棉铃虫核多角体病毒在中肠及其它组织中增殖过程的电镜观察

应用电子显微镜技术观察了核多角体病毒在棉铃虫体内的增殖方式。在中肠细胞内增殖的核衣壳极少被囊膜包围,也很少形成多角体。它们能大量地释放到体腔,迅速感染其他敏感组织。在其他敏感组织内增殖的核衣壳大部分被囊膜包围形成病毒粒子,且随机包涵在多角体中形成核多角体。     

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒囊膜内核衣壳排列图式的电镜观察

核型多角体病毒有单核衣壳包埋型和多核衣壳包埋型之分,单核衣壳包埋型是在一个病毒囊膜内只包含一个核衣壳,而多核衣壳包埋型的特点是在一个病毒囊膜内包含有２个以上的核衣壳,由于多个核衣壳成束地被包装在同一个病毒囊膜内,又称病毒束［１,２］。Ｈｕｎｔｅｒ等表明在干果斑螟核型多角体病毒中,病毒囊膜内包含２～２３个核衣壳［３］。Ｆｒａｓｅｒ将苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒接种于秋粘虫细胞系,超薄切片电镜观察,病毒囊膜内包含的核衣壳数变动于２～１７粒,但未研究其核衣壳在病毒囊膜内的排列结构［４］。本研究用苜蓿丫纹…     

棉铃虫核多角体病毒病的组织病理研究

棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera)核多角体病毒(VHA-273),对寄主的主要病变,发生于三种敏感性组织,即脂肪体、表皮层、气管基质。这些组织可能同时被感染。中肠未被破坏,肌肉、马氏管、神经节等,不受损害。在敏感性组织中,多角体发展迅速,自感染后出现胞核膨大,多角体复制培殖,互组织被破坏,为时仅5-6天,细胞病变均较明显而典型。第七天可达死亡高峰,病虫死亡后即全部液化解体。电镜观察表明:病毒粒子进入敏感性组织后,在细胞核内复制增殖,形成病毒束,并逐步由蛋白质包埋,形成多角体,其大小自1.25-5.0徵米。多角体为不甚规则的圆形,也有典型的多角形等,表面不太平平滑。病毒粒子为棒状,两边平行,两端钝圆,多个成束(极少数单个的),似乎是随机而无规律地排列。在一个多角体的切面中,最多可见到20个以上的病毒束,而每束的粒子则未超过10个。这种核多角体病毒属于“多粒包埋病毒”(MEV)型。     

AcMNPV核衣壳的形态发生

报道了缺失多角体蛋白基因的AcMNPV在sf9细胞内核衣壳的形态发生过程。病毒衣壳蛋白首先装配成许多呈束状排列的直径为34nm中空长管状结构,然后是病毒DNA进入管内,装有DNA的长管按一定的长度间隔断开,形成成束的核衣壳,每个核衣壳的大小约34×260nm,最后成束的核衣壳被囊膜包被形成完整的多粒包埋型病毒粒子。     

AcMNPV的囊膜形成与囊膜蛋白gp64在细胞内的定位

应用电镜观察了重组AcMNPV感染的Sf9细胞,结果表明该病毒的囊膜形成至少有两种形式：一是通过细胞质膜上出芽,二是在核内被膜结构包围而获得囊膜,此外通过核膜出芽也可能是病毒获得囊膜的一种方式。应用免疫荧光技术研究了该病毒在Sf9细胞内囊膜的形成及其与病毒囊膜蛋白gp64间的关系,结果表明gp64主要存在于细胞的质膜与核膜上。该存在方式使得通过出芽而获得囊膜的病毒粒子与核内包被产生的病毒粒子在囊膜成分上有很大差异。     

蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒在细胞培养中的形态发生

本文通过被感染的细胞培养物切片,观察了蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒的装配过程。描述了病毒核衣壳的形成和发育,以及多角体的形成。蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒在细胞培养中的形态发生,表明它是杆状病毒复制的一种典型事例。     

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒在Sf21细胞中离体增殖试验

研究了文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DpCPV-W)在Sf21细胞中的离体增殖行为,并进行了空斑试验,结果显示DpCPV-W毒株能够在Sf21细胞中增殖,也能在Sf21细胞上形成空斑,并能产生形态正常的病毒多角体.在DpCPV-W中加入基因工程增效蛋白,能显著增加病毒粒子对离体细胞的感染率,增幅达145%.生物测定表明,离体增殖的病毒多角体与虫体增殖的多角体的毒力相当.因此,Sf21细胞可以作为文山松毛虫CPV增殖行为研究的离体细胞系统,也可通过空斑纯化技术对文山松毛虫CPV生产防治的病毒种进行单个病毒粒子的分离纯化.     

茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒的血清学研究

应用免疫扩散和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)等方法,研究了茶尺蠖核多角体病毒(boarmia Obliqua NPV)与其他6种昆虫杆状病毒的血清学关系。结果表明茶尺蠖核多角体病毒的抗血清只能与茶尺蠖核多角体病毒起反应,而不与其他6种昆虫杆状病毒发生免疫反应。说明茶尺蠖核多角体病毒和其他6种昆虫杆状病毒没有血清学关系。这一结果表示了茶尺蠖核多角体病毒具有较高的特异性     

荨麻蛱蝶核型多角体病毒在病虫脂肪体中的形态发生

本文叙述了一种在高山草原地区较低温度下感染荨麻蛱蝶(Vanessa urticae)的核型多角体病毒的形态发生过程。荨麻蛱蝶幼虫经其病毒多角体感染5日后出现明显变化:细胞核膨大,核仁消失,核内出现清晰区及病毒发生基质。在病毒发生基质的周围,核衣壳大量产生。核衣壳是从这些病毒发生基质四周的模样结构碎片上获得套膜,装配成病毒粒子。随后病毒粒子逐渐进入多角体蛋白中,形成了成熟的单粒包埋型的多角体。观察结果表明,在较低温度下生长的荨麻蛱蝶NPV与在常温下生长的其它NPV有着类似的形态发生过程。     

文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒在Sf21细胞中离体增殖试验

研究了文山松毛虫质型多角体病毒 (DpCPV W )在Sf2 1细胞中的离体增殖行为 ,并进行了空斑试验 ,结果显示DpCPV W毒株能够在Sf2 1细胞中增殖 ,也能在Sf2 1细胞上形成空斑 ,并能产生形态正常的病毒多角体。在DpCPV W中加入基因工程增效蛋白 ,能显著增加病毒粒子对离体细胞的感染率 ,增幅达 145 %。生物测定表明 ,离体增殖的病毒多角体与虫体增殖的多角体的毒力相当。因此 ,Sf2 1细胞可以作为文山松毛虫CPV增殖行为研究的离体细胞系统 ,也可通过空斑纯化技术对文山松毛虫CPV生产防治的病毒种进行单个病毒粒子的分离纯化     

Cell renewal in adjoining intestinal and tracheal epithelia of Manduca

Cell renewal continuously replaces dead or dying cells in organs such as human and insect intestinal (midgut) epithelia; in insects, control of self-renewal determines insects’ responses to any of the myriad pathogens and parasites of medical and agricultural importance that enter and cross their midgut epithelia. Regenerative cells occur in the midgut epithelia of many, if not all, insects and are probably derived from a distinctive population of stem cells. The control of proliferation and differentiation of these midgut regenerative cells is assumed to be regulated by an environment of adjacent cells that is referred to as a regenerative cell niche. An antibody to fasciclin II marks cell surfaces of tracheal regenerative cells associated with rapidly growing midgut epithelia. Tracheal regenerative cells and their neighboring midgut regenerative cells proliferate and differentiate in concert during the coordinated growth of the midgut and its associated muscles, nerves and tracheal cells.     

Fine structure of the midgut gland of Phalangium opilio (Chelicerata,Phalangida)

Summary The fine structure of the midgut gland and the changes in composition associated with the digestive activity were examined in Phalangium opilio. In the epithelium four different types of cells are present: ferment cells, resorption cells, and digestion cells which probably turn into excretion cells, as can be seen by many intermediate stages. Ferment cells are found only in the midgut gland and in no other epithelia; therefore they should be regarded as a cell type. The relationship between digestion and resorption cells is not yet clear. No regeneration zone or single regeneration cells could be identified.The ultrastructural changes in these different cells during digestion are described, and their functional aspects are discussed. A hypothetical digestive cycle is constructed from these data. The results are compared with those on other chelicerate midgut glands.     

Cellular details of the midgut of Cryptocellus boneti (Arachnida: Ricinulei)

The midgut of Cryptocellus boneti was studied by light and electron microscopy. The epithelia of the diverticula and of the anterior part of the midgut tube are composed of two cell types: digestive and secretory. In contrast, the epithelia of posterior part of the midgut tube and of the stercoral pocket consist of one type of cells only. In some places, parts of the midgut system are connected by an intermediate tissue. Digestive cells are characterized by an apical system of tubules, nutritional vacuoles, and spherites; characteristic features of secretory cells are secretory granules and a prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cells of the midgut tube appear not to be involved in the absorption of food. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A novel tissue in an established model system: the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis> pupal midgut

The Drosophila larval and adult midguts are derived from two populations of endodermal progenitors that separate from each other in the early embryo. As larval midgut cells differentiate into an epithelial layer, adult midgut progenitors (AMPs) remain as small clusters of proliferating, undifferentiated cells attached to the basal surface of the larval gut epithelium. During the first few hours of metamorphosis, AMPs merge into a continuous epithelial tube that overgrows the larval layer and differentiates into the adult midgut; at the same time, the larval midgut degenerates. As shown in this paper, there is a second, transient pupal midgut that develops from the AMPs at the beginning of metamorphosis and that intercalates between the adult and larval midgut epithelia. Cells of the transient pupal midgut form a multilayered tube that exhibits signs of differentiation, in the form of septate junctions and rudimentary apical microvilli. Some cells of the pupal midgut develop as endocrine cells. The pupal midgut remains closely attached to the degenerating larval midgut cells. Along with these cells, pupal midgut cells are sequestered into the lumen where they form the compact “yellow body.” The formation of a pupal midgut has been reported from several other species and may represent a general feature of intestinal metamorphosis in insects.     

