能量代谢工程促地衣芽胞杆菌DW2高效合成杆菌肽

杆菌肽是一种主要由芽胞杆菌产生的广谱性环肽类抗生素,目前广泛应用于兽药领域。能量代谢在微生物高效合成目的代谢产物中具有重要作用。文中以杆菌肽工业生产菌株地衣芽胞杆菌Bacillus licheniformis DW2为出发菌株,首先构建了呼吸链分支途径细胞色素bd泛醇氧化酶基因cydB缺失菌株,发现cydB缺失后杆菌肽效价和胞内ATP浓度相比于对照菌株分别提高了10.97%和22.96%。接着,证实了强化表达另外一条呼吸链分支途径——细胞色素aa3氧化酶基因qoxA能够提高杆菌肽合成水平,其杆菌肽效价和胞内ATP浓度相比于对照菌株分别提高了18.27%和34.00%。强化ADP合成供给也是促进胞内ATP积累的有效策略,结果表明强化表达腺苷激酶DcK和腺苷酸激酶AdK均可以提高杆菌肽效价和胞内ATP浓度,其中强化表达DcK效果较好,其杆菌肽效价相比对照提高16.78%。最后,通过组合代谢工程育种,在基因cydB缺失菌DW2ΔcydB基础上整合表达了qoxA和dck,得到工程菌株DW2-CQD(DW2ΔcydB::qoxA::dck),发酵结果表明,DW2-CQD杆菌肽效价达到954.25 U/mL,相比于对照菌株提高了21.66%,单位菌体杆菌肽效价为2.11 U/CFU,相比对照提高了11.05%。此外,DW2-CQD胞内ATP浓度为39.54 nmol/L,相比于对照提高了49.32%。结果证实能量代谢工程是提高杆菌肽发酵水平的有效策略,提供了一株具有工业化应用前景的杆菌肽生产菌株。     

地衣芽胞杆菌DW2中敲除氨基酸转运蛋白基因yhdG提高杆菌肽产量

杆菌肽是微生物产生的由11种氨基酸残基组成的广谱性抗生素,前体物的供应可能是限制杆菌肽高产的重要因素。文中通过支链氨基酸(异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸)的添加实验考察了前体物质支链氨基酸对杆菌肽高产的影响,证实了异亮氨酸(Ile)和亮氨酸(Leu)的添加可以提高杆菌肽的效价,其中Ile的添加对杆菌肽效价提高的效果较为明显。随后,文中以地衣芽胞杆菌DW2为出发菌株,分别构建了支链氨基酸转运蛋白Yhd G的缺失和强化表达菌株。发酵结果表明,转运蛋白Yhd G缺失工程菌DW2△yhd G的杆菌肽效价达到917.35 U/m L,与原始菌DW2相比提高了11%,而强化Yhd G则会使杆菌肽效价下降25%。最后通过分析胞内胞外支链氨基酸含量,发现缺失转运蛋白Yhd G能够在发酵中后期显著提高胞内支链氨基酸含量,表明氨基酸转运蛋白Yhd G在地衣芽胞杆菌DW2中可能发挥着氨基酸输出的功能。综上,文中通过缺失转运蛋白Yhd G显著提高了地衣芽胞杆菌胞内支链氨基酸的供给水平,从而提高了杆菌肽效价,为杆菌肽高产菌株的构建提供了一种新的策略。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌营养期杀虫蛋白基因vip3A在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达

枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis常被用于表达杀虫和抗菌蛋白.为了探讨苏云金芽胞杆菌B. thuringiensis营养期杀虫蛋白基因（vip3A）在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达情况,促进杀虫防病工程菌构建,将枯草芽胞杆菌168菌株核糖体小亚基S4蛋白基因的启动子与苏云金芽胞杆菌WB7菌株vip3A基因的编码序列连接,插入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli与枯草芽胞杆菌穿梭载体pAD123,得到重组原核表达质粒pADpvip,将重组质粒转化枯草芽胞杆菌标准菌株168和分离自辣椒体内的生防内生枯草芽胞杆菌BS-2菌株中,获得工程菌株.SDS-PAGE分析表明在枯草芽胞杆菌168菌株的部分工程菌株中有约88 kDa大小的VIP条带,而BS-2的工程菌株中未见相应的条带,表明Vip3A蛋白仅在168菌株中表达.生物测定表明有5株168的工程菌株（168vip1-4,6）表现较高的杀虫活性,工程菌株发酵稀释液（约10⁷CFU/mL）处理的小白菜叶片饲喂斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫72 h的杀虫效果可达87.64%~92.13%,但vip3A基因转入内生枯草芽胞杆菌BS-2中不表现杀虫作用.毒力测定表明168vip2菌株对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫72 h的LC₅₀为0.0194 mL/mL.这些结果为进一步研究基因在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达构建杀虫防病工程菌打下了基础.     

