黄瓜花叶病毒香蕉株系(CMV-Xb)RNA3 cDNA的克隆和序列分析

通过RT-PCR方法,设计两对引物,克隆了黄瓜花叶病毒香蕉株系(CMV-Xb)RNA3,并进行了核苷酸和蛋白质水平上的分析.结果表明Xb株系RNA3全长2205nt,具有两个蛋白编码阅读框架(ORF),其中5'端(97～936nt)编码一个279aa的3a蛋白;3'端(1225～1871nt)编码一个218aa的CP蛋白.5'非编码区域为96nt;基因间隔区(IR)长288nt;3'NR含有324nt.通过与亚组Ⅱ其它株系RNA3核苷酸和所编码产物推导的氨基酸序列分析发现,亚组Ⅱ株系无论在编码区还是非编码区的核苷酸同源性都相对较高;亚组Ⅱ株系在进化过程中具有连续性.     

黄瓜花叶病毒山东株(CMV\|SD)RNA2全长cDNA克隆的构建及全序列分析

分别利用5’RACE和3’RACE确定了CMV\|SD RNA2的5’和 3’末端序列,在此基础上,利用RTPCR得到了RNA2的5’端一半的cDNA克隆pC25和3’端一 半的cDNA克隆pC23,并通过拼接构建了RNA2全长cDNA克隆pC2F。通过对pC25和pC23进行序列 测定,得到了RNA2的全序列。序列分析结果表明CMVSD RNA2由3048nt组成,其中存在2个 部分重叠的阅读框ORF1(79～2652nt)和ORF2(2414～2746nt),分别编码858aa的2a蛋白和111 aa的2b蛋白,并在2a蛋白的序列中发现了动植物病毒复制酶所特有的两个保守序列。该株系 RNA2核苷酸序列与分属CMV I亚组的Fny株系和II亚组的Q株系RNA2的核苷酸序列同源性分别 为917%和756%;2a蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性分别为938%和677%,2b蛋白的氨基酸序 列同源性分别为830%和513%。同源性比较的结果表明SD株系属于CMV I亚组。     

侵染花生的黄瓜花叶病毒CA株核酸全序列分析

对侵染花生的黄瓜花叶病毒CA(CMV-CA)株系进行克隆和序列分析.CMV-CA RNA1全长3 356个核苷酸(nt),编码分子量为111kDa 的1a 蛋白;RNA2全长3045nt,编码分子量为96.7kDa 的2a蛋白和13.1kDa的2b蛋白;RNA3全长2219nt,编码分子量为30.5kDa的3a蛋白和分子量为24kDa的外壳蛋白(CP).序列同源性比较表明,CMV-CA RNA1、2、3与CMV亚组IA CMV-Fny、亚组IB CMV-SD、亚组II CMV-Q 株系序列同源性,RNA1分别为91.3%、91.1%和76.5%,RNA2分别为92.1%、90%和71.2%,RNA3分别为96.1%、92.6%和74.5%;与同属花生矮化病毒(Peanut stunt virus,PSV) RNA1、2、3序列同源性分别为67.1%、58.2%和55.7%.上述研究未发现CMV-CA基因组与PSV RNA链的重组,CMV-CA对花生的侵染应是该株系适应于花生的遗传变异、长期进化的结果;对RNA3 5′NTR结构分析以及RNA3 5′NTR和 CP 系统进化树分析表明,CMV-CA属CMV IB亚组.     

侵染花生的黄瓜花叶病毒CA株核酸全序列分析

对侵染花生的黄瓜花叶病毒CA(CMVCA)株系进行克隆和序列分析。CMVCARNA1全长3356个核苷酸(nt),编码分子量为111kDa的1a蛋白;RNA2全长3045nt,编码分子量为96.7kDa的2a蛋白和13.1kDa的2b蛋白;RNA3全长2219nt,编码分子量为30.5kDa的3a蛋白和分子量为24kDa的外壳蛋白(CP)。序列同源性比较表明,CMVCARNA1、2、3与CMV亚组IACMVFny、亚组IBCMVSD、亚组IICMVQ株系序列同源性,RNA1分别为91.3%、91.1%和76.5%,RNA2分别为92.1%、90%和71.2%,RNA3分别为96.1%、92.6%和74.5%;与同属花生矮化病毒(Peanutstuntvirus,PSV)RNA1、2、3序列同源性分别为67.1%、58.2%和55.7%。上述研究未发现CMVCA基因组与PSVRNA链的重组,CMVCA对花生的侵染应是该株系适应于花生的遗传变异、长期进化的结果;对RNA35′NTR结构分析以及RNA35′NTR和CP系统进化树分析表明,CMVCA属CMVIB亚组。     

丙型肝炎病毒NS2-3蛋白酶基因在Sf9昆虫细胞中的表达

丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)为单股正链RNA病毒,其基因组长约9.5kb,5'端和3'端各有一个长约345bp和60bp的非编码区,编码区含一个大开放读码框架,编码3 010aa～3 033aa残基的多蛋白前体.     

