8种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的田间药效试验简报

8种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的田间药效试验表明：20 d后,1.8%阿维菌素乳油对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果达90.52%,20%三唑磷的防治效果为40.12%,18%杀虫双的防治效果为67.77%;阿维菌素乳油比杀虫双和三唑磷防效分别提高22.75和50.4个百分点,且防效时间长、经济省力、无药害现象发生,在水稻上使用安全.     

吡虫啉对烟田节肢动物群落的影响研究

利用群落参数分析了吡虫啉对烟田节肢动物群落及其各亚群落的影响。结果表明,施药后对烟田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落的物种数有一定的影响,对天敌昆虫和蜘蛛亚群落物种数的影响不明显。5月23日施药后至6月13日施药区(Ⅱ)和对照区节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落个体数均下降,下降程度施药区大于对照区。6月14日施药后施药区节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落个体数下降,对照区显著上升。两次施药对天敌昆虫和蜘蛛亚群落个体数的影响不明显,施药后一段时间内优势种烟蚜种群个体数量显著下降,使节肢动物群落和害虫亚群落优势集中性下降,多样性指数和稳定性增加。     

茶园间作不同绿肥对节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响

【目的】研究在茶园中合理间作绿肥对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。【方法】本文在茶园中分别设间作铺地木兰+罗顿豆、圆叶决明+白三叶、白三叶+平托花生3种不同绿肥组合处理,并设不间作绿肥、常规除草的茶园为对照。【结果】间作不同绿肥均能提高茶园节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和群落多样性,提高茶园捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌在茶园冠层群落的比率;不同处理茶园冠层节肢动物Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致;茶冠层的节肢动物群落多样性指数在4类不同处理茶园间差异显著;间作绿肥增加了茶园的生物多样性,4类不同处理茶园茶冠层群落相似性系数在0.741~0.892之间,表明4类不同处理茶园冠层群落在物种组成上有较高的相似性。4类不同处理茶园害虫与天敌两类群功能团的丰盛度之间成显著的正相关,表明天敌对害虫的空间数量跟随效应强,主要表现为二者数量间的相互作用。灰色关联度分析表明在4类不同处理茶园中的群落节肢动物物种数/个体数、天敌物种数/害虫物种数、害虫丰富度与多样性指数和均匀度指数的关联系数较高,反应了群落的多样性和稳定性。【结论】间作增强了茶园群落的生物多样性,提高害虫天敌的种类和个体数,有利有效发挥天敌对有害生物的生态控制。     

亚致死剂量杀虫剂对异色瓢虫繁殖力的影响

为协调害虫的化学防治与生物防治,测定了吡虫啉、鱼藤酮、氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素、抗蚜威和印楝素6种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对异色瓢虫成虫繁殖力的影响．结果表明,各处理异色瓢虫每雌每日产卵量为40～55粒,吡虫啉接触法和饲喂法预处理及鱼藤酮和印楝素饲喂预处理后,均显著低于对照．所有处理间每雌累积产卵量差异不显著．6种药剂2种方式处理异色瓢虫后,其所产卵的孵化率均低于对照,从卵发育至蛹期的累积存活率均显著降低．吡虫啉两种方式处理和氰戊菊酯接触处理,从卵至蛹期的总发育历期显著延长,鱼藤酮两种方式处理和氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素、抗蚜威、印楝素饲喂法处理的总发育历期明显比对照缩短,而鱼藤酮和阿维菌素接触处理的与对照差异不显著．药剂直接浸渍处理异色瓢虫卵后,各处理卵的孵化率均较对照降低．氰戊菊酯处理的l龄幼虫存活率也明显较对照低,2龄至蛹期的存活率也有所下降．鱼藤酮和氰戊菊酯处理的总发育历期显著延长．这些研究结果显示,低剂量的杀虫剂对异色瓢虫繁殖力的影响很复杂,药剂的类型、作用方式、毒性高低以及给药途径等均影响到试验结果．     

