高血压糖尿病大鼠心脏肾上腺素受体的改变与心功能变化之间的关系

目的:研究高血压糖尿病大鼠心脏肾上腺素受体(AR)的改变与心功能变化之间的关系.方法:采用左肾动脉缩窄和注射链脲佐菌素制高血压糖尿病大鼠模型,放射配体结合实验和离体左心房收缩功能实验等方法观察心脏AR(β-AR和/或α1-AR)及功能的改变.结果:与正常对照相比,高血压糖尿病大鼠心脏β-AR的最大结合容量(Bmax)增加35%(P＜0.01),KD值不变;且心脏α1-AR的Bmax也显著增加(P＜0.05).高血压糖尿病大鼠左心房与对照相比,β-AR介导的最大收缩反应(Rmax)下降48%(P＜0.01),pD2值不变;α1-AR介导的最大收缩反应也降低41%(P＜0.05),pD2值不变.结论:高血压糖尿病大鼠心脏β-AR和/或α1-AR数量代偿性增加,但其介导的最大收缩反应降低,可能与受体后信号转导效应减弱有关.     

糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1肾上腺素受体的变化

目的:探讨糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1肾上腺素受体(α1-AR)及其三种亚型的变化规律和可能的意义。方法:用Wistar雄性大鼠建立糖尿病合并高血压模型,放射配体结合实验和离体左心房收缩功能实验等方法观察心脏α1肾上腺素受体(α1-AR)及其三种亚型的改变。结果:与正常对照大鼠相比,糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1-AR最大结合容量(Bmax)显著增加(P<0.05),且α1A-AR和α1D-AR均增加。糖尿病合并高血压大鼠左心房α1-AR介导的最大收缩反应较对照组降低41%(P<0.05),pD2值不变。α1-AR亚型选择性拮抗剂5-MU、spiperon和BMY7378拮抗NE正性变力效应的pA2值不变。结论:糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1-AR介导的最大收缩反应的降低,其主要与受体后信号转导效应减弱有关,其中以α1A-AR和α1D-AR尤为显著。     

心脏β肾上腺素受体及其亚型随年龄而变化

本文采用放射配体结合实验和离体左心房收缩功能观察了４８周期和１０周龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠心脏β肾上腺素受体（β－ＡＲ）及其亚型的数量和功能的改变。结果表明：（１）心脏β－ＡＲ总数量在４８周龄大鼠较１０周龄大鼠下调约２８％,且为β１与β２－ＡＲ同等程度下调;（２）４８周龄大鼠β－ＡＲ及其亚型对异丙肾上腺素的敏感性明显减弱;（３）在１０周龄大鼠心脏介导收缩效应以β１－ＡＲ的作用为主,而在４８周龄大鼠心脏引     

大鼠长期服用氨酰心安对心脏β肾上腺素受体亚型的影响

本文结合放射配体结合实验、功能实验及ｃＡＭＰ蓄积等方法研究大鼠长期服用选择性β１肾上腺素受体（β１－ＡＲ）拮抗剂氨酰心安（ＡＴ）对心脏β－ＡＲ各亚型的影响。结果表明：长期服用ＡＴＲ一,（１）心脏总β－ＡＲ密度增加约５７％,β－ＡＲ介导的左心房及右室乳头肌正性变力效应增强,ＣＡＭＰ蓄积量也比对照组明显增多;（２）ＣＧＰ２０７１２Ａ竞争抑制曲线两位点分析结果显示β１与β２－ＡＲ所占的百分比在对照组与Ａ     