番木瓜环斑病毒华南强株系cDNA文库的构建及其基因组3''''端区域结构的研究

以λ-ZAPⅡ噬菌体为载体,构建了番木瓜环斑病毒华南强株系(PRV-SM)基因组cDNA文库。以PCR扩增的外壳蛋白(CP)基因为探针筛选出阳性克隆。酶谱和序列分析确定,其中两个阳性克隆除重叠部分外为长达2676个核苷酸的基因组3′端区域。其中包括棱内含体蛋白b(NIb)基因的1607个棱苷酸,CP基因的858个核苷酸和基因组3′端非编码区的211个核苷酸(不包括polyA尾巴)。PRV-SM的NIb含有依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶的8个特征性保守序列,可能是参与基因组RNA复制的核心亚基。与其他株系比较,NIb的氨基酸变化主要集中在其C端和N端。PRV-SM 3′端非编码区有一段28个核苷酸的正向重复序列,能在其内形成茎环二级结构,并且在各株系间具有高度保守性。NIb,CP和3′端非编码区的总的序列比较表明,SM株系与国外报道的其他株系亲缘关系相对较远。     

甜菜坏死黄脉病毒RNA4 cDNA克隆、序列分析及其编码蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

以甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus,简称BNYVV)内蒙分离物(NM)RNA为模板,通过反转录和PCR扩增得到了BNYVV RNA4基因组的cDNA克隆pGBF6。序列分析结果表明,pGBF6含有全长RNA4 cDNA插入片段,大小为1465个核苷酸,含有一个849个核苷酸的开放阅读框架,编码产生由282个氨基酸组成的分子量为31kDa的蛋白。与法国F2分离物RNA4相比,其核苷酸序列和由此推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为97.1％和96.4％,并在5'端非编码区比F2分离物缺失了3个核苷酸。将RNA4编码区cDNA克隆到原核表达载体pFLAG·MAC上,获得融合蛋白表达质粒pFMBF87。所构建的融合蛋白由载体序列编码的14个氨基酸和31kDa蛋白C端的233个氨基酸组成。经IPTG诱导,Westem blotting分析表明,该融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中得到高效表达。本文还对内蒙分离物的株系划分进行了讨论。     

貂肠炎病毒的核苷酸序列和基因组结构

本试验测定了已克隆的貂肠炎病毒(MEV)复制型(RF)DNA的核苷酸序列,确定MEV基因组全长约为5064个核苷酸(nucleotides,nt),推测了3'端和5'端结构,在5'端非编码区有3个51 nt的重复。MEV基因组序列与犬细小病毒(CPV)、猫细小病毒(FPV)有很高的同源性,结构基因区的同源性分别达99.1%和99.9%,但在5'端非编码区有较大差异。MEV基因组结构与CPV和FPV基本一致,有两个大的开放阅读框架,分别编码688和722个氨基酸。在map unit(m.u.)3.7和m.u.39处有两个启动子,在m.u.97处有poly A位点。NS2、VP1和VP2的mRNA都发生剪接。     

特异寡聚核苷酸对猪瘟病毒在细胞中增殖抑制作用的研究

本实验探讨了寡聚核苷酸对CSFV复制的影响以及作为抗CSFV新型药物的可行性.实验结果表明针对CSFV5'端非编码区NS3蛋白丝氨酸蛋白酶功能区的寡聚核苷酸对CSFV复制均有显著的抑制作用,而针对CSFV3'端非编码区寡聚核苷酸仅有轻微抑制作用,5′端寡聚核苷酸具有最佳抑制作用,同时发现相应序列中正义聚核苷酸的作用要优于反义寡聚核苷酸;脂质体介导转染能显著提高寡聚核苷酸对CSFV复制的抑制作用.这些初步结果也提示,CSFV5'端和3'端非编码区对CSFV复制的重要性和作用有所不同.     