转Bt基因及其亲本水稻上褐飞虱对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯的反应

以转Bt基因抗虫水稻T1C-19(含cry1C基因)和T2A-1(含cry2A基因)及其亲本水稻MH63为材料,用20和40 mg·L^-1的三唑磷以及1、3和6 mg·L^-1的溴氰菊酯喷雾分别处理稻株上的3龄褐飞虱若虫,研究了两种农药对转Bt基因抗虫水稻上褐飞虱再猖獗的影响.结果表明： 三唑磷处理对褐飞虱的若虫历期无显著性影响,溴氰菊酯则能显著降低若虫历期,但随着两种药剂处理浓度的升高,若虫的存活率降低、成虫的产卵量增加.在同一浓度农药药剂处理下,3个水稻品种上的褐飞虱若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、初羽雌成虫体质量、产卵量和卵孵化率等生态学参数均没有显著差异.表明褐飞虱在两种转Bt水稻上对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯诱导再猖獗的反应能力与其亲本水稻MH63没有差异.     

2009-2013年Bt棉田节肢动物群落多样性动态变化

研究多年种植转Bt基因棉花对棉田节肢动物群落昆虫结构与组成、生物多样性的影响,明确其变化趋势,可为棉田害虫综合治理与生态调控、转Bt基因棉花环境安全性评价提供科学借鉴。于2009-2013年连续5年对转Bt基因棉花中棉所41和非转基因棉花中棉所49棉田节肢动物群落进行了系统调查,并结合5a气象因子的变化,分析了5年内棉田节肢动物群落相关参数的变化趋势。结果分析表明,2009-2013年中棉所41棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落所属目数有所上升,但差异不显著;所属科数、物种数、个体总数均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,个别年份差异显著,其余年份基本保持不显著的波动水平;昆虫群落和害虫亚群落多样性指数呈下降的趋势,至2013年下降达到显著水平,其余年份之间差异不显著,天敌亚群落多样性指数无显著变化;昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落均匀性指数无显著变化;昆虫群落和害虫亚群落优势集中性指数有所上升,至2013年差异达到显著水平,天敌亚群落优势集中性各年份间无显著变化;与中棉所49棉田相比,相同年份中棉所41棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落结构与组成、多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势集中性指数均无显著差异。可见,短期内非剧烈天气变化对转基因棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落在结构与组成、生物多样性方面没有明显的影响。     

氟虫腈防治红火蚁对绿地蚂蚁群落多样性的影响

【目的】研究饵剂点播、饵剂撒播、药剂灌巢3种不同处理方法防治红火蚁Solenopsis invicta对绿地蚂蚁群落多样性的影响,为绿地红火蚁的防治与本地蚂蚁的保护利用提供科学依据。【方法】在广州市南沙区绿化地,采用掉落式陷阱法调查研究绿地的蚂蚁群落结构,并对比分析饵剂点播、饵剂撒播、药剂灌巢对蚂蚁群落多样性的影响。【结果】(1)在饵剂点播、饵剂撒播、药剂灌巢和对照4个处理区中共采集到44 361头蚂蚁,分属于8个亚科,33个种;(2)防治前后各处理区之间的蚂蚁种类数变化不大,但其蚂蚁数量却存在明显差异;(3)防治前不同处理类型之间的蚂蚁群落多样性指数无显著差异,防治后仅有药剂灌巢区的蚂蚁多样性指数显著升高。【结论】化学防治可以改变蚂蚁的群落结构,药剂灌巢的处理方法可以显著降低蚂蚁的种群数量,并显著提高其处理区的蚂蚁多样性,适用于城市绿地的红火蚁防控。     

