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1.
广州外来入侵植物   总被引:6,自引:4,他引:6  
根据野外调查及相关文献资料,初步探讨了广州市外来入侵植物的种类组成、分布生境、生长特性、危害以及来源.结果表明:广州市现有外来人侵植物73种,隶属于27科59属,其中菊科(19种)、禾本科(8种)、豆科(7种)和苋科(7种)植物占了入侵植物总种数的56.2%.生活型分析发现,在广州有分布的外来入侵植物中,陆生草本植物最多(58种),其次为灌木(10种)、水生草本(3种),乔木种类最少(2种),它们主要生长在人类干扰比较频繁的低海拔地区.另外,基于对外来入侵植物目前在野外的生长和分布状况等生态学特性进行分析,可大致将它们对本地生物多样性危害程度分为3级,其中危害严重的有11种,危害中等的有25种,危害较轻的有37种.从原产地分析来看,61种来自于热带美洲地区,占广州外来入侵植物总种数的83.6%.与国内其他地区外来入侵植物进行比较发现,广州和广西共有种数最多,有62种,然而,对已经造成严重危害的外来植物种类,在数量上广州与香港、深圳和广西相同种类较多,分别有8种、7种和6种.对广州市目前外来植物的入侵风险(潜在威胁)的评估结果表明,对一些在其它地区已经造成严重危害的外来植物,应当加强监控,防止入侵扩散并造成重大生态灾难.还对广州市外来植物入侵的主要途径及防治策略做了简要分析和说明.  相似文献   

2.
深圳的外来植物   总被引:43,自引:2,他引:43       下载免费PDF全文
通过对深圳外来植物调查 ,报道了深圳 1 0 2种外来植物 ,约占深圳植物种类总数的 1 0 % ;并对深圳 1 0种危害较大的外来入侵植物进行了简要介绍。通过对深圳外来植物区系的种类组成、原产地、生长型、生境和危害程度的分析 ,结果表明 :(1 )外来植物的入侵对深圳的自然生态系统的影响较小 ,对人工林或人为干扰严重的生态系统的影响较大 ;(2 )来自新大陆热带地区的外来植物对深圳容易入侵并造成较大危害 ;(3 )草本和藤本植物具有较强的入侵能力 ,高大乔木的入侵能力小 ,造成的危害程度也较小。  相似文献   

3.
海南岛的外来植物   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
通过对海南岛野生或半野生外来入侵植物的调查,报道了153种外来植物,并对近年来在海南岛大面积分布而未报道过的入侵种进行简要介绍。对海南外来植物种类组成、原产地、生活型与危害程度的分析发现:(1)外来植物中有66.67%来自美洲,美洲种的96%为热带美洲成分,几乎所有来自美洲的草本植物往往成为遍布海南各地农田、果园、胶林、草地的有害杂草;(2)外来草本与藤本植物具有较强的入侵能力和较大的危害;(3)绝大多数草本与藤本植物常形成单一优势群落,破坏平地、低丘陵原有的生态系统。  相似文献   

4.
海南岛石灰岩地区的外来植物   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
通过对海南岛石灰岩地区外来植物的实地调查,对该地区外来植物的种类、分布、来源、生活型、入侵生境、危害程度、引入途径以及与邻近地区的关系进行了统计分析.结果表明:该地区共有外来植物53种,隶属45属22科,约占该地区本地植物种类总数的4%,多为来源于热带美洲(77.4%)的草本植物(77.4%),这些外来植物大部分是通过人类活动有意(47.2%)或无意(35.8%)引入;主要分布在植被破坏严重的低海拔山坡、林缘、林隙和田间,有的外来植物在植被破坏较少的森林中以及在较高海拔也有分布;在自然条件大致相同的情况下,岛屿及沿海地区相对内陆地区似乎更易被外来种入侵,而且一个地区外来种总数及其占本地种比例与对外贸易有着密切关系.  相似文献   

