不同群落类型中柔毛淫羊藿无性系构件的形态特征及生物量配置比较

在构件水平上,对生长在油樟(Cinnamomum longepaniculatum)群落、细叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca var.gracilis)群落、红桦(Betula albosinensis)群落中的柔毛淫羊藿的无性系构件特征及生物量配置进行比较,结果表明:(1)各群落中柔毛淫羊藿各龄级根茎数量均从高年龄级向低年龄级呈上升趋势,种群为增长型年龄结构;(2)细叶青冈群落中柔毛淫羊藿种群间隔子最长,各年龄级根茎上的地上枝数量、平均长度和叶面积均最大;(3)各群落中柔毛淫羊藿种群均将最高比例生物量分配给根茎,其次是叶片;(4)野生自然状态下,柔毛淫羊藿在相对光照低、土壤腐质层薄和土壤含水量低的生境中,种群地上构件生物量和单位面积总生物量均更高.研究表明柔毛淫羊藿种群在不同群落中发生了明显的可塑性变化.结合这些变化讨论柔毛淫羊藿种群的生态适应意义及其保护机制.     

密度制约作用对箭叶淫羊藿有性繁殖时期形态特征的影响

运用回归分析和非参数检验方法,研究了箭叶淫羊藿(Epimedium sagittatum)在有性繁殖的三个时期克隆片段密度对其各个形态特征的影响,以揭示其资源和繁殖投资情况。结果表明：箭叶淫羊藿在三个有性繁殖期间克隆片段密度对其各个形态特征的影响显著。从回归分析的R2指数来看,其克隆片段密度增大对三个生长时期的制约作用是由弱到强,同时在有性繁殖期间随克隆片段密度的增加其资源投资趋向于有性繁殖;从非参数检验结果来看,有性繁殖期间箭叶淫羊藿明显增加其叶数、叶宽等来获取更多的资源用于提高其繁殖能力,以取得生存。     

淫羊藿属植物查耳酮合成酶启动子序列的克隆及比较分析

采用TAIL-PCR技术从箭叶淫羊藿(Epimedium sagittatum)叶片中克隆得到查耳酮合成酶基因(Chalcone synthase)的启动子,命名为ECHSP, 长度为750 bp,其具有TATA BOX、CAAT BOX、MYB结合位点、MYC结合位点等元件。对箭叶淫羊藿、木鱼坪淫羊藿(E. franchetii)、粗毛淫羊藿(E. acuminatum)、直距淫羊藿(E. mikinorii)、黔岭淫羊藿(E. leptorrhizum)等5种植物的CHS启动子序列进行比较分析,结果表明,CHS启动子的核苷酸多态性丰富,表明CHS 的表达可能受到多种因素的灵活调节。ECHSP与其他植物的CHS启动子序列进行比较,其TATA box的位置可能与黄酮类化合物的积累相关。此外,进化分析表明ECHSP的核苷酸序列可应用于淫羊藿属植物的系统进化研究。     

湖北3种药用淫羊藿植物等位酶多样性与居群遗传结构

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对湖北3种淫羊藿属（Epimedium L．）药用植物：柔毛淫羊藿（E．pubescens Maxim．）、箭叶淫羊藿（Esagittatum（Sieb．＆Zucc．）Maxim．）和巫山淫羊藿（Ewushanense T.S．Ying）的11个自然居群进行了等位酶种内遗传多样性和居群遗传结构以及种间遗传关系的研究。6个酶系统在3种淫羊藿植物中检测到13个酶位点共45个等位基因,分析结果表明：1）3种淫羊藿均具有较高的遗传多样性水平（A=2．6-3．2,P=69．2％-84．6％,Ho=0．274-0．377,HE=0．282-0．369）,远高于多年生草本植物和依靠动物传粉植物的平均水平;2）所有居群都显著偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡,大多数多态位点固定指数（F）明显偏离于0且正负值各半,暗示该属植物可能具有复杂的繁育系统;3）种内和种间的遗传分化度均较低,分别为GST=0．0246-0．0409和0．0495-0．1213,表明种内居群间存在较高的基因流和种间较近的遗传关系;4）聚类分析表明柔毛淫羊藿与箭叶淫羊藿的亲缘关系更近,这与形态学特征、花瓣演化趋势及系统发育分析等方面的研究的结果相吻合。讨论分析认为3种淫羊藿植物的遗传变异特性是由淫羊藿属植物异交与克隆繁殖的混合繁育系统、多年生的生活特性、古老的进化历史和种子的蚁播特性等多因素共同决定的。     