几种药剂及施药方式对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果

对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guen e高龄幼虫防治药剂31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME和当地几种常用药剂及不同施药方法对防治效果影响进行试验。结果表明:(1)毒死蜱(48%乐斯本EC)有较好速效性,药后1 d可达理想防效,三唑磷与氟出腈、氟铃脲复配的药剂(31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME、21%氟虫腈.三唑磷EC、15%氟铃脲.三唑磷EC)药后3d才能达到理想防效;(2)药后3d,各处理均达到理想防效,防效依次为31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME1.5L/hm2>31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME1.05L/hm2>21%氟虫腈.三唑磷EC1.5L/hm2>48%毒死蜱EC1.5L/hm2>15%氟虫腈.三唑磷EC1.5L/hm2>15%阿维菌素.毒死蜱EC1.5L/hm2;(3)分虫龄防效统计,药后3d供试药剂对1龄以下(施药时虫龄,后同)幼虫防效均在91%以上,对2~3龄幼虫,31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME保持90%以上的防效,其它处理防效明显下降,对4龄以上高龄幼虫,31%氟虫腈.三唑磷1.5L/hm2细喷雾处理防效仍达95.6%,其它处理防效很低。(4)细喷雾可提高31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果,尤其是对高龄幼虫,与工农16型1.8mm孔径喷片的常规喷雾相比,1.2mm孔径喷片细喷雾处理药后3 d防效提高5.5%,东方红18型弥雾处理防效提高7.8%,其中,弥雾处理对1~2龄幼虫防效提高4.7%,对4~5龄幼虫防效提高了20.8%。     

防治刺桐姬小蜂的药剂筛选及防治方法研究

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim是一种新入侵的有害生物,仅危害刺桐属植物Erythrina spp.,繁殖能力强,扩散速度快.为了有效控制刺桐姬小蜂的危害,本研究通过施药方法、药剂浓度试验对不用作用类型的9种农药进行筛选,结果表明,使用树干注射施药防治刺桐姬小蜂效果明显高于包杆施药和喷雾;混剂25%吡虫啉·丁硫克百威防治效果较高,10 d后防治效果可以达到95%以上,其它药剂防治效果由高到低依次为:20%丁硫克百威、30%敌敌畏·氧化乐果、8%吡虫啉·啶虫脒、31%氟虫腈·三唑磷、20%氧化乐果、5%吡虫啉、5.1%吡虫啉·阿维菌素、10%敌敌畏.     

转Bt基因棉田与常规棉田节肢动物群落多样性的比较研究

研究了在棉花生长的早期、中期和后期转Bt(bacillus thuringiensis)基因棉和常规棉两种棉田的节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落多样性。结果表明,GK-12未防治区的节肢动物群落多样性指数和害虫亚群落的多样性指数在棉花生长前期和后期要高于泗棉3号未防治区;GK未防治区的天敌亚群落多样性指数在棉花生长后期高于泗棉3号未防治区,在棉花生长的早期和中期,两者的大小没有表现出显著性差异。对影响棉田生态系统3种多样性指数的因子的方差分析表明,棉花品种和化学防治措施的共同作用是影响棉田生态系统节肢动物群落和天敌亚群落多样性指数的主要因子。     

麦套夏播转Bt基因棉R93-6对昆虫群落的影响

以转Bt(Bacillusthuringiensis)基因棉品系R93-6为试验材料,以中棉所16号为对照,研究了在麦套夏播条件下转基因棉对昆虫群落的影响。结果表明,转基因棉田昆虫群落、害虫和天敌亚群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于常规棉田,而优势集中性则高于常规棉田,所以转基因棉田昆虫群落、害虫和天敌亚群落的稳定性不如常规棉田,某种害虫大发生的可能性较大。对季节性变化格局的研究表明,转基因棉田昆虫群落可以划分为前期(6月初至7月下旬)、中期(7月底至8月底)和后期(9月份以后)三个发展阶段,根据不同阶段害虫和天敌发生的特点, 提出了害虫综合治理的策略。即前期害虫的防治应以生物生态调控为主;中期以化学防治为主,以生物生态调控为辅,协调好生物防治和化学防治的矛盾;后期应以生物生态调控为主,并加强农业防治。     

亚致死剂量杀虫剂对异色瓢虫捕食作用的影响

为探讨害虫化学防治与生物防治的协调技术,提高综合防治水平,测定了吡虫啉,鱼藤酮,氰戊菊酯和阿维菌素A种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对异色瓢虫成虫捕食桃蚜功能反应的影响。亚致死剂量杀虫剂对异色瓢虫功能反应模型的基本结构没有改变,但影响到了模型的各项参数,药剂处理后异色瓢虫最大日捕食量降低,处理猎物的时间延长,捕食速率和寻找效应一般也被减弱,影响结果还与异色瓢虫受药的方式有关,4种药剂中以氰戊菊酯的影响最大,鱼藤酮的胃毒作用也较明显,研究结果表明亚致死剂量的杀虫剂对天敌异色瓢虫的捕食作用存在着不良影响,这为害虫治理中如何协调利用化学防治和生物防治措施,指导科学用药提供了一定的理论基础。     