5.
广西的外来入侵植物   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
通过野外调查,结合相关文献资料,发现广西目前有外来入侵植物约74种,隶属于57属26科,其中,菊科的种类最多,有19种,其次是禾本科,有10种。草本植物最多,占总数的78.4 %。从来源看,大多来源于美洲。在广西,危害较为严重的外来入侵植物主要是紫茎泽兰、飞机草、银胶菊、凤眼莲等11种。此外,还进一步论述了外来植物在广西的基本特征和入侵成因,分析其在广西的发展状况,预测其可能入侵的区域,并提出了有关的防治对策。  相似文献   

6.
植物外来种的生态风险评估和管理   总被引:38,自引:4,他引:38  
生物入侵是指物种借助于自身力量或外界力量 ,传入到其进化史上未曾分布过的地域 ,并能繁衍后代的过程。植物外来种的入侵可以通过多种途径 :如野生动物、风、水和人类的活动等传播 ,尤其是人类活动的影响使生物入侵的范围、频率和强度超过自然入侵。目前已有部分外来的植物被人们确定为生物污染剂。生物污染剂不同于化学污染剂 ,后者可以随时间而减弱或分解掉 ,而前者则有持久性、倍增性和传播性。有些入侵性的外来植物可以对自然资源造成不可挽救的破坏 ,使经过几千年协同进化的植物、动物、土壤和水分的生态平衡被破坏。当本地植物被外来…  相似文献   

7.
植物功能性状与外来植物入侵   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
揭示影响外来植物入侵性的功能性状及其生态机制是入侵植物生态学的核心任务之一。本文综述了植物功能性状与外来植物入侵性的研究进展, 通过分析植物功能性状对外来植物入侵的贡献以及外来植物的不同入侵阶段对其功能性状的需求, 探讨植物功能性状与外来植物入侵的相关性及其入侵机理。迄今研究较多的影响外来植物入侵性的功能性状主要包括形态性状、生长性状、生理性状、繁殖性状、种子性状、克隆性状、表型可塑性和遗传变异等。这些功能性状对外来植物入侵的贡献随着入侵阶段的不同而变化。在传播到达阶段, 种子性状对入侵具有重要影响; 在定居建群阶段, 与植物抗逆性和适应性相关的生理性状和繁殖性状发挥主要作用; 在扩散入侵阶段, 克隆性状和影响植物竞争能力的生理性状对植物成功入侵具有重要贡献。由于植物入侵性是其功能性状和环境因素互作的结果, 且功能性状的作用随环境因素和入侵阶段不同而异, 因此, 结合外来植物入侵阶段, 并考虑功能性状与环境因子的互作, 是入侵生物学中植物功能性状研究的发展趋势。  相似文献   

8.
我国对3种外来入侵植物的利用   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
吕立志 《生物学通报》2005,40(10):11-12
主要介绍了我国在防治生物入侵时,对水葫芦、紫茎泽兰、互花米草等入侵植物的综合利用.  相似文献   

9.
外来植物的引种和入侵已成为一个全球性的重要问题.许多外来植物不仅可以改变陆地生态系统的氮输入、输出,而且还可以通过改变氮素吸收、再利用,凋落物质量,土壤环境,土壤生物等因子影响陆地生态系统内都氮循环.在概述陆地生态系统氮循环基础上,系统综述了外来植物对陆地生态系统氮循环的影响方式和途径以及可能造成的生态后果,并对将来研究方向进行了展望:应更多考虑外来植物影响机制的复杂性、不同养分元素循环的相互作用和新技术手段的应用.  相似文献   

10.
付改兰  冯玉龙 《生态学杂志》2007,26(10):1590-1594
用流式细胞仪测定了8科10属13种外来入侵植物、6种本地植物和1种外来非入侵植物的核DNAC-值。结果表明:作为整体,外来入侵植物的平均核DNAC-值显著低于本地种和外来非入侵种,但对同属不同类型植物进行比较,未发现一致的规律;在4个既包含外来入侵种又包含本地种的属中,泽兰属(Eupatorium)和鬼针草属(Bidens)外来入侵种的核DNAC-值显著低于同属本地种,莲子草属(Alternanthera)的2种外来入侵植物中仅有1个种的核DNAC-值显著低于同属本地种,而草胡椒属(Peperomia)外来入侵种的核DNAC-值显著高于同属本地种;表明核DNAC-值与外来植物入侵性无必然联系。  相似文献   

11.
    
