蚜蝇科昆虫线粒体基因组特征及系统发育研究

蚜蝇科昆虫是一类重要的资源昆虫,目前GenBank数据库共收录64种蚜蝇科昆虫线粒体全长基因组序列,涉及蚜蝇亚科(Syrphinae) 3族26种,管蚜蝇亚科(Eristalinae) 5族38种。本文总结了蚜蝇科昆虫线粒体基因组的基本特征,概述了线粒体全基因组在蚜蝇科昆虫系统发育研究中的应用,同时基于线粒体全基因组序列重建了蚜蝇科系统发育关系,并提出今后蚜蝇科昆虫的线粒体基因组学研究重点。     

长尾管蚜蝇Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus,1758)线粒体基因组测序及分析

为了研究长尾管蚜蝇在双翅目的系统发育地位,本研究采用全基因组鸟枪法获得其线粒体基因组95%左右的序列,长度为15 996 bp,登录号为MH159199,包含13个蛋白编码基因,2个rRNA基因,22个tRNA基因,共有9处基因重叠区和16处基因间隔区。13个蛋白编码基因的起始密码子均为ATN,终止密码子除ND5为T外其余均为TAA。从线粒体基因组水平探讨了双翅目3亚目12科28种的系统进化地位,结果表明:食蚜蝇科和潜蝇科聚在一起形成无缝组与以丽蝇科、麻蝇科、寄蝇科、蝇科、花蝇科等构成的有缝组形成姊妹群。     

玉米蚜线粒体基因组测序及蚜族系统发育分析

为探究玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)线粒体基因组结构特征及蚜族(Aphidini)的系统发育关系,本研究利用高通量测序技术测定了玉米蚜线粒体基因组全序列。选择已知的蚜族18个物种线粒体基因组作为内群,选择长管蚜族(Macrosiphini)2个物种线粒体基因组作为外群,利用最大似然法(maximum likelihood method)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference method)重建蚜族的系统发育关系。玉米蚜的线粒体基因组全长为15 096 bp,呈环状,包括13个蛋白质编码基因(protein-coding genes)、 22个tRNA基因和2个rRNA基因,还有一段非编码控制区。13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子全为ATN; 3个蛋白质编码基因cox1、nad4和nad5具有不完整的终止密码子T或TA,其余10个蛋白质编码基因为完整的终止密码子TAA或TAG。本研究利用线粒体基因组数据重建了蚜族的系统发育关系,最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建的蚜族的系统发育关系是基本一致的。其中,色蚜属(Melanaphis)、桃粉蚜属(Hyalopterus)、蚜...     

两种毛蚜线粒体基因组比较分析

【目的】线粒体基因组分析已被应用于昆虫系统发育研究。本研究以蚜科Aphididae重要类群毛蚜亚科物种为代表,测定并比较分析了该类蚜虫的线粒体基因组特征,探讨了基于线粒体基因组信息的蚜虫系统发育关系重建。【方法】以毛蚜亚科三角枫多态毛蚜Periphyllus acerihabitans Zhang和针茅小毛蚜Chaetosiphella stipae Hille Ris Lambers,1947为研究对象,利用长短PCR相结合的方法测定线粒体基因组的序列,分析了基因组的基本特征;基于在线t RNAscan-SE Search Server搜索方法预测了t RNA的二级结构;基于12个物种(本研究获得的2个物种和10个Gen Bank上下载的物种数据)的蛋白编码基因(PCGs)序列,利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了蚜科的系统发育关系。【结果】两种毛蚜均获得了约94%的线粒体基因组数据,P.acerihabitans获得了14 908 bp,控制区为1 205 bp;C.stipae获得了13 893 bp,控制区为609 bp。两种毛蚜同时获得33个基因,包含接近完整的13个蛋白编码基因(PCGs)(nad5不完整),18个tRNA,2个rRNA基因;ka/ks值表明,C.stipae的进化速率更快。从基因组组成、基因排列顺序、核苷酸组成分析、密码子使用情况、t RNA二级结构等特征来分析,两种蚜虫线粒体基因组基本特征相似。系统发育重建结果表明毛蚜亚科、蚜亚科的单系性得到了支持,毛蚜亚科位于蚜科的基部位置。【结论】两种毛蚜线粒体基因组的基本特征相似,符合蚜虫线粒体基因组的一般特征,两种线粒体基因组的长度差异主要来自控制区长度的不同;系统发育重建支持毛蚜亚科与蚜亚科的单系性,毛蚜亚科位于蚜科较为基部的位置。研究结果为蚜虫类系统发育重建提供了参考。     