转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉对棉田冠层节肢动物群落的影响

【背景】随着转基因抗虫棉在我国的广泛种植,一种具有抗虫和耐除草剂（草甘膦）的双价棉被培育成功。这种转双价基因棉和转单价基因抗虫棉对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响可能不同。因此,在该类转双价基因棉花进行环境释放之前,有必要研究其对棉田节肢动物群落的影响,评价其环境安全性。【方法】试验于2010年5月9日~9月23日和2011年5月10日~9月24日在河南省安阳市中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验农场进行,棉田类型有3种——转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、转Bt棉田和常规棉田,每种棉田种植3个小区,每个小区面积为200 m2（8 m×25 m）。采用对角线5点取样方法,每5 d调查1次棉田的节肢动物群落,通过目测对节肢动物鉴定到属。【结果】抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、Bt棉田和常规棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的结构与组成无明显差异;抗草甘膦抗虫棉田害虫种群数量低于抗虫棉田和常规棉田,而其天敌种群数量与常规棉田相当,略低于Bt棉田;3种棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数均无明显差异。【结论与意义】种植转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉花不会对棉田节肢动物群落组成造成显著影响。本研究为转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田的环境安全性评价提供了依据。     

中季稻区稻田害虫—天敌—农药系统的模拟及其优化管理的研究(英文)

本文以中季稻区稻田主要害虫稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟和捕食天敌蜘蛛的田间系统调查资料为基础,以害虫—天敌—农药系统为研究对象,应用害虫管理系统工程的原理,处理害虫、捕食天敌与农药三者之间的关系。建立了稻纵叶螟—蜘蛛—甲胺磷和稻飞虱—蜘蛛—甲胺磷两系统优化管理模型,绘制了它们的优化反馈控制策略图,利用微机对系统进行最优监控。使用时输入当前田间害虫与天敌数量,就可对系统作出即时的预测和最优决策。该策略确立的控制害虫的最优性能指标,是使害虫对农作物的为害所造成的损失与防治费用之和最小,并且使害虫和天敌的数量处于系统平衡状态。文中比较分析了该策略与基于经济阈值的常规害虫管理策略,指出了新策略在害虫综合治理中对天敌数量进行控制和管理的作用及其意义。     

SIMULATION AND OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PEST-NATURAL ENEMY-INSECTICIDE SYSTEM OF PADDY FIELDS IN MIDDLE SEASON RICE CROPPING REGION*

Abstract Investigations on the pest-natural enemy-insecticide system, including rice leaf roller-spider-tamaron and planthopper-spider-tamaron system, were carried out in the paddy fields in middle season rice cropping region. The relationship among insect pest, natural enemy and insecticide were studied based on the principle of the pest management system engineering. The optimal management models of the two systems were developed. Their diagrams of optimal feedback control strategy were contoured for computer monitoring of the pest-natural enemy-insecticide system. The population densities of pest and natural enemy in the future could be forecasted and the optimal strategy could be made when the current field densities of pest and natural enemy were input into the computer. The optimal performance index, which is a combination of the total cost of using the chemical and the total cost of pest damage to crops, for pest control is minimized. The objective of the system management is to drive the state of the system towards a beneficial equilibrium of the system generally. A comparison of the new IPM strategy with the ordinary strategy based on a single economic threshold is conducted in this paper. The optimal control strategies suggest that both pest and natural enemy populations should be controlled in the integrated pest management.     