PlcR在炭疽芽胞杆菌A16R中的功能研究

炭疽芽胞杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)、蜡样芽胞杆菌(B. cereus)和苏云金芽胞杆菌(B. thuringiensis)均属于蜡样芽胞杆菌群,在遗传学上有很高的相似性。PlcR (Phospholipase C regulator)在蜡样芽胞杆菌中是十分重要的调控因子,但plcR基因在炭疽芽胞杆菌中发生一个无义突变导致在炭疽芽胞杆菌中产生一个截短PlcR蛋白。为了研究plcR基因对炭疽芽胞杆菌功能的影响,文章以蜡样芽胞杆菌CMCC6330基因组为模板,构建重组表达质粒pBE2A-plcR后导入炭疽芽胞杆菌疫苗株A16R中获得重组菌株,对其进行表型分析。结果显示,炭疽芽胞杆菌重组菌株的溶血活性基本没有恢复,但恢复了部分神经鞘磷脂酶活性,表明将蜡样芽胞杆菌的plcR基因导入炭疽芽胞杆菌后,可以直接激活神经鞘磷脂酶活性。     

利用ERIC-PCR对苏云金芽胞杆菌与蜡状芽胞杆菌进行鉴定的研究

为了探索ERIC-PCR技术在苏云金芽胞杆菌和蜡状芽胞杆菌的鉴定及分型中的应用价值,本研究采用PCR方法初步检测苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因的组成,并对苏云金芽胞杆菌和蜡状芽胞杆菌的总DNA进行ERIC-PCR扩增,分析ERIC-PCR指纹图谱的特点并采用NTSYS2.10软件对其进行聚类。结果显示,各菌株的ERIC指纹图谱表现出不同程度的多态性,但图谱与菌株所含cry基因的类型存在一定的相关性。聚类分析结果显示,含有相同或相近cry基因类型的Bt菌株在进化树上趋向聚为一类,而不含cry基因的蜡状芽胞杆菌趋向于与不含cry基因的Bt菌株聚为一类或单独聚类。若在多种模式菌株的参考下,该方法可用于苏云金芽胞杆菌的初步鉴定和分型。     

仙草植物内生芽胞杆菌种群多样性研究

为了研究仙草植株内生芽胞杆菌种群的多样性,利用营养琼脂培养基分离仙草根、茎、叶中的内生芽胞杆菌,采用16SrRNA序列鉴定法对分离获得的芽胞杆菌进行鉴定。同一组织内,对16SrRNA序列及形态完全一样的菌株合并冗余,用ClustalX对分离得到的菌株16SrRNA进行排序,构建Neighbor-Joining系统进化树,并计算多样性指数。实验结果显示,共分离得到58株仙草内生芽胞杆菌(根29株、茎28株、叶1株),分属于芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus),共3个属的11个种,其中与阿氏芽胞杆菌B.aryabhattai、简单芽胞杆菌B.simplex和B.flexus 3个种最接近的内生芽胞杆菌占总分离芽胞杆菌株数的62%;根部内生芽胞杆菌数量及种属均最丰富,其多样性指数高于茎和叶。     

1株枯草芽胞杆菌的鉴定及其弹性蛋白酶结构研究

鉴定弹性蛋白酶产生菌株EL32,确定该酶的基本结构。采用分子生物学、形态学及生理生化性质对菌株EL32进行鉴定;用硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析和分子筛层析纯化酶蛋白;借助肽指纹图谱及酶基因克隆技术研究该酶的一级结构;利用同源建模的方法研究该酶的空间结构。菌株EL32的16S rDNA与枯草芽胞杆菌16S rDNA的同源性达到99%,其菌落呈乳白色,其细胞革兰染色阳性,具有芽胞;发酵葡萄糖试验产酸不产气,明胶水解试验呈阳性,能够水解淀粉,V-P反应呈阳性,鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌。从菌株BL32发酵液中纯化得到了弹性蛋白酶,SDS-PAGE分析显示其分子量为31 ku。用LTQ-MS测定肽指纹图谱表明该弹性蛋白酶是枯草芽胞杆菌蛋白酶subtilisin,该酶的基因和蛋白质序列与枯草芽胞杆菌蛋白酶subtilisin的同源性都高达99%。菌株EL32弹性蛋白酶的三维结构含有6个α-螺旋,7个扭曲的平行β-折叠以及2个反平行的β-折叠,His、Asp和Ser是其活性中心的关键基团。鉴定了1株产弹性蛋白酶的枯草芽胞杆菌,确定了其弹性蛋白酶是蛋白酶subtilisin,为该枯草芽胞杆菌蛋白酶的应用提供了基础。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌HD-73菌株sigE基因敲除突变株的构建与特点