昆虫线粒体基因组重排的研究进展

动物线粒体基因组通常组成稳定,基因排列也相对保守,极少发生重组。但是昆虫的线粒体基因组具有重排的可能性,而且这些重排事件可能为系统发育研究提供重要的信息。因此,深入研究昆虫线粒体基因组的重排可能有助于解决具有争议的系统发生关系。本文对昆虫线粒体基因组的重排类型、重排机理和重排在昆虫系统发育分析中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了介绍。     

缨翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的结构特征与比较分析

缨翅目物种是一类具有重要经济意义的微小昆虫。截至目前,GenBank数据库中共收录2科7属9种10条蓟马全线粒体基因组序列。现综述缨翅目昆虫线粒体基因组已有的研究成果,比较分析其基因组特征,包括基因大小、基因组成及重排、碱基组成、密码子使用、蛋白质编码基因、RNA基因、非编码区等;最后,对目前研究中存在的问题进行讨论,并对未来研究进行展望,为进一步系统地研究缨翅目昆虫线粒体基因组等提供了新思路。     

中国树花线粒体基因组特征及系统发育分析

中国树花是广布于北半球的一种地衣,具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗炎和治疗糖尿病等生物活性。本研究首次对中国树花Ramalina sinensis的线粒体基因组进行测序、组装和注释,结果表明其线粒体基因组是一个长度为38 265 bp的环状分子,共编码42个基因(15个蛋白质编码基因(PCGs)、2个rRNA基因和25个tRNA基因),碱基组成具有明显AT偏好性,其中24个tRNA被成功预测为典型三叶草结构。密码子偏好性分析显示该线粒体基因组对A/U结尾的密码子具有明显偏好性。树花科地衣共线性分析没有发现大面积的基因重排现象。与间枝树花R. intermedia的线粒体基因组比较分析显示这2个物种有着较为亲密的适应性进化关系。15个PCGs的Ka/Ks值各不相同,说明这些基因正在接受不同的选择压力。系统发育分析表明中国树花与间枝树花的亲缘关系很紧密。本研究为树花属的资源保护、系统进化以及遗传多样性研究提供基础数据。     

叶蝉线粒体基因组全序列结构研究进展

叶蝉种类多,数量大,并且广泛分布于全世界,主要生活在森林和草地上,均以植物为食,对蔬菜、禾谷类等经济植物产生危害。迄今,在NCBI中已收录27种叶蝉线粒体基因组全序列数据。本文概述了叶蝉线粒体基因组全序列的获取过程和分析方法,并且比较了PCR法和NGS在实际测序应用中的优缺点;从开展时间和研究空间两方面梳理了叶蝉线粒体基因组全序列研究现状;分析了27种叶蝉全序列结构的基因重叠、基因偏斜、PCGs基因、密码子使用、RNA基因和A+T富含区的基本特征;总结了叶蝉线粒体基因组在系统发育关系、分类鉴定以及不同地理种群之间的应用;同时基于以上研究,从研究数量、研究体系和研究应用三方面归纳了叶蝉线粒体基因组全序列现阶段研究中的不足,并对今后的研究工作予以展望。     

中国长吻蚜蝇属一新种记述(双翅目:蚜蝇科:迷蚜蝇亚科)

记述采自中国海南省的长吻蚜蝇属Lycastris 1新种:黄盾长吻蚜蝇L. flaviscutatis, sp. nov..新种模式标本保存于陕西理工学院陕西省资源生物重点实验室.     