Effects of insecticide-treated and Lepidopteran-active Bt transgenic sweet corn on the abundance and diversity of arthropods

A field study was conducted over 2 yr to determine the effects of transgenic sweet corn containing a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on the diversity and abundance of nontarget arthropods. The Bt hybrid (expressing Cry1Ab endotoxin for lepidopteran control) was compared with near-isogenic non-Bt and Bt hybrids treated with a foliar insecticide and with a near-isogenic non-Bt hybrid without insecticides. Plant inspections, sticky cards, and pitfall traps were used to sample a total of 573,672 arthropods, representing 128 taxonomic groups in 95 families and 18 orders. Overall biodiversity and community-level responses were not significantly affected by the transgenic hybrid. The Bt hybrid also had no significant adverse effects on population densities of specific nontarget herbivores, decomposers, and natural enemies enumerated at the family level during the crop cycle. As expected, the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin had broad negative impacts on the abundance of many nontarget arthropods. One insecticide application in the Bt plots reduced the overall abundance of the natural enemy community by 21-48%. Five applications in the non-Bt plots reduced natural enemy communities by 33-70%. Nontarget communities affected in the insecticide-treated Bt plots exhibited some recovery, but communities exposed to five applications showed no trends toward recovery during the crop cycle. This study clearly showed that the nontarget effects of Bt transgenic sweet corn on natural enemies and other arthropods were minimal and far less than the community-level disruptions caused by lambda-cyhalothrin.     

Toxicity of abamectin and imidacloprid on different life stages of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) reared on two different host plants under greenhouse conditions

Chemical application is the common control technique of the pest Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hom.: Aleyrodidae). Toxicity of two insecticides abamectin and imidacloprid in 2009 was evaluated on different life stages of the pest. Bioassay tests were carried out under controlled environmental conditions (25?±?2?°C 50?±?5% RH and a photoperiod of 18:6 L/D) on different stages of whitefly (1-,3- and 5-day-old ages of eggs, first, second and third nymphal instars, pupa and adult). Both insecticides showed their best efficacy on the primary stages; though, with increasing the age, the susceptibility of all stages to chemicals was decreased. It was shown that sensitivity of eggs and first nymphal stage to abamectin in each host was different. But in imidacloprid treatment, only the eggs showed different sensitivity on both host plants. It seems that application of abamectin in primary stages induce higher mortality rates than of imidacloprid.     

Effects of crop species richness on pest-natural enemy systems based on an experimental model system using a microlandscape

The relationship between crop richness and predator-prey interactions as they relate to pest-natural enemy systems is a very important topic in ecology and greatly affects biological control services. The effects of crop arrangement on predator-prey interactions have received much attention as the basis for pest population management. To explore the internal mechanisms and factors driving the relationship between crop richness and pest population management, we designed an experimental model system of a microlandscape that included 50 plots and five treatments. Each treatment had 10 repetitions in each year from 2007 to 2010. The results showed that the biomass of pests and their natural enemies increased with increasing crop biomass and decreased with decreasing crop biomass; however, the effects of plant biomass on the pest and natural enemy biomass were not significant. The relationship between adjacent trophic levels was significant (such as pests and their natural enemies or crops and pests), whereas non-adjacent trophic levels (crops and natural enemies) did not significantly interact with each other. The ratio of natural enemy/pest biomass was the highest in the areas of four crop species that had the best biological control service. Having either low or high crop species richness did not enhance the pest population management service and lead to loss of biological control. Although the resource concentration hypothesis was not well supported by our results, high crop species richness could suppress the pest population, indicating that crop species richness could enhance biological control services. These results could be applied in habitat management aimed at biological control, provide the theoretical basis for agricultural landscape design, and also suggest new methods for integrated pest management.     

蚜虱净对苜蓿田节肢动物群落结构及动态的影响

以物种丰富度(S)、个体数量(N)、香农指数(Shannon’sindex,H′)和均匀度指数(E)作为多样性指标,研究了蚜虱净对苜蓿田节肢动物群落结构和季节动态的影响.结果表明:蚜虱净对天敌亚群落物种数的影响大于害虫亚群落,使总群落和害虫亚群落的优势集中性显著增加,但5月底施药对传粉蜜蜂类亚群落的优势集中性无显著影响.喷药初期,蚜虱净显著降低了蚜虫、蓟马等害虫数量,7d后蚜虫、蓟马等种群数量迅速回升,40d后超过对照;施药初期天敌亚群落的物种数大幅减少,多样性和均匀度指数较低,7d后天敌的物种数逐渐回升,到后期与对照田基本一致,但个体数量一直未恢复至对照水平.