野生动物摄影生涯。为时4个半月,不仅学会了摄影,也圆满地完成了野生动物图片的摄影任务,首次拍摄到一批青藏高原特有珍稀动物照片。如今二十多年过去了,每当我回顾起当时的拍摄经历还感觉津津有味。     

转基因动物在生物制药工业中的应用

简要论述了转基因动物的概念、制作方法及应用领域,回顾了转基因动物技术的发展及现状,分析了转基因动物与克隆动物的区别.就转基因动物在制药工业和生物医药领域中的国内外研究与开发应用情况进行了阐述,同时展望了转基因动物制药的发展前景及对社会的影响.     

转基因动物研究进展及前景

本文综述了国内外转基因动物的概念、制备、意义、应用、特点等方面的研究进展,系统分析了转基因研究中的问题及其原因,展望了转基因动物的前景。     

悉生动物的发展及应用

<正>最早的无菌生物试验,可以追溯到1838年Boussingaul在“无菌”土壤中关于植物固氮的实验。正式的悉生生物实验的概念由Pasteur(1885)提出,他自己也做了大量的实验。后来,他的学生Schottelieus(19o2)进一步完善了他的观点,他们认为,如果清除了所定居的微生物,即在无菌状态下,宿主动物将难以生存。根据“适者生存”的进化观点,微生物是宿主必不可少的共生物,这是种系发生过程中形成的。他们的看法引起了争论,Nencki(1886)和Metchnikoff(1903)等人     

动物实验的道德意识

要认识生命过程，生物学实验是必不可少的，这些实验的最终目的是使人们更加尊重所有的生物。在生物学研究和教学过程中，不可避免地要使用实验动物。实验用动物（Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌａｎｉｍａｌ）一词，包括所有脱离自然环境而用于研究、教学和试验的动物。建立人道主义对待动物的主导思想，重视并处理好优化动物、人道对待动物、有效研究和教学三者之间同等重要的关系是每一位生物学科研和教学工作者应该慎重考虑的问题。使用有知觉动物应将下述各项原则应用于研究和教学实验工作中。Ｒｕｓｓｅｌｌ和Ｂｕｒｓｈ提出了“３Ｒ”原则…     

国外动物形态学研究的新动向

国外动物形态学在50年代经历了低谷阶段,而近20年又呈现出生机蓬勃的局面。无论从学科内容上还是从方法学上都有了许多更新,使这门古老的学科又焕发出青春。 20世纪50年代——解剖学的衰落动物形态学被认为是生物学科中历史最悠久的领域,也同样地被认为是生物学各分支学     

固着生活的动物

动物界中有许多营固着生活的种类。它们绝大多数分布于海洋中,少数分布于淡水。固着的方式多种多样。本文对固着动物的分布、代表动物、固着方式及作用等作了介绍。     

萤光及其他动物光

介绍了萤光产生的原理,生理功能及动物界存在３种发光方式,并展望了人类利用动物光的前景。     

THE CRETACEOUS PTERIDOSPERMS RUFLORINIA AND KTALENIA AND IMPLICATIONS ON CUPULE AND CARPEL EVOLUTION

The vegetative (Ruflorinia sierra) and fertile (Ktalenia circularis) organs of an Early Cretaceous pteridosperm collected from Santa Cruz Province in Argentina are described. The sterile leaf is at least tripinnate and bears decurrent secondary pinnae with obliquely attached, sharply pointed pinnules. The fertile member arises from the base of the vegetative rachis and bears two types of appendages, cupules and bracts. Bracts are attached to the main axis near cupules and are present in clusters of up to six. Cupules are sessile, spherical, and arranged in opposite or subopposite pairs along the axis. A small lip is present on one surface of the cupule. The number of seeds per cupule may be one or two, with each characterized by a distal nucellar beak and circular, chalazal scar. Cuticular anatomy, including the fine structure of the stomatal complex, is described for both vegetative and reproductive organs. The cupules of Ktalenia and other Mesozoic seed plants are compared, and a discussion presented regarding the possible function of the cupule.     

腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的形态特征及其系统关系——下颌骨的形态与比较

本文通过禄丰腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的下颌骨与现代大猿类和其它同时代的古猿及南方古猿类的下颌骨的比较得出:禄丰的两类古猿有不少特征与猩猩相似,因此它们可能与猩猩有较密切的关系,两类古猿可能是同一类型的雌雄个体。但另一方面,禄丰腊玛古猿又显示出一些与南方古猿相似的性状,因而另一种可能是腊玛古猿是与西瓦古猿不同的类型,它比西瓦古猿更接近于人猿的共同主干。     

HIGH AND LOW DENSITY WATER AND RESTING,ACTIVE AND TRANSFORMED CELLS

Resting and active states of cells are described in terms of the expectation, derived from experiments with aqueous polymers, that they contain two modified forms of water: high density, reactive, fluid water and low density, inert, viscous water. Low density water predominates in a resting cell and is converted to high density water in an active cell. It is proposed that switching from one state to another is an integral part of cellular function. When this ability is lost cells are transformed either to a state of rigor or to a hyperactive state in which they no longer depend upon external signals.     