盐胁迫对两种淫羊藿属植物生长及各器官总黄酮含量的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300和500 mmol/L)的Hoagland's培养液处理两种淫羊藿属植物--淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿幼苗,处理30 d后分别测定其株高、叶表面积、干物质生物量以及根、茎、叶的总黄酮含量,以明确淫羊藿属两种药用植物的抗盐特性.结果显示:(1)盐胁迫对淫羊藿和箭叶淫羊藿的生长均有影响,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿的株高和叶表面积均逐渐显著减小;各器官干物质生物量逐渐降低,但淫羊藿的干物质下降量较小(不显著),且同一处理下淫羊藿的生物量明显小于箭叶淫羊藿.(2)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,除淫羊藿茎的总黄酮含量一直呈下降趋势外,淫羊藿根、叶和箭叶淫羊藿根、茎、叶均呈现在低浓度范围内总黄酮含量增加,且箭叶淫羊藿的含量高于淫羊藿;而在高浓度盐胁迫下,其总黄酮含量均呈下降的趋势,且淫羊藿的含量高于箭叶淫羊藿.研究表明,淫羊藿的抗盐性明显高于箭叶淫羊藿,适于高盐土壤环境种植,但在低盐环境条件下,种植箭叶淫羊藿可显著提高总黄酮产量并提高经济效益.     

三种淫羊藿属植物的减数分裂研究

采用去壁低渗法对3种淫羊藿属(Epimedium)植物川鄂淫羊藿(E.fargesii Franch)、黔岭淫羊藿(E.leptorrhi-zum Stearn)和柔毛淫羊藿(E.pubescens Maxim)的花粉母细胞进行了减数分裂观察.结果显示,3种植物的染色体数目均为2n=12,减数分裂过程中染色体的构型和行...     

柔毛淫羊藿生物量与生殖配置研究

探索了柔毛淫羊藿在有性繁殖时期不同生境和不同发育阶段的生殖配置,以探讨柔毛淫羊藿的生物量及生殖配置的内在规律.结果如下:随着生长季节的变化,柔毛淫羊藿总生物量呈现出低-高-低的趋势,柔毛淫羊藿生物量积累最快的时间为柔毛淫羊藿花期和果期.其中地上部分生物量在不断增加,地下部分生物量变化较小,从而根冠比在有性繁殖时期逐渐下...     

三种药用淫羊藿的地理分布与资源调查

淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)植物为传统的中草药,也是新优地被观赏植物,具有悠久的药用历史和巨大的开发潜力.对3种重要的药用淫羊藿(朝鲜淫羊藿E.koreanum、心叶淫羊藿E.brevicornum和箭叶淫羊藿E.sagittatum)的地理分布、形态特征和资源现状进行了调查.调查发现,朝鲜淫羊藿分布于中国东北部,主要沿长白山脉分布,长期的过度采收使野生资源遭到严重破坏,保护工作迫在眉睫;心叶淫羊藿分布于西北各省以及山西、河南等省,野生资源丰富,但目前开发利用较少;箭叶淫羊藿广泛分布于华东、华南各省区,但野生资源蕴藏量并不丰富,且不同分布区形态变异较大,物种鉴定尚存诸多疑问.为保证野生资源的可持续利用,未来应控制朝鲜淫羊藿的过度采收,加强心叶淫羊藿的合理开发利用,不同地区的箭叶淫羊藿形态差异较大,质量不稳定,建议对其进行系统的质量评估之后择优开发利用.     

柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种叶片非腺毛形态及其分类学意义

柔毛淫羊藿(Epimedium pubescens Maxim.)是中国淫羊藿属植物中分布较为广泛、形态变异较为丰富的物种,柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种在分类中存在诸多争议。为研究柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种变异规律和进行种的界限划分,该研究对柔毛淫羊藿31个居群和近缘种星花羊藿3个居群、镇巴淫羊藿1个居群、万源淫羊藿1个居群共36个居群的叶背非腺毛进行了显微观察。结果显示：(1)所观察到的非腺毛分为直毛、曲毛、伏曲毛、长伏毛、拟短伏毛、短伏毛、单细胞毛7个大类19个小类,并发现每个居群或每个个体的叶背面非腺毛是由多种类型构成。(2)共观察到13个居群具有乳突,且69.2%非腺毛较少(非腺毛密度少于50个/mm²)的居群具有乳突;而且共有27个居群中具有单细胞毛,占该研究36个居群的75%。(3)以非腺毛密度、主要类型构成进行居群归类,其中柔毛淫羊藿21个居群为直毛群(A),柔毛淫羊藿7个居群为曲毛群(B),柔毛淫羊藿2个居群、星花淫羊藿3个居群、镇巴淫羊藿1个居群为长伏毛群(D),柔毛淫羊藿1个居群为拟短伏毛群(E),万源淫羊藿1个居群为短伏毛群(F),所有居群均共有直毛类非腺毛,说明直毛类非腺毛为柔毛淫羊藿及其近缘种的核心类型非腺毛。(4)从居群内非腺毛类型组成的角度梳理出了居群间的演化关系,直毛群：AⅠ→AⅡ→AⅢ→AⅣ→AⅤ;曲毛群：BⅠ→BⅡ→BⅢ→BⅣ;长伏毛群：DⅠ→DⅡ→DⅢ;直毛群→曲毛群;短直毛群→短伏毛特化群;短直毛群→拟短伏毛特化群,且居群间的演化关系与地理分布呈现良好的相关性。(5)单细胞毛为淫羊藿属中首次发现。研究认为,单细胞毛可能与主流非腺毛类型(直毛和曲毛)和地理分布有关,但乳突则与叶背面的非腺毛密度可能存在负相关关系;该研究结果支持将星花淫羊藿归为柔毛淫羊藿种下等级的分类处理。     

密度制约作用对箭叶淫羊藿有性繁殖时期形态特征的影响

运用回归分析和非参数检验方法,研究了箭叶淫羊藿（Epimedium sagittatum）在有性繁殖的3个时期克隆片段密度对其各个形态特征的影响,以揭示其资源和繁殖投资情况。结果表明：箭叶淫羊藿在3个有性繁殖期间克隆片段密度对其各个形态特征的影响显著。从回归分析的R^2指数来看,其克隆片段密度增大对3个生长时期的制约作用是由弱到强,同时在有性繁殖期间随克隆片段密度的增加其资源投资趋向于有性繁殖;从非参数检验结果来看,有性繁殖期间箭叶淫羊藿明显增加其叶数、叶宽等来获取更多的资源用于提高其繁殖能力,以取得生存。     

Chemical markers of four species of Epimedium used in drug Yin-Yang-Huo

There are four species of Epimedium that have been officially adopted in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015) under the same crude drug name ‘Yin-Yang-Huo’, including E. brevicornu Maxim., E. koreanum Nakai., E. sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) and E. pubescens Maxim. This study aimed to identify the chemical markers of these species by HPLC-PDA fingerprinting combined with chemometrics methods. The HPLC separation was performed on a Water^'s Atlantis®T3 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with the gradient elution of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution using a PDA detector. The HPLC-PDA fingerprints of 88 batches of Yin-Yang-Huo samples were obtained and analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Samples of E. koreanum and E. sagittatum were classified into separate groups, while samples of E. brevicornum and E. pubescens were clustered together. Based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and variable importance in projection, nine potential chemical markers were discovered, and six markers were identified by comparing with reference standards or according to their MS/MS fragmentation behaviour. Among them, korepimedoside C and epimedokoreanoside I could be used as chemical markers of E. koreanum to differentiate it from the other three species, while epimedin B1 and epimedin A1 could be used as chemical markers of E. sagittatum. This study will help effectively distinguish different Yin-Yang-Huo species and provide a valuable strategy for analysing the potential chemical markers of herbal medicines with multiple botanical origins.     