短尾蝮蛇线粒体基因组全序列分析

参照近缘物种的线粒体基因序列设计并筛选得到8对引物,结合TA克隆和步移测序获得了全长17227bp的短尾蝮蛇线粒体基因组全序列.与多数蛇类线粒体基因组类似,其共编码包括13个蛋白、2个rRNA和22个tRNA在内的37个基因,另外还包含2个非编码的富含AT的控制区.基因间排列紧凑,多数基因间间隔极短甚至发生重叠.除nad1、cox1和nad3外,多数蛋白编码基因均以ATG作为起始密码子,终止密码子的使用则存在TAA、AGA、AGG和不完全的T4种情况.基于合并的19个tRNA基因序列组合数据采用NJ、MP和ME3种算法对21种蛇进行了初步的系统发育分析,结果表明,各主要分类单元之间的亲缘关系与前人基于形态学、线粒体12SrRNA和cytb基因序列研究的结论完全一致,这证实了基于合并的线粒体tRNA基因序列进行蛇类物种DNA分子系统学研究的可行性.     

甜果螨全线粒体基因组测序与分析

【目的】测定和分析甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis线粒体基因组全序列,并在线粒体基因组水平探讨其在真螨总目(Acariformes)中的系统发育地位,为真螨总目分类及果螨科线粒体基因组研究提供科学依据。【方法】挑取实验室饲养的甜果螨成螨,用传统的酚氯仿抽提法和试剂盒提取法提取甜果螨基因组DNA。然后采用节肢动物或螨类线粒体基因的通用引物PCR扩增出甜果螨线粒体基因cox1,cob,rrnS和nad4-nad5的部分序列;再设计种特异性引物进行Long-PCR扩增和步移法测序,测出甜果螨线粒体基因组全序列。应用SeqMan, SEQUIN 9.0和tRNAscan等生物信息学软件,对甜果螨线粒体基因组的基因结构等进行生物信息学分析。最后基于17种真螨总目螨类的蛋白质编码基因,采用最大似然法构建系统发育树。【结果】甜果螨线粒体全基因组总长为14 060 bp(GenBank登录号:MN073839),为典型的闭合双链DNA分子,共由37个基因组成,包括13个蛋白质编码基因(PCGs)、22个tRNA基因和2个rRNA基因;甜果螨线粒体基因组还包括1个大的非编码区(large n...     

Molecular characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Indian wild pig (Sus scrofa cristatus)

The Indian wild pig is a sub-species (Sus scrofa cristatus) which is different from the other pig breeds and is protected under Schedule-III of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. In this study, complete mitogenome of two Indian wild pigs was sequenced and characterized by shotgun sequencing and de novo assembly, which revealed sequence size of 16,738 and 16,251?bp, respectively, (Accession no. MG725630 and MG725631). The mitogenome sequence in this study displayed 98% homology with previously reported mitogenome of pigs from different parts of the world. Mitogenome analysis by MITOS Web server revealed similarity of gene organization with the other vertebrates (13 protein-coding, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs genes, and a control region). The mitogenomic sequences of Indian wild pig maintained a separate clade in the phylogenetic tree constructed by using 62 whole mitogenome sequences across the world. The phylogeny derived from mitogenomic sequences revealed distinct separate European–American and Asiatic pig clades. It was concluded that whole mitogenome sequencing using NGS without designing mitogenome-specific primer for amplification, is possible thereby reducing the cost and labor. This study is the first report of complete sequence of mitogenome of Indian wild pig.     

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Bonasa sewerzowi(Galliformes: Phasianidae) and phylogenetic analysis

Bonasa sewerzowi, the smallest and most southerly distributed grouse species in the world, is a bird endemic to China. The population of B. sewerzowi had shown a declining trend, which made it to be the endangered species in the China Red Data Book and Category I of nationally protected animals. So far, however, most studies about this species were mainly focused on the morphological and ecological aspects. In order to further study the feature of B. sewerzowi, the complete mitochondrial genome(mitogenome) of B. sewerzowi was sequenced by Illumina Hiseq 2000 high-throughput sequencing. Then, we focused on comparative genomics of two Bonasa species to find their characteristics. Finally, phylogenetic position of Bonasa was made based on the mitogenome dataset. Our results revealed that:(1) the mitogenome of B. sewerzowi, consisting of 16 658 bp, displayed typical genome organization and gene order found in other previously determined Galliformes mitogenomes;(2) the structure and composition of mitogenomes were similar between B. sewerzowi and B. bonasia;(3) the monophyly of Bonasa was well supported, which had a closer phylogenetic relationship with Meleagris gallopavo.     

