粗糙肉齿菌子实体化学成分研究

利用硅胶柱层析、RP-8层析及Sephadex LH-20分离的方法,从高等真菌粗糙肉齿菌(Sarcodon scabrosus)干燥子实体的甲醇提取物中分离并鉴定了8个化合物,经现代光谱技术鉴定分别为苯甲酸(1)、麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(2)、2',3'-二乙酰基-3,4,5',6',4″-五羟基-对联三苯(3)和1-乙基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、对羟基苯甲酸(5)、丁二酸(6)、腺嘌呤(7)、腺嘌呤核苷(8).以上化合物均为首次从粗糙肉齿菌中获得.     

马鞍菌子实体化学成分研究

利用现代色谱技术和光谱技术从高等真菌马鞍菌(Helvella elastica)干燥子实体的甲醇提取物中分离并鉴定了6个化合物,它们分别是软脂酸(1)、麦角甾-5,22-二烯-3β-醇(2)、5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(3)、尿嘧啶(4)、L-焦谷氨酸(5)和D-阿洛醇(6).以上化合物均为首次从马鞍菌子实体中获得.     

长柄炭角菌子实体化学成分研究

从长柄炭角菌(Xylaria longipes)的子实体中分离得到7个化合物,经波谱分析鉴定为3β-羟基-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯(1)、麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮(2)、integric acid(3)、1-羟基-6,8-二甲氧基-3-甲基-蒽醌(4)、3,9-二羟基-6,8-二甲氧基-3-甲基-3,4-二氢-1(2H)-蒽酮(5)、3β-羟基-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯(6)和D-阿洛醇(7).     

猴头菌子实体化学成分研究

利用柱色谱技术从猴头菌(Hercium erinaceus)干燥子实体的甲醇提取物中分离得到11个化合物,经波谱技术分别鉴定为:D-赤藓糖醇(1)、D-阿拉伯糖醇(2)、1-O-β-D-吡哺葡萄糖基-(2S,4E,8E,2'R)-2-N-(2'-羟基十六烷酰)-9-甲基-4,8-sphingadienine(3)、3β-羟基-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯(4)、3β-羟基-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯(5)、硬脂酸(6)、油酸(7)、hericenone F(8)、hericenone C (9)、hericenone E(10)和hericene A(11).研究结果表明,hericenones型酚类物质在猴头菌子实体中含量丰富,化合物3是从猴头菌子实体中首次分离得到的脑酰胺类物质.     

The Growth and Development of the Fruiting Bodies of Myxococcus fulvus

The fruiting bodies of Myxococcus fulvus , when grown on an exceptionally favourable medium, containing ultrasonicated food bacteria, continue to grow and develop beyond the normal, simple form. These elaborating structures show no signs of the presence of vegetative bacteria, whereas a significant proportion of the microcysts appear to be in process of reproduction. It is concluded that the later stages of fruiting body growth are due to microcyst activity.     

Purification and Characterization of Intracellular Proteinases in Pleurotus ostreatus Fruiting Bodies

A serine proteinase (ProA, EC 3.4.22.9) and two metalloendopeptidases (ProB, EC 3.4.99.32 and ProC, 3.4.24.4), have been purified to homogeneity from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus. ProA is a serine proteinase with a mass of 30 kDa, which has amidolytic and esterolytic activities besides proteolysis and catalyzes preferential cleavage of the peptide bonds involving the carboxyl groups of hydrophobic amino acid residues in oxidized bovine insulin B chain. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was VTQTNAPWGLSRL.

ProB is a zinc-enzyme with a mass of 18 kDa, which is devoid of lysine, and its N-terminal sequence was ATFVGCSATRQ. The enzyme is inactivated completely by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, and Zn²⁺-depleted ProB can regain the activity with Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, or Mn²⁺. Specific cleavage of Pro₂₉-LYS₃₀ in oxidized bovine insulin B chain, preferential generation of lysylpeptides from proteins, and a high susceptibility of polylysine suggest that ProB splits specifically the peptide bonds involving the α-amino group of lysyl residues.