SigE因子是芽胞杆菌芽胞形成过程中起重要作用的sigma因子,它控制着众多芽胞形成相关基因的表达.在苏云金芽胞杆菌中,Cryl等杀虫晶体蛋白的表达也受SigE因子的控制.本研究利用同源重组技术构建了苏云金芽胞杆菌库斯塔克亚种标准菌株HD-73 sigE缺失突变株.研究表明:突变株衰亡期提前,丧失了形成芽胞和晶体的能力:cryIAa指导的β-半乳糖苷酶活性分析表明sigE基因对crylAa基因的转录有较大影响.利用载体pHT315携带sigE所在操纵子spoIIG及其启动子序列在突变株中表达,使突变株恢复了产生芽胞和形成杀虫晶体的能力,生长基本恢复正常,这些结果表明SigE因子是Bt库斯塔克亚种菌株产生芽胞和形成晶体所必需的.     

芽胞杆菌分类与应用研究进展

芽胞杆菌是一类产生具有抗逆特性芽胞的重要微生物资源,研究其分类地位对挖掘和利用芽胞杆菌功能菌株具有重要科学意义。基于基因组学的多相分类法,使得芽胞杆菌分类地位更加精确。截至2016年6月,全世界芽胞杆菌种类达813种,来自于5个科,即芽胞杆菌科、脂环酸芽胞杆菌科、类芽胞杆菌科、动球菌科、芽胞乳杆菌科,74个属。中国芽胞杆菌研究从2004年开始发表新种,目前,中国学者发表中国分离的芽胞杆菌新种达176种。本文就当前芽胞杆菌主要分类鉴定方法及应用进展进行了描述,希望为国内外芽胞杆菌同行研究者提供一定的帮助。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌肠毒素基因的PCR检测

采用多重引物PCR进行了 45株苏云金芽胞杆菌、2株蜡状芽胞杆菌和 2株球形芽胞杆菌溶血素BL ,肠毒素T和entS基因的检测 ,结果表明 95 6%苏云金芽胞杆菌含溶血素hblA基因 ,91 1 %含bceT基因 ,93 3%含entS基因。用两种商业化肠毒素检测试剂盒TECRA和RPLA进行所有菌株肠毒素的体外免疫测定 ,大部分苏云金芽胞杆菌和阳性蜡状芽胞杆菌都能产生不同水平的肠毒素活性 ,同hblA基因PCR检测结果基本相符。尽管DBT0 0 7和T2 4 0 0 1含有hblA基因 ,但用TECRA却检测不到肠毒素 ;Dmu39菌株不含肠毒素基因 ,但用TECRA却检测出高的肠毒素活性。苏云金芽胞杆菌BDT2 4 8和球性芽孢杆菌不含肠毒素基因和肠毒素。结果表明昆虫病原菌苏云金芽胞杆菌的安全性有待进一步研究     

Cloning of the genes controlling the biosynthesis of bacitracin in Bacillus licheniformis

The DNA fragment from bacitracin-producing Bacillus licheniformis strain is cloned on pMX39 vector plasmid in Bacillus subtilis cells. Bacillus subtilis cells carrying the cloned fragment inhibit the growth of bacitracin-sensitive tester strain. The observed inhibition of growth is due to the production by Bacillus subtilis of bacteriocin substance that is identified as bacitracin by TLC-chromatography. In contrast to the data published earlier it is shown that Bacillus subtilis can in fact produce the small amounts of bacitracin. Introduction of the cloned Bacillus licheniformis DNA into Bacillus subtilis cells stimulates this bacitracin production. The restriction site map of the Bacillus licheniformis chromosomal region bearing the cloned fragment is constructed.     