The first complete mitochondrial genome of the Indian Tent Turtle,Pangshura tentoria (Testudines: Geoemydidae): Characterization and comparative analysis

The characterization of a complete mitogenome is widely used in genomics studies for systematics and evolutionary research. However, the sequences and structural motifs contained within the mitogenome of Testudines taxa have rarely been examined. The present study decodes the first complete mitochondrial genome of the Indian Tent Turtle, Pangshura tentoria (16,657 bp) by using next‐generation sequencing. This denovo assembly encodes 37 genes: 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA, and one control region (CR). Most of the genes were encoded on majority strand, except for one PCG (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6) and eight tRNAs. Most of the PCGs were started with an ATG initiation codon, except for Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 with “GTG” and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 with “ATA.” The termination codons, “TAA” and “AGA” were observed in two subunits of NADH dehydrogenase gene. The relative synonymous codon usage analysis revealed the maximum abundance of alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine. The nonsynonymous/synonymous ratios were <1 in all PCGs, which indicates strong negative selection among all Geoemydid species. The study also found the typical cloverleaf secondary structure in most of the tRNA genes, except for serine with the lack of the conventional DHU arm. The comparative study of Geoemydid mitogenomes revealed the occurrence of tandem repeats was frequent in the 3′ end of CR. Further, two copies of a unique tandem repeat “TTCTCTTT” were identified in P. tentoria. The Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood phylogenetic trees using concatenation of 13 PCGs revealed the close relationships of P. tentoria with Batagur trivittata in the studied dataset. All the Geoemydid species showed distinct clustering with high bootstrap support congruent with previous evolutionary hypotheses. We suggest that the generations of more mitogenomes of Geoemydid species are required, to improve our understanding of their in‐depth phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships.     

Evolutionary implications of analyses of complete mitochondrial genomes across order Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia)

Cnidarians are early-diverging metazoans, but evolutionary aspects of some taxa are still poorly understood, as in the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Zoantharians have been divided into two suborders based on the arrangement of the fifth septae as complete (Macrocnemina) or incomplete (Brachycnemina). Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated the need for re-evaluation as Macrocnemina has been found to be paraphyletic. Despite many phylogenetic studies, the recovery of complete mitochondrial genomes (mt-genomes) for systematic and evolutionary studies of zoantharians has been limited. The present study represents the first to sequence the complete mt-genomes of members of eight of nine zoantharian families. Although all examined mt-genomes had the same gene order arrangement, there were variations among mt-genomes' sizes, nucleotide substitution rates, and introns. Only two species did not have the cox1 intron, which harbors a gene coding a homing endonuclease of the LAGLIDADG type. Our mitogenomic analyses also showed relatively high nucleotide diversity in mt-DNA regions other than the standard regions traditionally considered for DNA barcoding of this group. Phylogenetic analyses using 13 mt-genome protein-coding genes recovered a fully resolved tree with clear separation between macrocnemic representatives. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses revealed three main transitions in arrangement of the marginal musculature through the evolutionary history of the order. An “early” transition from reticulate mesogleal to a cteniform endodermal arrangement was followed by transitions that occurred in the common ancestor of the Brachycnemina and family Hydrozoanthidae. Our results indicate the need for clarification of higher-level phylogeny and taxonomy of Zoantharia.     