α1-肾上腺素受体激活大鼠心脏腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶

为了验证心脏腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK）是否为肾上腺素受体（adrenergic receptor,AR）的下游信号分子,本实验在大鼠心室肌源细胞和大鼠心脏中观察了α-AR对AMPK的激活作用,利用Western blot检测了AMPK-α总蛋白表达量及其172位苏氨酸磷酸化水平。雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠皮下植入去甲肾上腺素（norepinephrine,NE）,苯肾上腺素（phenylephrine,PE）或者溶剂载体[0．01％（W／V）维生素C]的缓释微泵（osmotic minipump）。NE或PE以每小时0．2 mg／kg的速率持续输注,7 d后用AMPK-α抗体免疫沉淀处理样本并测定AMPK的活性。结果显示,在细胞水平,NE引起的AMPK磷酸化水平增高具有时间依赖和剂量依赖特点, NE处理细胞10 min后AMPK磷酸化水平达到最高峰;NE引起的这种效应对β-AR的拮抗剂普萘洛尔（propranolol）不敏感,但是可以被α1-AR拮抗剂哌唑嗪（prazosin）所阻断。结果提示,α1-AR介导AMPK的磷酸化,但β-AR无此作用。AR激动剂持续灌注7 d后,AMPK的活性在NE（7．4倍）和PE（6．0倍）灌注组较对照组显著增高（P〈0．05,H=6）。PE持续灌注组大鼠与对照组相比无明显的心肌肥厚和组织纤维化变化。本文证明α1-AR激动剂可以增强AMPK的活性,揭示了心脏中α1-AR激动在调控AMPK活性方面的重要作用。深入了解α1-AR介导的AMPK激活可能在心衰治疗中具有重要的临床意义。     

心脏中不同β肾上腺素受体亚型的信号体系及其病理生理意义

生理情况下,β肾上腺素受体(βAR)对心肌收缩和舒张活动起至关重要的作用;病理情况下,长期激动βAR可以诱发心肌细胞肥大、凋亡以及细胞坏死等心肌重塑性活动,从而参与了慢性心衰的发病过程。近十年以来,许多资料表明β1和β2肾上腺素受体亚型(β1AR和β2AR)共存于心脏中,且激动不同信号系统。短时间激动β1AR,使Gs蛋白-腺苷酸环化酶-环苷腺酸-蛋白激酶A(Gs-adenyly cyclase-cAMP-PKA)信号体系激活并广布于细胞内,而激动βAR则同时激活G1蛋白而产生空间及功能局限的cAMP信号;长时间激动β1AR和β2AR则对心肌细胞的命运产生不同影响：β1AR诱导细胞肥大和凋亡,β2AR促使细胞存活。β2AR的心肌保护作用是通过激活Gi蛋白-Gβγ-PI3K-Akt途径介导。但出乎意料,β1AR的心肌肥厚和凋亡效应并不依赖于经典的cAMP/PKA信号途径,而是激活钙,钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(caMK Ⅱ)途径。用心肌特异性表达βAR亚型的转基因小鼠进行实验,进一步证实不同βAR亚型在调节心肌重塑和功能方面作用各异。βAR亚型作用不同的新观点不仅为β阻滞剂治疗慢性心衰提供了分子和细胞机制的依据,而且提出了选择性β1AR阻滞和β2AR激动联合治疗慢性心衰的新的治疗思路。     

心功能不全大鼠心脏α_1－肾上腺素受体亚型的变化

本文通过主动脉和左肾动脉缩窄复制心功能不全大鼠模型，并采用放射配基结合实验和半定量逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ），从蛋白质和基因转录水平上观察在心功能不全时大鼠心脏α１－肾上腺素受体三种亚型的改变。Ｓｃａｔｃｈａｒｄ分析结果显示，在心功能不全组与对照组，大鼠心脏组织１２５Ｉ－ＢＥ与α１－肾上腺素受体结合的亲和性（２２９±３２与１９５±１５ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和数量（１０２±１２与９６±１７ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ）均无显著差异。但ＷＢ４１０１对１２５Ｉ－ＢＥ的竞争性抑制实验显示在心功能不全组高亲和性位点所占百分比较对照组显著增高（５１±７％与２２±５％）。ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的结果显示，在心功能不全大鼠心脏α１Ａ－ＡＲ的ｍＲＮＡ水平高于对照组，但α１Ｂ－ＡＲ的ｍＲＮＡ水平低于对照组，而α１Ｄ－ＡＲ的ｍＲＮＡ水平在两组之间没有显著差异。综合上述结果可知，在心功能不全大鼠，心脏α１Ａ－ＡＲ增加，α１Ｂ－ＡＲ下降，而α１Ｄ－ＡＲ则没有显著改变。     