强化底物利用酶系表达,提升地衣芽孢杆菌生产碱性蛋白酶性能

地衣芽孢杆菌2709由于易于培养、GRAS状态和完善的蛋白质分泌能力,是已经投入工业生产碱性蛋白酶的菌株.为改善该菌株的发酵生产性能,提高菌体对培养基成分的利用和碱性蛋白酶产量,对菌株的胞外分泌酶系进行完善.利用同源重组机制,在基因组复制起始位点附近引入了来源于短小芽孢杆菌的木聚糖酶基因xynA和在复制起始位点中心对称...     

Cloning and expression of keratinase gene in Bacillus megaterium and optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of keratinase by recombinant strain

AIMS: Cloning and expression of keratinase gene in Bacillus megaterium and optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of keratinase by recombinant strain. METHODS AND RESULTS: The keratinase gene with and without leader sequence from the chromosomal DNA of Bacillus licheniformis MKU3 was amplified by PCR and cloned into pET30b and transferred into Escherichia coli BL21. The ker gene without leader sequence only expressed in E. coli and the recombinant strain produced an intracellular keratinase activity of 74.3 U ml(-1). The ker gene was further subcloned into E. coli-Bacillus shuttle vector, pWH1520. Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 carrying the recombinant plasmid pWHK3 expressed the ker gene placed under xylA promoter and produced an extracellular keratinase activity of 95 U ml(-1). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the fermentation condition and to improve the level of keratinase production by the recombinant strain. A maximum keratinolytic activity of 166.2 U ml(-1) (specific activity, 33.25 U mg(-1)) was obtained in 18 h of the fermentation carried out with an initial inoculum of 0.4 OD600 nm and xylose concentration of 0.75% w/v. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus licheniformis keratinase was cloned and successfully expressed using T7 promoter in E. coli and xylose inducible expression system in B. megaterium. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the process parameters, which resulted in a three-fold higher level of keratinase production by the recombinant B. megaterium (pWHK3) than the wild type strain B. licheniformis MKU3. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study suggests that B. megaterium is a suitable host for the expression of cloned genes from heterologous origin. Optimization of fermentation conditions improved the keratinase production by B. megaterium (pWHK3) and suggested that this recombinant strain could be used for the production of keratinase.     

Engineered biosynthesis of the peptide antibiotic bacitracin in the surrogate host Bacillus subtilis.

Nonribosomal peptides are processed on multifunctional enzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), whose modular multidomain arrangement allowed the rational design of new peptide products. However, the lack of natural competence and efficient transformation methods for most of nonribosomal peptide producer strains prevented the in vivo manipulation of these biosynthetic gene clusters. In this study, we present methods for the construction of a genetically engineered Bacillus subtilis surrogate host for the integration and heterologous expression of foreign NRPS genes. In the B. subtilis surrogate host, we deleted the resident 26-kilobase srfA gene cluster encoding the surfactin synthetases and subsequently used the same chromosomal location for integration of the entire 49-kilobase bacitracin biosynthetic gene cluster from Bacillus licheniformis by a stepwise homologous recombination method. Synthesis of the branched cyclic peptide antibiotic bacitracin in the engineered B. subtilis strain was achieved at high level, indicating a functional production and proper posttranslational modification of the bacitracin synthetases BacABC, as well as the expression of the associated bacitracin self-resistance genes. This engineered and genetically amenable B. subtilis strain will facilitate the rational design of new bacitracin derivatives.     

Improvement of acetoin reductase activity enhances bacitracin production by Bacillus licheniformis

Bacitracin fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis in this work showed three characteristics: (1) the extracellular propionate, butyrate, acetoin and 2,3-butanediol accumulates under conditions of low dissolved oxygen (zero after 4 h cultivation), reaching a total content of approximately 11.1 g/L; (2) cell growth occurs quickly subsequent to cell autolysis and the second growth; and (3) there is a low content of 2,3-butanediol, a reduced product of acetoin catalyzed by acetoin reductase, in the culture process. In this study, addition of MnCl₂ (0.3 mg/L) to the production medium increased the acetoin reductase activity, redirected the NADH oxidation partly from the propionate- and butyrate-production pathways to the 2,3-butanediol synthesis pathway, reduced the intracellular NADH/NAD⁺ ratio, and facilitated cell growth, ultimately achieving a 11.6% increase in bacitracin production (1076 U/mL) versus the control. The results provide useful information regarding large-scale bacitracin production by B. licheniformis.     

The two-component regulatory system BacRS is associated with bacitracin 'self-resistance' of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716.