A novel arrangement of midgut epithelium and hepatic cells implies a novel regulation of the insulin signaling pathway in long-lived millipedes

Nutrients absorbed by the epithelial cells of the millipede midgut are channeled to a contiguous population of hepatic cells where sugars are stored as glycogen. In insects and other arthropods, however, nutrients absorbed by midgut epithelia are first passed across the epithelial basal surface to the hemolymph before storage in fat body. The inter-digitation of cellular processes at the interface of hepatic and midgut epithelial cells offers a vast surface area for exchange of nutrients. At this interface, numerous small vesicles with the dimensions of exosomes (∼30 nm) may represent the mediators of nutrient exchange. Longevity and the developmental arrest of diapause are associated with reduced insulin signaling. The long lifespans for which millipedes are known may be attributable to a novel pathway with reduced insulin signaling represented by the novel arrangement of hepatic storage cells and midgut epithelial absorbing cells.     

Targeted ablation of the murine involucrin gene

Involucrin is synthesized in abundance during terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Involucrin is a substrate for transglutaminase and one of the precursors of the cross-linked envelopes present in the corneocytes of the epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia. These envelopes make an important contribution to the physical resistance of the epidermis. We have generated mice lacking involucrin from embryonic stem cells whose involucrin gene had been ablated by homologous recombination. These mice developed normally, possessed apparently normal epidermis and hair follicles, and made cornified envelopes that could not be distinguished from those of wild-type mice. No compensatory increase of mRNA for other envelope precursors was observed.     

Effect of microinjected amine and diamine oxidases on the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cultured cells

Diamine oxide and serum amine oxidase, which catalyse the oxidation of diamines and polyamines, respectively, were trapped within reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes. These loaded envelopes were incubated with cultured normal chick fibroblasts or with fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma viruses. The binding of the reconstituted envelopes to the cultured cells was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that the reconstituted envelopes (1-3 microns diameter) were attached to the eukaryotic cells. No significant changes in the morphology of the normal chick embryo fibroblasts were noted upon treatment with enzyme-loaded envelopes. On the other hand, chick embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus were affected by the microinjected amine oxidases. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the formation of holes in the microinjected cells. Similar morphological changes were also observed when diamine oxidase was microinjected into cultured glioma cells. These holes may be the result of the ejection of the nucleus. These findings are in line with the observed effect of the injected amine oxidases on macromolecular synthesis in normal and transformed chick embryo fibroblasts.     

Modifications in the binding domain of avian retrovirus envelope protein to redirect the host range of retroviral vectors.

On the basis of theoretical structural and comparative studies of various avian leukosis virus SU (surface) envelope proteins, we have identified four small regions (I, II, III, and IV) in their receptor-binding domains that could potentially be involved in binding to receptors. From the envelope gene of an avian leukosis virus of subgroup A, we have constructed a set of SU mutants in which these regions were replaced by the coding sequence of FLA16, a 16-amino-acid RGD-containing peptide known to be the target for several cellular integrin receptors. Helper-free retroviral particles carrying a neo-lacZ retroviral vector were produced with the mutant envelopes. SU mutants in which regions III and IV were substituted yielded normal levels of envelope precursors but were not detectably processed or incorporated in viral particles. In contrast, substitutions in regions I and II did not affect the processing and the viral incorporation of SU mutants. When FLA16 was inserted in region II, it could be detected with antibodies against FLA16 synthetic peptide, but only when viral particles were deglycosylated. Viral particles with envelopes mutated in region I or II were able to infect avian cells through the subgroup A receptor at levels similar to those of the wild type. When viruses with envelopes containing FLA16 peptide in region II were applied to plastic dishes, they were found to promote binding of mammalian cells resistant to infection by subgroup A avian leukosis viruses but expressing the integrins recognized by FLA16. Deglycosylated helper-free viruses obtained by mild treatment with N-glycosidase F have been used to infect these mammalian cells, and infections have been monitored by neomycin selection. No neomycin-resistant clones could be obtained after infection by viruses with wild-type envelopes. Conversely, colonies were obtained after infection by viruses with envelopes bearing FLA16 in region II, and the genome of the retroviral vector was found correctly integrated in cell DNA of these colonies. By using a blocking peptide containing the minimal adhesive RGD sequence contained in FLA16, we have shown that preincubation of target cells could specifically inhibit infection by viruses with FLA16.