ProC is a metalloendopeptidase of a mass of 42.5 kDa, and Zn²⁺ was the most effective divalent metal ion to activate the EDTA-inactivated enzyme.     

发网菌目黏菌子实体微量元素的初步分析

运用能散X-射线微区分析技术研究了发网菌目黏菌代表种的子实体的微量元素组成,结果表明:分属于7属的7种供试发网黏菌子实体囊被上的微量元素组成存在差异。尽管在显微镜下观察不到可见的如绒泡菌目黏菌子实体中存在的石灰质颗粒,但其中的钙元素所占比例均仍较高。同时,元素组成上的差异与子实体的颜色没有相关性。     

Trypsin-Like Proteinases and Trypsin Inhibitors in Fruiting Bodies of Higher Fungi

The activity of trypsin-like proteinases and trypsin inhibitors was measured in fruiting bodies of various species of basidial fungi (Basidiomycetes). Fruiting bodies of all fungi contained these enzymes, with the exceptions of polypore (Coriolus versicolor (Fr.) Karst) and hedgehog fungus (Hericium erinaceus (Fr.) Quel), belonging to the families Polyporaceae and Hericiaceae, respectively, in which the enzyme activities were barely detectable. The activity of trypsin-like proteinases was the highest in fruiting bodies of Boletaceae and Agaricaceae. Fruiting bodies of all fungi contained trypsin inhibitors. The highest activity of trypsin inhibitors was detected in basidiomycetes of the families Boletaceae, Agaricaceae, and Pleurotaceae, including Boletus castanus (Fr.) Karst, orange-cap boletus (Leccinum aurantiacum (Fr.) Sing), and brown-cap boletus (Leccinum melanum (Fr.) Karst).     

Alliinase-like Enzymes in Fruiting Bodies of Lentinus edodes: Their Purification and Substrate Specificity

3-Chloro-d-alanine chloride-lyase, which occurs in the cells of Pseudomonas putida CR 1-1, catalyzes not only the α,β-elimination reaction of 3-chloro-d-alanine to form pyruvate, but also its β-replacement reaction in the presence of a high concentration of sodium hydrosulfide to form d-cysteine. Using the β-replacement reaction, the enzymatic synthesis of d-cysteine by resting cells was investigated. The culture conditions for cell production of the bacterium with high d-cysteine-producing activity and the reaction conditions for d-cysteine production were optimized. Under these optimal reaction conditions, 100% of the added 3-chloro-d-alanine could be converted to d-cysteine and, as the highest yield, 20.6 mg of d-cysteine per 1.0 ml of reaction mixture could be synthesized.     

A Novel Peroxidase from Fresh Fruiting Bodies of the Mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics - A novel peroxidase has been isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius, with a purification protocol of...     

蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素性质初步研究

对蒙古口蘑干燥子实体研磨后,用磷酸盐缓冲液浸提,得到蒙古口蘑子实体的凝集素粗提物。对其性质进行分析表明,蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素对牛血和羊血都能凝集,且对羊血的凝集作用较强;D-果糖、β-葡萄糖、半乳糖和木糖对蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素均具有抑制作用;弱酸或弱碱性浸提液有利于凝集素的提取;蒙古口蘑子实体凝集素具有一定的热稳定性,直到70℃以后凝集红细胞的活力才丧失;凝集素的凝集活性对Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+和Fe3+这4种离子有不同程度的依赖。     

Fine Structure of Fruiting Bodies of Stigmatella aurantiaca (Myxobacterales)

The fruiting body of Stigmatella aurantiaca consists of a thick stalk supporting a number of individual cysts. The stalk is made of discontinuous tubules, of dimensions known for vegetative cells, which are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the stalk. The red-brown cysts contain numerous, randomly oriented myxospores which are surrounded by thick, fibrous capsules. Their cell walls are wavy or ruffled and exhibit fewer budlike infoldings than reported for myxospores induced in liquid. We suggest that the extended time period available for metabolic and regulatory adjustments by the cell during morphogenesis within cysts accounts for the presence of considerably fewer deep cell wall infoldings than in glycerol-induced myxospores.     