α2-肾上腺素受体介导大鼠主动脉收缩的特性

为阐明功能性α2-肾上腺素受体(α2-AR)的特性及其与α2-AR的相互关系,以离体大鼠主动脉为模型,进行收缩功能实验.发现在大鼠主动脉中,α2-AR和α2-AR均可介导其收缩效应并以α1-AR的作用为主.α1-AR可增强α2-AR介导的收缩效应,而α2-AR则对α1-AR介导的收缩效应无影响.在不可逆阻断α1-AR而保留α2-AR的条件下,α2-AR介导的缩血管效应消失,仅在阈值浓度的KCl在下才能显示,且收缩幅度较对照显著降低.结果表明,在离体大鼠主动脉中存在功能性α2-AR,α2-AR的缩血管作用依赖于α1-AR的激动,其最大收缩反应远远小于α1-AR.     

心脏β2—肾上腺素受体研究进展

随着受体的研究的蓬勃发展,对在心脏活动调节中起重要作用的肾上腺素受体的了解也更加深入。近年来的许多研究表明β2－肾上腺素受体不同亚型之间的信号转导及其介质的心脏反应有着很大的差异。本文扼要介绍了心脏β2－肾上腺素受体的最新研究进展,主要包括β2－肾上腺素受体中的混杂G蛋白偶联、信号转导局域化、固有活性及其与充血性心力衰竭的关系。     

实验性糖尿病大鼠肾组织内皮素-1的变化及意义

目的:测定实验性糖尿病大鼠肾组织中内皮素-1(ET-1)的含量,探讨其在糖尿病肾病(DN)发生发展中的作用.方法:应用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病(DM)大鼠,分别在成模后2周、4周、12周时处死,应用免疫组织化学法、放免法测定肾组织中ET-1含量.结果:糖尿病大鼠2周、4周、12周时,血糖、内生肌酐清除率、24 h尿蛋白量、肾重/体重比均明显高于正常对照组大鼠(P＜0.01).ET-1主要分布于肾小球内皮细胞、系膜细胞、血管平滑肌细胞及肾小管上皮细胞中,髓质高于皮质.糖尿病大鼠2周时肾组织中ET-1含量明显低于正常对照组大鼠(P＜0.01),并与内生肌酐清除率呈负相关(r:0.75,P＜0.05);而4周、12周时糖尿病大鼠肾组织中ET-1含量明显升高,并高于正常对照组大鼠(P＜0.01).结论:ET-1参与早期实验性糖尿病大鼠肾小球高灌注及肾小管间质损伤;糖尿病晚期时,可能参与肾小球硬化机制.     

阿托伐他汀通过RGS6改善糖尿病心肌病大鼠心功能的作用及其机制研究

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀通过调节RGS6/NAD(P)H氧化酶/活性氧生成通路保护糖尿病心肌病大鼠心功能的药理作用机制。方法:40只6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法随机分为对照组,糖尿病心肌病模型组,低剂量阿托伐他汀组,高剂量阿托伐他汀组,每组10只。实验过程中动态监测大鼠体质量及血脂水平;实验结束后脉冲多普勒检测各组大鼠心功能指标;组织活性氧检测试剂盒检测心肌组织中活性氧的水平;免疫组化法检测大鼠心肌组织中RGS6的表达;Western blot法检测大鼠心肌组织中RGS6及NAD (P)H氧化酶活性亚单位p47phox和p67phox的水平。结果:与对照组相比,糖尿病心肌病模型大鼠体质量明显减少(P0.01),血脂水平明显升高(P0.01),心脏E/A、LVEF、FS值降低(P0.01),心肌组织活性氧生成明显增多(P0.01),心肌组织RGS6及p47phox、p67phox表达明显上调(P0.01),而不同剂量阿托伐他汀干预均可有效逆转上述指标的改变。结论:阿托伐他汀对糖尿病心肌病大鼠的心脏具有明显保护作用,其机制可能与对RGS6/NAD(P)H氧化酶/活性氧生成通路的抑制有关。     

