Isolation,characterization and expression studies of resistance gene candidates (RGCs) from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zingiber</Emphasis> spp.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) production is seriously affected by many fungal and bacterial diseases to which no resistant source is available in the cultivated germplasm. Degenerate primers based on conserved motifs of plant resistance (R) genes were used to isolate analogous sequences called resistance gene candidates (RGCs) from cultivated and wild Zingiber species. Cloning and sequence characterization identified 42 Zingiber RGCs, which could be classified into five classes following phenetic analysis. Deduced amino acid sequences of Zingiber RGCs showed strong identity, ranging from 16 to 43%, to non-toll interleukin receptor (non-TIR) R-gene subfamily. Non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution (dN/dS) ratio for the NBS domains of Zingiber RGC classes showed evidence of purifying selection. RT-PCR analysis with 15 Zingiber RGC-specific primers demonstrated 8 of the 15 Zingiber RGCs to be expressed. The present study reports for the first time the isolation and characterization of RGCs from ginger and its wild relatives, which will serve as a potential resource for future improvement of this important vegetatively propagated spice crop.     

A New Combination of the genus Zingiber—Z. ellipticum (S. Q. Tong et Y. M. Xia) Q. G. Wu et T. L. Wu and the Systematic Evidence

The distinct characters of the flower of Plagiostachys elliptica, S. Q. Tong et Y. M. Xia are: (1) each flower possesses two large lateral staminodes, which are adnate to the lip (labellum) to form a deeply 3 lobed labellum;(2) connective extends into a curved, beak like conspicuous appendage (anther crest) and envelops the upper part of style. In the Zingiberaceae, these characters are only present in the genus Zingiber.Furthermore, in Sect. Pleuranthesis of Zingiber the spike also arises from side of the leafy stem. Pollen grains of the species are with cerebelloid sculpture,that is the character of the Subtype Cerebelloid areolate in Zingiberaceae, and are similar to those sculpture and morphology of Sect. Zingiber of the genus Zingiber and differ from those of Plagiostachys, of which pollen grains are with longer spines and belong to the Group long spinate of Subtype spinate. The endotesta of seeds in this species is composed of one layer of brick shaped parenchymatous cells, which is similar to the parenchymatous endotesta of Zingiber seeds and obviously differs from that of seeds of Plagiostachys, which consists of one layer of sclereids. Therefore,Plagiostachys elliptica S. Q. Tong et Y. M. Xia should be transferred from Plagiostachys to the genus Zingiber, and a new combination——Zingiber ellipticum (S. Q. Tong et Y. M. Xia) Q. G. Wu et T. L. Wu is made in this paper.     

Species-specific AFLP markers for identification of Zingiber officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet (Zingiberaceae)

The Zingiber genus, which includes the herbs known as gingers, commonly used in cooking, is well known for its medicinal properties, as described in the Indian pharmacopoeia. Different members of this genus, although somewhat similar in morphology, differ widely in their pharmacological and therapeutic properties. The most important species of this genus, with maximal therapeutic properties, is Zingiber officinale (garden ginger), which is often adulterated with other less-potent Zingiber sp. There is an existing demand in the herbal drug industry for an authentication system for the Zingiber sp in order to facilitate their commercial use as genuine phytoceuticals. To this end, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to produce DNA fingerprints for three Zingiber species. Sixteen collections (six of Z. officinale, five of Z. montanum, and five of Z. zerumbet) were used in the study. Seven selective primer pairs were found to be useful for all the accessions. A total of 837 fragments were produced by these primer pairs. Species-specific markers were identified for all three Zingiber species (91 for Z. officinale, 82 for Z. montanum, and 55 for Z. zerumbet). The dendogram analysis generated from AFLP patterns showed that Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet are phylogenetically closer to each other than to Z. officinale. The AFLP fingerprints of the Zingiber species could be used to authenticate Zingiber sp-derived drugs and to resolve adulteration-related problems faced by the commercial users of these herbs.     

姜弄蝶在蘘荷上的发生规律及防治

荷 (Zingibermioga)是姜弄蝶Udaspesfolus(Cramer) (又名苞叶虫 )的一种新报道的寄主植物。该文描述了姜弄蝶的形态特征及其在荷上的生活史、生活习性、发育历期、影响其发生的生态因子及综合防治技术。     

生姜生物学特性的研究

目的：观察生姜的生长特性与光照、土壤、水分、肥料等的关系。方法：试验观察采用随机抽样与盆栽实验相结合的方法。结果掌握了生姜的生物学特性和生长规律。结论：生姜在半遮荫的砂质土壤中生长较好,适宜的氮磷钾用量及比例,能提高生姜的产量和质量。     

Metabolic profiling and phylogenetic analysis of medicinal Zingiber species: Tools for authentication of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc)

Phylogenetic analysis and metabolic profiling were used to investigate the diversity of plant material within the ginger species and between ginger and closely related species in the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae). In addition, anti-inflammatory data were obtained for the investigated species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all Zingiber officinale samples from different geographical origins were genetically indistinguishable. In contrast, other Zingiber species were significantly divergent, allowing all species to be clearly distinguished using this analysis. In the metabolic profiling analysis, the Z. officinale samples derived from different origins showed no qualitative differences in major volatile compounds, although they did show some significant quantitative differences in non-volatile composition, particularly regarding the content of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols, the most active anti-inflammatory components in this species. The differences in gingerol content were verified by HPLC. The metabolic profiles of other Zingiber species were very different, both qualitatively and quantitatively, when compared to Z. officinale and to each other. Comparative DNA sequence/chemotaxonomic phylogenetic trees showed that the chemical characters of the investigated species were able to generate essentially the same phylogenetic relationships as the DNA sequences. This supports the contention that chemical characters can be used effectively to identify relationships between plant species. Anti-inflammatory in vitro assays to evaluate the ability of all extracts from the Zingiber species examined to inhibit LPS-induced PGE(2) and TNF-alpha production suggested that bioactivity may not be easily predicted by either phylogenetic analysis or gross metabolic profiling. Therefore, identification and quantification of the actual bioactive compounds are required to guarantee the bioactivity of a particular Zingiber sample even after performing authentication by molecular and/or chemical markers.     

Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae

MANGALY, J. K. & NAYAR, J. 1990. Palynology of South Indian Zingiberaceae. Light microscope studies on pollen morphology of 21 Old World, tropical taxa of Zingiberaceae reveal that an exine is absent only in Kaempferia . A discontinuous exine layer consisting of circular plates joined together at margins occurs in Alpinia galanga and Amomum hypoleucum while all other taxa possess an uninterrupted exine layer which is commonly 0.7 μm to less than 2.0 μrn thick (3.2 μm in Zingiber zerumbet , 2.5 μm in Amomum hypoleucum ). Exine is spinose in Alpinia (smooth in Alpinia sanderae ), Amomum and Boesenbergia , verrucose in Eleltaria , tuberculate to areolate or striate in Zingiber , papillose in Globba and smooth or nearly so in Curcuma, Costus and Hedychiurn . Pollen grains are spheroidal, 50–90 μm in size (35 μm in Globba ophioglossa ), and inaparturate (foraminate in Costus ), except in Curcuma and Zingiber where they are ovoid to ellipsoidal, 70–135 times 60–80 μm in size and sulcate. A lamellated intine, much thicker than the exine, occurs in all, and it is thinner at the apertural region in Curcuma, Costus and Zingiber; in Elettaria and Hedychiurn it is thinner in one or few large scattered circular areas, and in Boesenbergia and Alpinia zerumbet on one side of the grains. Palynologirally Alpinia, Amomum, Boesenbergia, Kaempferia and Zingiber constitute one group while Elettaria, Hedychiurn and Costus constitute another.     

不同居群生姜呈香部位的气相色谱指纹图谱研究

采用气相色谱分析技术对代表性产地的生姜水蒸气蒸馏-乙醚萃取物进行了比较,确定了气相色谱分析条件,分析评价了生姜水蒸气蒸馏-乙醚萃取物化学成分指纹图谱,在本文采用的条件下,生姜气相色谱指纹图谱具有较好的特征性,可作为生姜蒸馏法挥发油的专属性指纹图谱。     

生姜辛辣部位的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱研究

采用HPLC法分析了4个居群生姜丙酮回流-乙醚萃取物中的多酚类化合物,建立了有较好专属性的HPLC指纹图谱,比较了姜辣素含量及其得率。     

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genetic Basis of Differences in Bioactive Compound Biosynthesis between Rhizome and Aboveground Stem in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a valuable food and medicinal plant. Its pharmacological activities are mainly attributed to its secondary metabolites....     

Effective management of soft rot of ginger caused by Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp.: emerging role of nanotechnology

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a tropical plant cultivated all over the world due to its culinary and medicinal properties. It is one of the most...     

Validation of Zingiber collinsii (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam

The name Zingiber collinsii is validated and some corrections to an ealier publication are given.     

生姜茎尖组织培养和快速繁殖研究

以生姜茎尖为外植体进行培养,筛选诱导愈伤组织和生根的最佳培养基。结果表明,在茎尖培养中,合理的消毒处理对茎尖成活率影响很大;以MS+6-BA 1.5mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L为最适茎尖诱导培养基,可一次诱导形成愈伤组织,并直接形成带根幼苗,月增殖倍数为6.9倍,成活率76.9%。生姜腋芽继代培养基MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L+KT 1.0mg/L,以腐殖质土:菜园土=1:1基质可促进小苗后期生长,加速成苗。     

Evidence for Methylerythritol Pathway (MEP) Contributions to Zerumbone Biosynthesis as Revealed by Expression Analysis of Regulatory Genes and Metabolic Inhibitors Studies

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - Sesquiterpenoid Zerumbone, the principal secondary metabolite in Zingiber zerumbet Smith, has been identified as the putative molecule conferring resistance...     

阳荷化学成分及药理作用最新研究进展

对姜科姜属植物阳荷Zingiber striolatum的栽培、化学成分及药理作用进行综述，并对其应用及生产上存在的问题进行探讨。     

Two new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from the Philippines

Zingiber banahaoense and Z. matutumense from the Philippines are described and illustrated.     

Taxonomic changes regarding three species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand

Zingiber teres S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia and Z. xishuangbannaense S. Q. Tong are reduced to be synonyms of Z. smilesianum Craib and Z. thorelii Gagnep.,respectively. Z. cochinchinense Gagnep. is changed to be a subspecies of Z. zerumbet (L.) Sm.     

Direct in vitro regeneration of medicinally important Indian and exotic red-colored ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and genetic fidelity assessment using ISSR and SSR markers

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant - An efficient direct in vitro plant regeneration protocol has been established for medicinally important red-colored ginger (Zingiber...     

Phenylbutanoids from Zingiber cassumunar

Five novel phenylbutanoids have been isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 2,4,5-trimethoxy-benzaldehyde are also reported from the same source.