青海省冬虫夏草资源特征分析

冬虫夏草作为青藏高原特有的生物资源,对生长环境有着极其特殊的要求.通过调查青海省冬虫夏草资源分布状况,选取玉树、果洛、黄南、海南等地区的冬虫夏草进行氨基酸、微量元素含量检测,以反映冬虫夏草资源特征.研究结果表明,青海省冬虫夏草含有丰富的氨基酸和微量元素,且冬虫夏草不同部位的氨基酸、微量元素含量有明显差别.将青海省冬虫夏草与其他产区的冬虫夏草氨基酸含量进行对比分析,青海省冬虫夏草氨基酸含量低于四川、云南产区的冬虫夏草,和西藏产区的冬虫夏草氨基酸含量基本一致.     

冬虫夏草培植技术研究进展

本文对近年来冬虫夏草的培植,包括菌种分离培养、寄主饲养、侵染机理、接种方法及子实体发育条件等研究进展进行了综述。本研究组成功实现了冬虫夏草培植产业化,所培植的冬虫夏草与野生冬虫夏草在虫种、菌种、外观形态、显微结构和化学成分等方面一致。最后分析了冬虫夏草培植技术现阶段存在的问题,并对未来进行了展望。     

冬虫夏草不同生长阶段甾醇类含量分析

冬虫夏草是一味传统名贵中药材,甾醇类成分是其重要的活性成分之一。为了探讨冬虫夏草不同生长阶段甾醇类成分的变化,本研究采用高效液相-蒸发光散射检测器技术对冬虫夏草5个不同阶段样品（冬虫夏草发酵菌丝体、僵虫、1cm子座冬虫夏草,4-6cm子座冬虫夏草,孢子弹射冬虫夏草）和对照样品（蝙蝠蛾幼虫）中麦角甾醇、胆甾醇和谷甾醇的含量进行了分析。结果显示4-6cm子座冬虫夏草样品总甾醇含量较高,该结果为冬虫夏草采收期的选择提供了参考。     

冬虫夏草——科研创新成就的新型产业

正冬虫夏草是仅产自于青藏高原的我国传统珍稀名贵药用真菌,有限的自然资源和巨大的市场需求矛盾十分突出。经过几十年的科学研究,冬虫夏草生态繁育技术瓶颈取得突破,实现了产业化繁育。本专辑是继2016年《菌物学报》"冬虫夏草专刊"对这一成就进行总结的基础上,对冬虫夏草品质、加工工艺、活性组分、药理活性等进一步的总结报道。"冬虫夏草专辑"对冬虫夏草进行了系统的本草考证和相关术语的规范,为冬虫夏草正本清源提供了     

利用CTAB法和子囊孢子破壁法提取冬虫夏草菌DNA

通过CTAB法从冬虫夏草菌株和天然冬虫夏草不同部位提取DNA,并用PCR扩增进行验证,证明了CTAB法适合从冬虫夏草子座、菌核和冬虫夏草菌培养物中提取DNA。首次报道1种将子囊孢子破壁直接进行PCR扩增的方法,并比较了该方法和CTAB法在提取冬虫夏草DNA方面的差异。2种方法获得的DNA用于PCR扩增均能得到较好的结果。     

序言Ⅱ 冬虫夏草:从科学到产业

作为名贵传统药材,冬虫夏草的研究方兴未艾。无性型的确定、学名的变更和"一种真菌一个名称"确定了冬虫夏草菌为Ophiocordyceps sinensis;独特的分布、悠久的历史、公众的认可及地方经济的重要作用等被推荐为"国菌";"虫草产业发展金湖宣言"从产、学、研倡议"尊重科学、利好产业"的发展思路。随着科学研究深入和产业技术发展,冬虫夏草培植获得成功。本专刊对冬虫夏草培植相关基础研究和关键技术进行了总结,对寄主昆虫选育及规模化饲养关键技术到冬虫夏草菌菌种筛选、侵染途径和培植以及培植产品与野生冬虫夏草化学成分和蛋白质谱比较等进行了论述。冬虫夏草培植的成功,不论从科学还是产业的角度,都具有里程碑式的意义。     