FACTS AND FALLACIES ABOUT GONORRHEA AND SYPHILIS

The limitations and special usefulness of clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of gonorrhea are poorly understood and utilized by the average practitioner today. Most physicians and clinics, lulled by complacency or lack of ancillary aid in the area of diagnosis, proceed by measures based in many instances upon past fallacy rather than upon the facts recently developed by research in this disease. The same circumstances apply concerning treatment and management of this disease, particularly in females.All physicians are potentially capable of giving excellent treatment for syphilis today. The problem is to properly diagnose the disease, manage the patient and deal with the source. Looming large in the area of diagnosis is the interpretation of serologic tests for syphilis. No serologic test diagnoses syphilis, but rather gives information as to the immunologic status of the the patient in relation to reagin and treponemal antibodies. None of the antibodies measured in these tests are absolutely specific for syphilis alone.There is no substitute for a well-informed physician, who knows his patient, to relate and interpret even the best of treponemal serologic tests.     

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE AND NUCELLUS IN RESTIONACEAE AND FLAGELLARIACEAE

Restionaceae are characterized by Polygonum-type development, a well-developed hypostase, the presence of starch grains in the mature female gametophyte, and a thick nucellus that is uniseriate at the micropylar end. Flagellaria indica differs in these characters. In general, proliferation of antipodals occurs in South African taxa of Restionaceae but not in Australasian taxa. The presence of multiplied antipodals is the usual condition in the allied family Poaceae, but the sporadic occurrence of this character in Restionaceae cannot be used to support the view that the two families are sister groups.     

花叶开唇兰（兰科）大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育

花叶开唇兰的胚珠倒生,双珠被,薄珠心．雌配子体发育属蓼型,成熟胚囊７细胞．大小孢子发生过程中壁上都有胼胝质出现．小孢子四分体为四面体形,左右对称形,交叉形,Ｔ形,它们聚集成花粉小块．花粉散出时为２细胞型．药室壁４层,绒毡层底分泌型．     

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION DURING AGING AND SENESCENCE

1. The published results on protein synthesis during aging are contradictory. Possible sources of error and variability include: an insufficient number of different animal ages used; use of whole organs that are cytologically highly heterogeneous; different animal strains; neglecting to measure the specific activity of the precursor pool for protein synthesis; and inadequate methodology for measurement of in vivo rates of protein synthesis. 2. In general, protein synthesis rates in mammals have been reported to decline 4–70% with age. In insects and other organisms, greater losses (60–90%) have been observed. 3. Limited evidence indicates that in some systems a decline in the rate of protein synthesis may be due to alterations (as yet of unknown nature) in the initiation components of the protein synthetic apparatus. Futhermore, some studies suggest that in some organisms aging affects the expression of specific parts of the genome. 4. The significance of results on protein metabolism obtained from some studies with nematodes is at present unknown, owing to problems associated with age-synchronization methods. Also, the in vitro fibroblast system for the study of human cellular aging has not been met with universal acceptance; it is generally believed that this system has not yet been established as a valid analogy to mammalian aging in vivo. 5. Failure to detect defective enzymes in many old organisms indicates at least that not all proteins are altered during aging. The complete thermal stability of purified enzymes from old organisms suggests that the observed thermolability of the same enzymes in crude cell extracts is not an intrinsic property of those enzymes. Post-translational modifications (partial denaturation) may constitute the primary mechanism for the production of altered cell polypeptides during aging. 6. The available evidence does not support the concept of an age-dependent decline in translational accuracy. The future purification to absolute homogeneity of an altered enzyme and its ‘young’ (unaltered) counterpart, and their sequencing, should resolve the question of translational errors. 7. Some degree of age-related ribosome loss appears to occur in fixed postmitotic cells. In general, the published polyribosomal profiles may represent artefacts due to insufficiently suppressed ribonuclease activity during extraction. 8. The published studies on protein degradation during aging are also contradictory. Some investigators have neglected the possibility of reutilization of labelled amino acid. It is possible that some of the observed age-related alterations in protein degradation rates are due to altered endocrine status of the animals used, rather than to defects in the protein degradative pathways. The studies utilizing cell culture systems are also contradictory, probably due to different experimental designs. 9. Limited evidence suggests that protein degradation may slow down with age in mammals and nematodes. An inefficient protein degradation system in old organisms could provide an explanation for the accumulation of altered macromolecules in some organisms. Virtually nothing is known about regulatory mechanisms of protein degradation during senescence. 10. There is a need to examine which proteins are synthesized and degraded at selectively different rates as a function of age and what their physiological role is. This approach would be more informative than the study of total protein turnover with age. 11. The physiological significance, and the causes of the observed declines in protein synthesis and degradation rates during aging and senescence, remain to be established.     

茎点霉和叶点霉两属的新种及国内新记录种

本文对采自东北地区的115份茎点霉(Phoma)和叶点霉(Phyllosticta)的标本进行分类研究,有新种2个和国内新记录种9个。新种是木瓜生叶点霉(Phyllosticta chaenomelesicola L.Yu et Bai)和草玉铃生叶点霉(Phyllosticta convallaricola L.Yu et Bai)。新种有拉丁文和汉文描述及图。对新记录种作了简要介绍。模式标本保存于沈阳农业大学植保系真菌标本室(HMSAU)。     

香港珍稀濒危植物的分布及保育

在第一批共３８８种中国重点保护的珍稀濒危植物中,有１４种分布于香港特别行政区。其中蕨类植物２种,裸子植物２种,被子植物１０种。此１４种珍稀濒危植物,除了狭叶瓶尔小草外,亦分布于广东省。而其中被列为国家级渐危种类的土沉香及白桂木,在香港则较为常见。本文阐述了此１４种珍稀濒危植物在香港的分布情况及其保育工作。     

DHA和EPA的生理功能及其应用

综述了DHA和EPA的分布、生理功能及应用;并提出了存在的问题。