Grayling (Thymallinae) phylogeny within salmonids: complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Thymallus arcticus and Thymallus thymallus

The phylogenetic relationships among the three subfamilies (Salmoninae, Coregoninae and Thymallinae) in the Salmonidae have not been addressed extensively at the molecular level. In this study, the whole mitochondrial genomes of two Thymallinae species, Thymallus arcticus and Thymallus thymallus were sequenced, and the published mitochondrial genome sequences of other salmonids were used for Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood phylogenetic analyses. These results support an ancestral Coregoninae, branching within the Salmonidae, with Thymallinae as the sister group to Salmoninae.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Pardosa pusiola (Araneae,Lycosidae) and its phylogenetic implications

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is useful for identification and phylogenetic analyses among arthropods, but there are no sufficient mitogenome data for wolf spiders. To enrich the mitogenome database of wolf spiders, the complete mitogenome of Pardosa pusiola was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. It is 14,284 bp, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a control region (CR). It represents a high bias toward A and T nucleotides with an A + T content of 76.49%. The mitogenome exhibited a negative AT skew (−0.13) and a positive GC skew (0.32). Most PCGs started with ATN codons and ended with TAA, TAG, or an incomplete T. In addition, most tRNAs had aberrant secondary structures with the absence of DHU arm or TΨC arm. Analysis performed with CREx software demonstrated that large-scale rearrangements of tRNAs were observed in the mitogenome of P. pusiola as compared with the putative ancestral mitogenome. The Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees based on the 13 PCGs of 25 spiders had the same topology, which could be presented as (Araneidae + (Agelenidae + (Dictynidae + Desidae)) + (Salticidae + (Thomisidae + (Oxyopidae + (Pisauridae + Lycosidae))))). This study offers a useful genetic resource for the taxonomy and phylogeny of spiders.     

Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes

The softshell turtles (Trionychidae) are one of the most widely distributed reptile groups in the world, and fossils have been found on all continents except Antarctica. The phylogenetic relationships among members of this group have been previously studied; however, disagreements regarding its taxonomy, its phylogeography and divergence times are still poorly understood as well. Here, we present a comprehensive mitogenomic study of softshell turtles. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of 10 softshell turtles, in addition to the GenBank sequence of Dogania subplana, Lissemys punctata, Trionyx triunguis, which cover all extant genera within Trionychidae except for Cyclanorbis and Cycloderma. These data were combined with other mitogenomes of turtles for phylogenetic analyses. Divergence time calibration and ancestral reconstruction were calculated using BEAST and RASP software, respectively. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that Trionychidae is the sister taxon of Carettochelyidae, and support the monophyly of Trionychinae and Cyclanorbinae, which is consistent with morphological data and molecular analysis. Our phylogenetic analyses have established a sister taxon relationship between the Asian Rafetus and the Asian Palea + Pelodiscus + Dogania + Nilssonia + Amyda, whereas a previous study grouped the Asian Rafetus with the American Apalone. The results of divergence time estimates and area ancestral reconstruction show that extant Trionychidae originated in Asia at around 108 million years ago (MA), and radiations mainly occurred during two warm periods, namely Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene and Oligocene. By combining the estimated divergence time and the reconstructed ancestral area of softshell turtles, we determined that the dispersal of softshell turtles out of Asia may have taken three routes. Furthermore, the times of dispersal seem to be in agreement with the time of the India–Asia collision and opening of the Bering Strait, which provide evidence for the accuracy of our estimation of divergence time. Overall, the mitogenomes of this group were used to explore the origin and dispersal route of Trionychidae and have provided new insights on the evolution of this group.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Plesiastrea versipora (Scleractinia,Plesiastreidae) sheds light on its phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Plesiastreidae

The genus Plesiastrea used to be a member of the traditional family Faviidae, falling into the challenging ‘Bigmessidae’ clade, and was re-established until recent molecular phylogenies published. The entire mitogenome of the symbiotic coral Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816), the type species of the family Plesiastreidae, was sequenced. The length of the mitochondrial genome is 15,320 bp and it includes thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs and two tRNAs. The nucleotide composition of GC is 32%. We perform phylogenetic reconstruction based on maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analysis(BI) using all PCGs. Our result indicates that P. versipora clusters closely with species which belong to Mussidae, Merulinidae and Lobophylliidae. Our phylogenetic analyses provide solid evidence for phylogenetic placement of P. versipora and the evolutionary relationships among different families within the traditional robust clade of Scleractinia. In addition, the mitogenome data provide useful information for further molecular systematic investigations on Plesiastreidae as well as conservation biology research of P. versipora.