  1. Thermal waters, characterised by high water temperatures throughout the year, harbour a special flora atypical of temperate climatic conditions that are adapted to the combination of high water temperatures and low oxygen and carbonate contents. However, these ecosystems are susceptible to the invasion of tropical macrophytes because conditions in thermal waters are similar to those of in warmer latitudes.
  2. We studied the vegetation and viable seed bank in an alien‐dominated upstream section of a thermal river in Hungary, and a native‐dominated downstream section of the same river where temperature was cooler and less stable. Our hypotheses were as follows: (1) alien and native plant species are clearly separated along the river, and this separation is driven by environmental factors (water temperature, conductivity and sediment characteristics); and (2) the species composition of seed banks reflects that of the established macrophytes, and thus, the seed‐bank composition would differ in the up‐ and downstream reaches.
  3. We defined 20 sampling units in two sections of the Hévíz River in West Hungary. The vegetation was surveyed in every sampling unit, and environmental variables (sediment and water) were recorded. Five sediment cores were taken from each sampling unit and incubated in a greenhouse under waterlogged conditions.
  4. The mean seed‐bank density was lower than any of the previously published values for aquatic plant communities. In total, fewer species germinated from the seed bank than the number of species observed in the vegetation. Moreover, the Sørensen similarity index, comparing the vegetation and seed‐bank species composition, was extremely low. The lowest seed‐bank density and diversity were detected in the alien‐dominated upstream river section, where significantly fewer native species were present in the seed bank.
  5. Despite favourable conditions for alien macrophytes to establish in this thermal river, they did not build up considerable persistent seed banks. We conclude that the dominance of aliens modified the species composition of both the vegetation and the seed bank, mainly by depleting the seed bank of native species. Therefore, future efforts to restore native vegetation from the seed bank may require a number of different strategies.
  相似文献   

12.
生物入侵机制研究进展   总被引:97,自引:4,他引:97  
本文从外来种本身的生物学特性,外来种与新栖息地土著种之间的相互作用,群落生物多样性对入侵种的抵抗能力,新栖息地生态环境变化对入侵种的影响等方面综述了近年来有关生物入侵机制的研究进展,并探讨了研究方法的发展和亟待解决的问题,大量的研究表明生物入侵机制是极为多样的,可能没有一般的,通用的机制,阐明生物入侵的机制,对推动生态学理论的发展和控制有害外来种有重要意义。  相似文献   

13.
龟类外来种的生物入侵隐患及其防治措施   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
徐婧  周婷  叶存奇  黄成 《四川动物》2006,25(2):420-422
本文在国家林业局“中国龟鳖市场调查”项目的基础上,查阅了相关文献及报道,考察了国内主要的大型龟鳖养殖场及10多个省份的观赏龟类和水产品龟类市场,针对龟类外来种的养殖现状和发展趋势及对生态系统潜在的危害进行了分析,探讨了龟类外来种成为入侵种的成因,并对龟类生物入侵的防治进行了讨论,旨在引起龟鳖行业对生物入侵的重视及防范.  相似文献   

14.
The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
Invasive alien species have become one of the most serious environmental issues in the world. Data of taxon, origin, pathway, and environmental impacts of invasive alien microorganisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, herbs, trees, and, marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems of China were analyzed during 2001 and 2003, based on literature retrieval and field survey. There were 283 invasive alien species in China, and the number of species of invasive alien microorganisms, aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, and mammals were 19, 18, 170, 25, 33, 3, 10, and 5, respectively. The proportion of invasive alien species originated from America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania were 55.1, 21.7, 9.9, 8.1, and 0.6%, respectively. Methods for estimation of direct economic losses to agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding, fishery, road and water transportation, storage, water conservancy, environment and public facilities, and human health were established. Methods for estimation of indirect economic losses caused by invasive alien species to service functions of forest ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems were also established. The total economic losses caused by invasive alien species to China were to the time of USD 14.45 billion, with direct and indirect economic losses accounting for 16.59% and 83.41% of total economic losses, respectively.  相似文献   

15.
福建外来物种入侵现状及对经济社会和生态的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
福建已成为中国遭受外来物种入侵最严重的省份之一。本文概述了福建主要入侵物种的数量、种类、地理起源、分布、引入途径和入侵特点,系统分析了福建外来物种入侵严重的原因和外来物种入侵对福建生态安全、经济及社会的影响,在此基础上提出了针对外来物种入侵的防控对策。  相似文献   

16.
    