FXR在糖尿病大鼠回肠的表达水平及意义

目的:探索法尼酯衍生物受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)在链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的1型糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)大鼠模型回肠组织中的表达水平及意义。方法:将大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)和DM模型组(DM组)。腹腔注射STZ建立DM大鼠模型,NC组予无水乙醇生理盐水溶液腹腔注射。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测FXR在回肠组织m RNA表达水平。结果:(1)DM组FXR m RNA表达量减少、糖化血红蛋白升高、平均血糖升高、体重下降与NC组之间的差异有统计意义(P0.05);(2)FXR m RNA表达量pearson相关分析:DM组平均血糖、糖化血红蛋白、最终体重与最高体重相比下降的程度、最终体重与造模时体重相比下降的程度与FXR m RNA表达量呈负相关;(3)FXR m RNA表达量多元线性回归分析:DM组平均血糖、最终体重与最高体重相比下降的程度、糖化血红蛋白对FXR m RNA表达量的影响大(P0.05),而NC组各个指标对FXR m RNA表达量无影响(P0.05)。结论:FXR表达异常与糖尿病的发病和糖尿病患者的体重下降相关。     

慢性阻塞性肺病大鼠模型的肺功能及肺组织病理学变化评估

目的:探讨被动吸烟的时间长短与慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)大鼠模型的肺功能及肺组织病理学的变化之间的关系.方法:采用被动吸烟法建立COPD大鼠模型,随机分为被动吸烟4周组、6周组、8周组和对照组,分别测定和评估不同时间段的各组大鼠模型的肺功能和气道肺组织的病理变化.结果:6周组及8周组大鼠模型的呼气峰流速(PEF)显著降低、气道内压上升坡度(IP-slope)显著增高,与对照组比较P＜0.01.以PEF值小于对照组的大鼠80%PEF值为存在气流受限的界线,则4周组、6周组、8周组出现气流受限的鼠分别为0只(0)、6只(75%)及8只(100%),6周组及8周组的大鼠气流受限发生率显著高于4周组(P＜0.01).8周组大鼠出现明显气道壁增厚、气道狭窄及显著肺气肿改变,其气道壁炎细胞浸润、杯状细胞化生、气道壁坏死糜烂、纤维结缔组织及平滑肌增生等评分均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),气道坏死糜烂、小气道阻塞发生率及气道平滑肌增生等指标显著高于6周组(P＜0.01).6周组中有6只大鼠出现气道狭窄及肺气肿改变,气道壁炎细胞浸润、杯状细胞化生、气道壁坏死糜烂、纤维结缔组织及平滑肌增生等评分均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).6周组及8周组大鼠PEF值与气道壁纤维组织和平滑肌增生呈显著负相关(P＜0.05);而4周组大鼠未出现典型肺气肿及气道狭窄.结论:COPD的形成与吸烟时间有关,在吸烟量相同条件下,吸烟时间越长,气道和肺组织病变越重,气流受限的发生率越高.     