特异寡聚核苷酸对猪瘟病毒在细胞中增殖抑制作用的研究

本实验探讨了寡聚核苷酸对CSFV复制的影响以及作为抗CSFV新型药物的可行性。实验结果表明针对CSFV5'um端非编码区NS3蛋白丝氨酸蛋白酶功能区的寡聚核酸对CSFV复制均有显著的抑制作用,而针对CSFV3' 端非编码区寡聚核苷酸仅有轻微抑制作用,5'端寡聚核苷酸具有最佳抑制作用,同时发现相应序列中正义聚核苷酸的作用要优于反义寡聚核苷酸;脂质体介导转染能显著提高寡聚核苷酸对CSF复制的抑制作用。这些初步结果也提示,CSFV5'端和3'端非编码区对CSFV复制的重要性和作用有所不同。     

植被的镶嵌体系

植被是一个镶嵌体，其镶嵌单位具有特定的时空尺度和等级系统．在空间上构成了镶嵌群落、镶嵌生态系统的镶嵌体或镶嵌复合体等静态镶嵌．在时间上则构成了镶嵌季相、镶嵌更新和镶嵌演替等动态镶嵌．静态镶嵌和动态镶嵌是相对的并彼此密切相关．它们构成了一个完整的植被镶嵌体系．     

应用斑点法检测植物病毒的研究

应用斑点法检测了病叶粗汁液中的芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)、大豆花叶病毒(sMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV),病叶粗汁液可被检测的最大稀释度分别为1:5120、1:2560和1:1280。提纯的大豆花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒可检测的最低限量分别为1.7ng和1.2ng。以牛血清白蛋白、吐温和聚乙烯吡咯啉酮作封闭液,均可获得满意的结果。应用斑点法检测芜菁花叶病毒和大豆花叶病毒时,其抗血清稀释1:500倍可获得满意效果,稀释2000倍仍可用于检测。     

Molecular Variability and Distribution of Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses in Nigeria

Several begomovirus species and strains causing Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) have been reported from cassava in Africa. In Nigeria, African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) was the predominant virus in this important crop, and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), first reported from eastern Nigeria in 1999, was also found occasionally. A survey was conducted in 2002 to resolve the diversity of the virus types present in cassava in Nigeria and to further understand the increasing complexity of the viruses contributing to CMD. A total of 234 leaf samples from cassava with conspicuous CMD symptoms were collected in farmers’ fields across different agroecological zones of Nigeria and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with type‐specific primers. In addition and, to provide a full characterization of the viruses present, DNA‐A genome components of several viruses and informative genome fragments were sequenced. In Nigeria, ACMV proved to be the dominant virus with 80% of all samples being positive for ACMV. The East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) prevalent in Cameroon and Ivory Coast was detected in single infections (2%) and in mixed infections (18%) with ACMV. There was no indication for other virus strains of EACMV present in the country. The EACMCV samples collected showed a high nucleotide sequence identity >98% and resembled the described sequence of a Cameroon isolate (EACMCV‐CM) more than an Ivory Coast isolate, EACMCV‐CM[CI]. Evidence is provided that the EACMCV has reached epidemiological significance in Nigeria.     

Inheritance of resistance to potyviruses in Phaseolus vulgaris L. IV. Inheritance, linkage relations, and environmental effects on systemic resistance to four potyviruses

We have examined the genetics of systemic resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris to azuki bean mosaic virus (AzMV) and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) and the relationship of this resistance to a phenotypically similar resistance to watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and soybean mosaic virus (SMV). In P. vulgaris cv Great Northern 1140 (GN1140), resistance to SMV and WMV has been attributed to the genes Smv and Wmv, respectively, which have been shown to segregate as a unit. Systemic resistance to AzMV is conferred by two incompletely dominant alleles, Azm1 and Azm2, at unlinked loci. At least three resistance alleles must be present at these two loci for systemic resistance to be expressed in the plant. Systemic resistance to CABMV in GN 1140 is conditioned by a dominant allele that has been designated Cam2. Under some environmental conditions, a recessive allele at an unlinked locus, cam3, also controls a resistant response to CABMV. Resistance to AzMV and CABMV does not assort independently from Wmv/Smv, but also does not consistently cosegregate, suggesting that perhaps in each case one of the factors involved in resistance is associated with Smv/Wmv.     

The effect of cassava mosaic geminiviruses on symptom severity, growth and root yield of a cassava mosaic virus disease-susceptible cultivar in Uganda

A study was carried out to assess the effect of different cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) occurring in Uganda on the growth and yield of the susceptible local cultivar ‘Ebwanateraka’. Plants infected with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), ‘mild’ and ‘severe’ strains of East African cassava mosaic virus‐Uganda (EACMV‐UG2) and both ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 were grown in two experiments in Kabula, Lyantonde in western Uganda. The most severe disease developed in plants co‐infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 and in those infected with the ‘severe’ form of EACMV‐UG2 alone; disease was least severe in plants infected with the ‘mild’ strain of EACMV‐UG2. ACMV‐infected plants and those infected with the ‘mild’ strain of EACMV‐UG2 were tallest in the 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 trials, respectively; plants dually infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 were shortest in both trials. Plants infected with ‘mild’ EACMV‐UG2 yielded the largest number and the heaviest tuberous roots followed by ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 ‘severe’, respectively, whilst plants dually infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 yielded the least considering the two trials together. Reduction in tuberous root weight was greatest in plants dually infected with ACMV and EACMV‐UG2, averaging 82%. Losses attributed to ACMV alone, EACMV‐UG2 ‘mild’ and EACMV‐UG2 ‘severe’ were 42%, 12% and 68%, respectively. Fifty percent and 48% of the plants infected with both ACMV and EACMV‐UG2 gave no root yield in 1999–2000 and 2000–2001, respectively. These results indicate that CMGs, whether in single or mixed infections, reduce root yield and numbers of tuberous roots produced and that losses are substantially increased following mixed infection.     