In Europe, the last 20 years have seen a spectacular increase in accidental introductions of marine species, but it has recently been suggested that both the actual number of invaders and their impacts have been seriously underestimated because of the prevalence of sibling species in marine habitats. The red alga Polysiphonia harveyi is regarded as an alien in the British Isles and Atlantic Europe, having appeared in various locations there during the past 170 years. Similar or conspecific populations are known from Atlantic North America and Japan. To choose between three competing hypotheses concerning the origin of P. harveyi in Europe, we employed rbcL sequence analysis in conjunction with karyological and interbreeding data for samples and isolates of P. harveyi and various congeners from the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. All cultured isolates of P. harveyi were completely interfertile, and there was no evidence of polyploidy or aneuploidy. Thus, this biological species is both morphologically and genetically variable: intraspecific rbcL divergences of up to 2.1% are high even for red algae. Seven rbcL haplotypes were identified. The four most divergent haplotypes were observed in Japanese samples from Hokkaido and south-central Honshu, which are linked by hypothetical 'missing' haplotypes that may be located in northern Honshu. These data are consistent with Japan being the centre of diversity and origin for P. harveyi. Two non-Japanese lineages were linked to Hokkaido and Honshu, respectively. A single haplotype was found in all North Atlantic and Mediterranean accessions, except for North Carolina, where the haplotype found was the same as that invading in New Zealand and California. The introduction of P. harveyi into New Zealand has gone unnoticed because P. strictissima is a morphologically indistinguishable native sibling species. The sequence divergence between them is 4-5%, greater than between some morphologically distinct red algal species. Two different types of cryptic invasions of P. harveyi have therefore occurred. In addition to its introduction as a cryptic sibling species in New Zealand, P. harveyi has been introduced at least twice into the North Atlantic from presumed different source populations. These two introductions are genetically and probably also physiologically divergent but completely interfertile.  相似文献   

17.
在西双版纳282科近5000种高等植物中,有外来植物153科1127种,其中药用、花卉和可食用种类分别占39.0%、33.9%和20.3%。外来植物集中分布在植物园和当地居民的庭院中,并沿道路向外扩散。外来植物丰富了西双版纳的物种多样性,促进了地方经济发展,但少数杂草类入侵物种的生态危害很明显。  相似文献   

18.
【目的】了解我国口岸截获的检疫性蚧类害虫情况,为口岸进一步做好植物检疫工作提供参考。【方法】收集整理2010—2019年口岸截获蚧类害虫数据,重点统计分析被截获蚧类害虫种类、时间、数量、寄主、来源地的变化和关系。【结果】2010—2019年,我国各口岸共截获检疫性蚧类害虫24541种次,年截获种次总体呈上升的趋势。截获检疫性蚧类害虫共有12种,截获频率最高的3种为无花果蜡蚧、松突圆蚧和扶桑绵粉蚧。截获该类害虫数量最多的3个关区为深圳关、南宁关和上海关。货物检疫为主要截获途径,主要截获寄主植物为榴梿、香蕉、红毛丹、番荔枝。截获货物来源地为除南极洲以外六大洲的49个国家或地区,其中尤以东南亚为主,代表国家包括泰国、越南和菲律宾。【结论】蚧类害虫的截获与进口水果贸易密切相关,在相关贸易量不断增加的背景下,应警惕蚧类害虫疫情持续传入我国的风险,建议有关部门进一步完善检疫管理体系,提升检测和监测技术水平,加强检疫处置能力。  相似文献   

19.
20.
为了解黑、吉、辽、蒙归化植物分布格局及其驱动因素,本研究基于实地调查和资料收集,对黑、吉、辽、蒙4省(区)48个地级市(盟)归化植物物种组成及时空分布进行了分析.结果 表明:当前四省(区)共有归化植物70科239属370种,菊科、禾本科和豆科最多,约七成为人为有意引入,欧洲是最大原产地.不同地级城市归化植物多样性差异较...  相似文献   

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