三江源区冬虫夏草资源适宜性空间分布

冬虫夏草(Ophiocordyceps sinensis)是生长在青藏高原高寒地区的一种珍稀物种资源,具有极高的药用和经济价值,然而冬虫夏草资源的数量特征与空间格局尚不明确。以三江源区为例,结合冬虫夏草的生境条件,选取适宜冬虫夏草生长的生态环境指标,利用地理信息系统(GIS)中的空间分析方法对冬虫夏草资源的适宜性空间分布进行了研究,并用野外实地采样和入户调研数据进行验证。结果表明:三江源区冬虫夏草资源主要分布在东南部和中南部,分布面积约为18.45×10~4km~2,占该区总面积的50.74%。达日县、甘德县、玉树县、称多县、玛沁县、班玛县、久治县这7个县冬虫夏草适宜性面积占到了该县50%以上的面积,是三江源区冬虫夏草资源的主产区。基于GIS空间分析的结果与实地调查结果相符,说明利用空间分析方法划分冬虫夏草资源的适宜性分布区域是可行的,可为系统的全面调查冬虫夏草资源的分布及保护与合理开发利用冬虫夏草资源提供科学依据。     

冬虫夏草发生的影响因子

作为青藏高原高寒草甸特有的生物资源,冬虫夏草具有重要的药用和经济价值。特殊的生存环境决定了冬虫夏草的珍稀,外力的干扰和任何环境因子的变化都可能影响冬虫夏草的发生。蝠蛾属昆虫幼虫是冬虫夏草发生的营养和物质基础;高海拔分布决定了冬虫夏草发生所需的特殊气候和土壤条件;草甸植物为蝠蛾幼虫提供了丰富的食物资源;各种不同类型的天敌通过致病、捕食或寄生等作用对蝠蛾种群产生调节作用;过载放牧严重影响草甸植被的生长发育,并对冬虫夏草适生地草甸环境产生破坏作用;掠夺式采挖既破坏了环境也打断了冬虫夏草菌完成正常世代发育的链条。本文对影响冬虫夏草发生的各种因子进行了总结和分析,并指出了现有研究中存在的问题,为进一步开展冬虫夏草资源的可持续利用研究并拓展现有研究思路提供参考。     

人工冬虫夏草的氨基酸含量及其营养价值评价

目的为明确人工和野生冬虫夏草在氨基酸方面的差异,并为进一步开发利用人工冬虫夏草提供理论依据,对室内全人工培殖冬虫夏草和产自四川康定的野生冬虫夏草的氨基酸营养价值进行分析评价。方法用日立L-8800型全自动分析仪检测氨基酸含量并根据FAO/WHO的氨基酸评分标准模式和鸡蛋蛋白模式进行氨基酸营养价值评价。结果人工冬虫夏草氨基酸种类齐全,其全草氨基酸总量高于产自康定的野生冬虫夏草;其全草的鲜味氨基酸高于产自康定的野生冬虫夏草;其全草必需氨基酸总量低于产自康定的野生冬虫夏草。人工冬虫夏草必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量的比值高于WHO/FAO评分模式而低于鸡蛋蛋白模式。结论人工冬虫夏草氨基酸不仅种类组成合理,而且具有较高的营养价值。这一结果为人工冬虫夏草的进一步开发利用提供了理论基础。     

冬虫夏草的本草考证

对古代文献记载的"冬虫夏草"进行本草考证,正本溯源,古为今用,为冬虫夏草未来的研究和产业发展提供支撑。根据历代文献中记载"冬虫夏草"的特点,对冬虫夏草的名称来源、形态分布及功效等进行考证,对比冬虫夏草及其易混淆品亚香棒虫草Cordyceps hawkesii、凉山虫草Cordyceps liangshanensis、戴氏虫草Cordyceps taii,认为古代部分文献存在将混淆品记载为冬虫夏草的现象。冬虫夏草为冬虫夏草菌Ophiocordyceps sinensis寄生在蝙蝠蛾科昆虫幼虫上所形成的药材,药用历史悠久,是其他混淆品不可替代的药用品种。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.