Comparative Analysis of Tissue Tropism of Bipartite Geminiviruses

Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV), a bipartite geminivirus of the genus Begomovirus, has been vegetatively propagated for many years in Abutilon sellovianum in which it is strictly phloem-restricted. Using in situ hybridization and immunological analyses, the tissue tropism of AbMV in the laboratory host Nicotiana benthamiana was compared with that of two other bipartite begomoviruses, African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV). Analysis of the first systemically infected leaves and longitudinal sections of axillary and flower buds revealed that all three viruses are initially confined to the vascular traces, although both ACMV and TGMV are later detectable in nearly all tissue types. In contrast, AbMV remained strictly phloem-limited in this host throughout the course of infection. The ability of ACMV and TGMV to move out of N. benthamiana phloem tissues is correlated with the development of severe symptoms in comparison with the mild symptoms associated with AbMV infection. It was also demonstrated that Sida micrantha mosaic virus, a virus that is closely related to AbMV, is phloem-limited in Malva parviflora even though it induces severe leaf curl, stunting and necrosis in this host. The present data demonstrate that bipartite begomoviruses can exhibit strikingly different patterns of tissue tropism.     

Alarming increase in the incidence of Cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in northern Nigeria

Cowpea plays a key nutritional role in the diet of the Nigerian people. Viral diseases are a major limitation to cowpea production worldwide, and thus, constant viral surveillance is crucial for monitoring and management purposes. In this study, cowpea leaf samples from fields in three northern Nigeria states, Kano, Kaduna and Niger, were tested to determine the status of six common viruses previously reported in these cowpea-producing states following the release of virus-resistant varieties. Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV), Cowpea mottle virus, Southern bean mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were detected. Cowpea yellow mosaic virus, which was previously reported in all three states, was not detected in any of the samples tested, while CMV that was previously regarded as unimportant to cowpea production in Nigeria had the highest incidence in all three states, and the overall highest incidence of 58.8%, while CABMV had the lowest incidence (7.5%). CMV was also present in seven of the ten mixed infection combinations detected. Dual infection of CMV and BICMV, which often results in cowpea stunt, the most devastating cowpea disease in the USA, was the most frequently detected mixed infection (28.1%) and was detected in all three states. This observed elevation in CMV infection in cowpea must be closely monitored and swiftly managed to avert possible devastating crop yield losses.     

Homology between the proteins encoded by tobacco mosaic virus and two tricornaviruses

Summary A comparison was made of the amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by RNAs 1 and 2 of alfalfa mosaic virus (A1MV) and brome mosaic virus (BMV), and the 126K and 183K proteins encoded by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Three blocks of extensive homology of about 200 to 350 amino acids each were observed. Two of these blocks are located in the A1MV and BMV RNA 1 encoded proteins and the TMV encoded 126K protein; they are situated at the N-terminus and C-terminus, respectively. The third block is located in the A1MV and BMV RNA 2 encoded proteins and the C-terminal part of the TMV encoded 183K protein. These homologies are discussed with respect to the functional equivalence of these putative replicase proteins and a possible evolutionary connection between A1MV, BMV and TMV.     

一个引起长豇豆黄花叶的病毒分离物生物学性质的研究

近几年来,长豇豆(Vigna sesquiqedalis)上发生的病毒病害日渐严重,已成为长豇豆生产上的一大威胁。表现的症状主要有花叶、黄化、脉带、矮化、畸形及丛枝等。1985年我们已经报道,在山东省长豇豆上分离到黑眼豇豆花叶病毒,继此之后,我们在山东省     

Evolutionary relationship of alfalfa mosaic virus with cucumber mosaic virus and brome mosaic virus

The amino acid sequences of the non-structural protein (molecular weight 35,000; 3a protein) from three plant viruses — cucumber mosaic, brome mosaic and alfalfa mosaic have been systematically compared using the partial genomic sequences for these three viruses already available. The 3a protein of cucumber mosaic virus has an amino acid sequence homology of 33.7% with the corresponding protein of brome mosaic virus. A similar protein from alfalfa mosaic virus has a homology of 18.2% and 14.2% with the protein from brome mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, respectively. These results suggest that the three plant viruses are evolutionarily related, although, the evolutionary distance between alfalfa mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus or brome mosaic virus is much larger than the corresponding distance between the latter two viruses.