Identification of microsatellite loci from Epimedium koreanum and cross‐species amplification in four species of Epimedium (Berberidaceae)

Nineteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized from a trinucleotide enriched partial genomic library of Epimedium koreanum. The average allele number of these microsatellites was 5.9 per locus, ranging from two to 11. The observed heterozygosity (H_O) and expected heterozygosity (H_E) at the population level were 0.00–0.90 and 0.12–0.90, respectively. In addition, the results of cross‐species amplification of this set of microsatellite markers in four closely related Epimedium species, E. brevicornum, E. sagittatum, E. pubescens and E. wushanense, revealed that these microsatellite markers were useful for population genetic structure evaluation and genotype analysis of major Epimedium species that have been used as traditional Chinese medicines.     

Contents of Heavy Metals in Chinese Edible Herbs: Evidence from a Case Study of Epimedii Folium

Toxic heavy metal contamination in Chinese edible herbs has raised a worldwide concern. In this study, heavy metals in Epimedii Folium, an edible medicinal plant in China, were quantitatively analyzed. Variations of heavy metals in different species, in various organs (i.e., leaves, stems, and roots), in wild-growing and cultivated plants, and in 35 market samples of Epimedii Folium, were systematically investigated. In all of Epimedium samples, Hg (mercury) was not detectable (0.00 μg/g). Four species, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium sagittatum, Epimedium brevicornu, and Epimedium wushanense, were found to contain Cu (copper) and Pb (lead). And contents of Cu and Pb in E. brevicornu were significantly higher than those in other species (P < 0.01). In wild-growing and cultivated Epimedium plants, Cd (cadmium) and As (arsenic) were not detectable, and concentrations of Cu and Pb in wild-growing plants were significantly higher than those in cultivated plants (P < 0.01). Cd was not detectable in leaves, roots, and stems, while organ specificity was apparent in the distribution of Cu, As, and Pb. And the highest levels of Cu and Pb were observed in roots and leaves, respectively. In Chinese markets, several samples of Epimedii Folium contained excessive Cu, Cd, As, and Pb beyond the national permissible limits. In summary, there was a large variation of heavy metals among Epimedii Folium samples, and Cu and Pb were the most important heavy metals contaminating the edible medicinal plant. Application of Epimedii Folium to drug and food industries will need to focus more on toxic heavy metal contamination.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒高原大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的地理变异研究

采用单因素方差分析、变异组分分析和分形几何学的原理和方法,对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟不同气候条件下的三个大针茅种群分株构件数量性状进行了研究,并结合它们所在生境特点对所得结果进行了分析。结果显示：（1）整个生长季内,不同种群大针茅营养枝高度的生长模式不同;营养枝高度和生殖枝高度在种群间差异显著,且多数变异存在于种群之间;（2）在不同生长期内,大针茅种群地上部干重与植株高度之间存在显著的分形关系;在无强度干扰的情况下,大针茅种群营养枝分形维数的大小与大针茅营养枝地上部干重的累积程度是一致的;但在长期严重干旱条件下,分形维数值表现为快速增加;（3）整个生长季内,同一生境条件下大针茅种群营养枝地上部干重与植株高度之间也存在显著的分形关系,且不同样地间分形维数值差异显著。不同生境条件下大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的差异是对所在生境长期适应、自然选择的结果。     