Evaluation of Resting State Networks in Patients with Gliomas: Connectivity Changes in the Unaffected Side and Its Relation to Cognitive Function

In this study, we investigated changes in resting state networks (RSNs) in patients with gliomas located in the left hemisphere and its relation to cognitive function. We hypothesized that long distance connection, especially between hemispheres, would be affected by the presence of the tumor. We further hypothesized that these changes would correlate with, or reflect cognitive changes observed in patients with gliomas. Resting state functional MRI datasets from 12 patients and 12 healthy controls were used in the analysis. The tumor’s effect on three well-known RSNs including the default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), and salience network (SN) identified using independent component analysis were investigated using dual regression analysis. Scores of neuropsychometric testing (WAIS-III and WMS-R) were also compared. Compared to the healthy control group, the patient group showed significant decrease in functional connectivity in the right angular gyrus/inferior parietal lobe of the ventral DMN and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the left ECN, whereas a significant increase in connectivity in the right ECN was observed in the right parietal lobe. Changes in connectivity in the right ECN correlated with spatial memory, while that on the left ECN correlated with attention. Connectivity changes in the ventral DMN correlated with attention, working memory, full IQ, and verbal IQ measures. Although the tumors were localized in the left side of the brain, changes in connectivity were observed in the contralateral side. Moreover, these changes correlated with some aspects of cognitive function indicating that patients with gliomas may undergo cognitive changes even in the absence of or before the onset of major symptoms. Evaluation of resting state networks could be helpful in advancing our hodological understanding of brain function in glioma cases.     

Pre-and Postnatal Developmental Changes of Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Rat Brain

beta-Adrenergic receptor subtypes, beta 1 and beta 2, were studied during pre- and postnatal development in the rat brain. [125I]Iodocyanopindolol (6-300 pmol/L) binding assays in the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (0.6-6 mumol/L) were used to measure exclusively beta-adrenergic receptors. In forebrain tissue, saturable and stereoselective binding was detected on gestational day 13. The amount of beta-adrenergic binding increased until postnatal day 23, when adult values were reached. The dissociation constants of [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding remained the same throughout development, as did the affinity of several beta-adrenergic and non-beta-adrenergic compounds. The proportion of the beta 2-adrenergic receptors was determined using the beta 1-selective antagonist ICI-89406 (7-150 nmol/L) and was found to change from 65% in prenatal forebrain tissue to 28% in adulthood. In cerebellum/medulla pons tissue, however, the proportion of beta 2-receptor binding (80%) remained unchanged during the whole developmental period.     

DPP4 Deficiency Preserved Cardiac Function in Abdominal Aortic Banding Rats

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) enzyme inhibition has been reported to increase plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level for controlling postprandial glucose concentration. A prominent GLP-1 level in DPP4-deficient rats contributed to the resistance of endotoxemia and myocardial infarction. DPP4 deficiency also increased the capability against H₂O₂-induced stress in cardiomyocyte. However, long term effect of loss DPP4 activity on cardiac performance remained unclear. We used abdominal aortic banding (AAB) to induce pressure overload in wild-type and DPP4-deficient rats, and investigated the progression of heart failure. Cardiac histology and function were determined. Blood sample was collected for the plasma biochemical marker measurement. Heart weight to body weight ratio increased 1.2-fold after 6 weeks of AAB surgery. Cardiac function was compensated against pressure overload after 6 weeks of AAB surgery, but progressed to deterioration after 10 weeks of AAB surgery. AAB induced cardiac dysfunction was alleviated in DPP4-deficient rats. DPP4 activity increased significantly in wild-type rats after 10 weeks of AAB surgery, but remained unchanged in DPP4-deficient rats. In contrast, GLP-1 concentration was elevated by AAB after 6 weeks of surgery in DPP4-deficient rats, and remained high after 10 weeks of surgery. Ang II level markedly increased after 6 weeks of AAB surgery, but were less in DPP4-deficient rats. Massive collagen deposits in wild-type rat hearts appeared after 10 weeks of AAB surgery, which were alleviated in DPP4-deficient rats. Long term deficiency of DPP4 activity improved cardiac performance against pressure overload in rat, which may be attributed to a great quantity of GLP-1 accumulation during AAB.