Photosynthetic and Respiratory Activity of Fruiting Forms within the Cotton Canopy

The supply of photosynthates by leaves for reproductive development in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been extensively studied. However, the contribution of assimilates derived from the fruiting forms themselves is inconclusive. Field experiments were conducted to document the photosynthetic and respiratory activity of cotton leaves, bracts, and capsule walls from anthesis to fruit maturity. Bracts achieved peak photosynthetic rates of 2.1 micromoles per square meter per second compared with 16.5 micromoles per square meter per second for the subtending leaf. However, unlike the subtending leaf, the bracts did not show a dramatic decline in photosynthesis with increased age, nor was their photosynthesis as sensitive as leaves to low light and water-deficit stress. The capsule wall was only a minor site of ¹⁴CO₂ fixation from the ambient atmosphere. Dark respiration by the developing fruit averaged −18.7 micromoles per square meter per second for 6 days after anthesis and declined to −2.7 micromoles per square meter per second after 40 days. Respiratory loss of CO₂ was maximal at −158 micromoles CO₂ per fruit per hour at 20 days anthesis. Diurnal patterns of dark respiration for the fruit were age dependent and closely correlated with stomatal conductance of the capsule wall. Stomata on the capsule wall of young fruit were functional, but lost this capacity with increasing age. Labeled ¹⁴CO₂ injected into the fruit interior was rapidly assimilated by the capsule wall in the light but not in the dark, while fiber and seed together fixed significant amounts of ¹⁴CO₂ in both the light and dark. These data suggest that cotton fruiting forms, although sites of significant respiratory CO₂ loss, do serve a vital role in the recycling of internal CO₂ and therein, function as important sources of assimilate for reproductive development.     

Morphometric Analysis of Chloroplasts of Cotton Leaf and Fruiting Organs

We examined morphological and ultrastructural differences in chloroplasts of cotton leaves and the fruiting organs, bract, and capsule wall to advance our understanding of their commonly observed differences in photosynthetic efficiency. Chloroplasts from leaves were large (7.1 μm long in cross section), lens shaped with a well developed membrane system differentiated into grana and stroma lamellae that occupied the large cross-sectional area (12.3 μm²) of the organelle. A few small plastoglobuli and starch grains were scattered in the stroma region. The bract chloroplasts were correlative of leaf chloroplasts in size (6.8 μm in length) and shape with the exception that the bract chloroplasts exhibited greater thylakoid number per granum (15.8) than the leaf chloroplasts (10.5). In contrast to leaf and bract, the capsule wall chloroplasts were smaller in size (4.3 μm) and cross sectional area (6.8 μm²) than either the leaf or bract. The most intriguing feature of the capsule wall chloroplasts was its domination by large starch granules (5.3 μm²) in the stroma which filled the whole chloroplast coercing the membrane system to move towards the periphery of the organelle. Grana number and thylakoids per granum were lowest in the capsule wall chloroplasts. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

绿盖粉孢牛肝菌中一个新的甾体糖苷

从绿盖粉孢牛肝菌（Tylopilus virens）中分离得到一个新的麦角甾烷型甾体糖苷,其化学结构通过波谱学方法鉴定为：（22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-5α,6β-二醇-3β-O-[3-（3-苯基丙酰氧基）]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷,命名为tylopiloside（1）,同时,其苷元cerevisterol（2）也从该菌中分离得到。值得注意的是,这种糖片段上有芳环取代的烷酰氧基基团的麦角甾烷型甾体糖苷为真菌中首次报道。