入侵植物剑叶金鸡菊克隆繁殖特性及群落特征

以江西庐山剑叶金鸡菊（Coreopsis lanceolata）入侵群落为研究对象,调查了不同生境剑叶金鸡菊的克隆繁殖特性和群落特征。结果表明,生境资源水平高低对剑叶金鸡菊的克隆构型影响不显著,无论是资源贫乏的岩石还是资源丰富的弃耕地生境,剑叶金鸡菊依靠植株基部节处萌生的小芽体生长成密集丛生状,其游击型克隆构型变化与环境资源可利用水平高低无关。剑叶金鸡菊种群的伴生植物多为一些适应范围广的杂草,由于剑叶金鸡菊的密集型克隆生长的集团化生长策略,使其种群耐贫瘠和干旱能力非常强,因而适应不同生境的能力也非常强,这种生长策略使剑叶金鸡菊个体能快速扩增并排挤本土植物,〖JP〗形成大面积的单一优势种群影响当地的生物多样性。     

Chromosomal localization of 45S and 5S rDNA in 14 species and the implications for genome evolution of genus Epimedium

Studying the genome structure of Epimedium has been hindered by the large genomes and uniform karyotypes. Consequently our understanding of the genome organization and evolutionary changes of Epimedium is extremely limited. In the present study, the 45S and 5S rDNA loci of 14 Epimedium species were physically mapped by double-probe FISH for the first time. Results showed the following: (1) Chromosomes I and II of all 14 species examined, except for E. shuichengense, hosted one pair of 45S rDNA sites, respectively. Most of the 45S rDNA sites gave clear signals and were positioned in the distal regions of the short arms. (2) All species studied of section Diphyllon were found to have one pair of 5S rDNA sites localized in the interstitial regions of the long arm of chromosome IV, and the two species of section Epimedium, E. alpinum and E. pubigerum, had two pairs of 5S rDNA sites localized in the interstitial regions of the long arm of chromosomes IV and V, respectively. (3) In section Diphyllon, all species of small flower taxa, except E. shuichengense, had three pairs of 45S rDNA sites, clearly more than species of big flower taxa, except E. davidii, with two pairs of 45S rDNA sites. Based on the 45S and 5S rDNA distribution patterns and other chromosomal morphological characteristics, six pairs of chromosomes can be unambiguously identified in all 14 Epimedium species. The stable differentiation in 45S and 5S rDNA FISH patterns between the two sections suggests that chromosomal rearrangements and transpositional events played a role in the splitting of the two sections, and section Diphyllon may be more primitive than section Epimedium. In the same way, big flower taxa may be more primitive than small flower taxa in section Diphyllon.     

山西绵山植被优势种群生态位研究

应用Shannon-Weaver指数和Portraitis方法,研究了山西绵山植被优势种群的生态位宽度、生态位普遍重叠和特定重叠,结果表明：(1)乔木层中辽东栎生态位宽度最大（2.458 7）;灌木层中山桃（2.342 2）和土庄绣线菊（2.306 1）生态位宽度最大;草本层中披针苔草（2.518 7）和山蒿（2.218 2）生态位宽度最大。这主要由于这些物种的生态幅较宽,是绵山植被的主要建群种或优势种,对环境具有广泛的适应性;(2)群落中25个优势种群之间并不存在完全的普遍重叠,说明这些植物各自具有不尽相同的生物学特性及生态适应性;(3)乔木层物种除辽东栎与其它植物间具有一定的重叠之外,其它乔木间生态位重叠较少;灌木层中六道木与土庄绣线菊生态位重叠值最大（0.663）,其次是山桃和胡枝子（0.587）;草本植物中披针苔草与糙苏（0.339）、铁杆蒿与山蒿（0.245）表现出较大的特定重叠。种对间生态位重叠值越大,表明它们彼此间具有较为相似的生物学特性和生态适应性,反之亦然。如六道木与土庄绣线菊、披针苔草与糙苏,它们均为耐荫植物,具有一定程度的耐荫性;而山桃和胡枝子、山蒿与铁杆蒿则为喜阳耐旱植物。