Bacitracin is a peptide antibiotic produced by several Bacillus licheniformis strains that is most active against other Gram-positive microorganisms, but not against the producer strain itself. Recently, heterologous expression of the bacitracin resistance mediating BcrABC transporter in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was described. In this study we could determine that the transporter encoding bcrABC genes are localized about 3 kb downstream of the 44-kb bacitracin biosynthetic operon bacABC. Between the bac operon and the bcrABC genes two orfs, designated bacR and bacS, were identified. They code for proteins with high homology to regulator and sensor proteins of two-component systems. A disruption mutant of the bacRS genes was constructed. While the mutant displayed no effects on the bacitracin production it exhibited highly increased bacitracin sensitivity compared to the wild-type strain. Western blot analysis of the expression of BcrA, the ATP-binding cassette of the transporter, showed in the wild-type a moderate BcrA induction in late stationary cells that accumulate bacitracin, whereas in the bacRS mutant cells the BcrA expression was constitutive. A comparison of bacitracin stressed and nonstressed wild-type cells in Western blot analysis revealed increasing amounts of BcrA and a decrease in BacR in the stressed cells. From these findings we infer that BacR acts as a negative regulator for controlling the expression of the bcrABC transporter genes.     

一株产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的地衣芽孢杆菌的选育、产酶条件及酶学特性

从土壤分离物中筛选到一株环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶 (CGTase)产生菌 4 0 3,96h发酵酶活为 0 95U mL。经紫外辐射和硫酸二乙酯复合诱变而获得突变株CLS4 0 3,96h发酵酶活达 1 36U mL ,提高 4 3%。该突变菌株被鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌 (Bacilluslicheniformis) ,产CGTase的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉 ,最佳氮源为硝酸铵 ,最适初始pH为 6 5 ,最适培养温度为 35℃ ,发酵期间CGTase的产生高峰 (第 96h)滞后于菌体生物量高峰 (第 4 8h) 2d。菌株所产CGTase的最适反应pH为 6 0 ,最适温度为 5 5℃ ,在pH 6 0～ 7 5间和 5 0℃下保持 1h后的剩余酶活均达 90 %以上 ;酶液中适量添加Ca2 能大幅提高CGTase在 5 5℃下的稳定性。经高效液相色谱分析 ,CGTase作用于淀粉后的产物以α 环糊精为主 ,β 环糊精为次 ,二者比例为 2 4 7∶1,环糊精总产率达 2 9 8% ,但产物中不含γ 环糊精     

Enhancement of bacitracin biosynthesis by branched-chain amino acids in a regulatory mutant ofBacillus licheniformis

DL-4-Azaleucine-resistant mutant of Bacillus licheniformis azlr-1 isolated after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, was a better bacitracin producer than the parent strain. In the minimal medium, the antibiotic biosynthesis was 4 times higher in the mutant than in the parent strain and less dependent on L-leucine addition. In the complex fermentation medium, the yield was 18-20% higher in the mutant strain. Transaminase B activity measured in the crude extract revealed that the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzymes were 5-10 times derepressed supplying bacitracin synthetase with enhanced quantity of isoleucine and leucine, the building units of bacitracin molecule.     

通过优化表达元件及培养基组分提高地衣芽胞杆菌中碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶产量

【背景】碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶(Subtilisin)是一种具有广泛用途的工业酶制剂。【目的】旨在通过优化启动子、信号肽及培养基组分来提高地衣芽胞杆菌中碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶产量。【方法】以地衣芽胞杆菌BL10为出发菌株,构建了含有4种不同类型启动子(PbacA、P43、PaprE和PsrfA)及4种不同类型信号肽(SPVpr、SPSacB、SPSacC和SPAprE)的碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶表达菌株,并在获得高产菌株的基础上进行培养基优化。【结果】4种启动子的表达水平为PbacAPaprEP43PsrfA,4种信号肽的分泌效率为SPAprESPSacCSPSacBSPVpr。其中,菌株BL10/pPbacA-aprE产生最高的碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶酶活(275.21 U/mL),相比于出发菌株BL10/pHY-aprE (167.98 U/mL)提高了64%。随后,通过对发酵培养基成分进行优化并结合正交优化,获得了一种高产碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶的培养基(g/L):玉米淀粉40.0,豆粕50.0,(NH4)2SO4 4.0,K2HPO4 3.0,CaCO3 1.0。最后,碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶酶活提高到747.37 U/mL,是初始酶活的4.45倍。【结论】为工业化高产碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶提供了一种有效策略。