西瓜种子发育和萌发过程中子叶细胞超微结构的变化

西瓜种子子叶内贮存物质开始积累时,细胞质内有大量核糖体、质体、线粒体,内质网片段和囊泡,种子脱水期至成熟期,细胞器的数量减少,成熟种子子叶细胞的细胞壁不连续,几乎观察不到细胞器的存在,种子萌发过程中内质网,线粒体,质体的数目逐渐增多,叶肉细胞的质体发育成叶绿体,种子形成过程中,在子叶细胞大液泡分隔的同时,膨胀的内质网囊泡内积累蛋白质（直径0.1-0.4μm),这些小的蛋白质球体最终进入液泡形成大的蛋白体（直径1-3μm);萌发种子贮存蛋白质被水解的同时,一些脂体进入液泡并被分解,同时液泡融合;脂类物质开始积累的时间早于蛋白质,积累的量较蛋白质多,但在萌发种子中被彻底水解的时间晚于蛋白质,淀粉粒的数量在种子形成时减少,种子萌发时在表皮细胞和叶肉细胞内都重新合成。     

赤霉素和温水浸种对紫斑牡丹种子下胚轴萌发及其种胚解剖结构的影响

以紫斑牡丹种子为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0、100、300、500 mg/L)赤霉素(GA3)浸种和不同温度温水浸种(25、30、40和50℃)处理,考察各处理种子生根率的变化,并通过透射电镜观察不同生根发育时期种子种胚超微结构,探究赤霉素和温水浸种处理解除紫斑牡丹种子休眠进程中种胚超微结构变化以及这种变化与休眠解除的相关性。结果表明:(1)GA3和温水浸种均明显提前了紫斑牡丹种子生根时间,并以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水处理的生根效果最好,分别较对照提前14.7 d和16.0 d,生根率分别达62.33%和67.00%。(2)光学显微镜观察发现,GA3、温水浸种处理较对照组紫斑牡丹种胚子叶的上、下表皮细胞形状及排列方式无明显影响,但其厚度均变薄,维管束结构明显,以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水浸种处理生根效果最佳。(3)透射电镜观察发现,在各GA3浸种和温水浸种处理下,紫斑牡丹种子萌发前期,种胚子叶脂类物质出现降解现象,脂体呈大小不一的圆形或块状分布在细胞壁周边,数量明显减少,细胞核明显,核仁清晰,出现少量线粒体,细胞质内开始有蛋白质积累,在液泡的周围形成蛋白质沉积物;在种子萌发后期,种胚子叶细胞内物质稠密,脂体已降解融合成较大块状,细胞中储存的营养物质基本降解完全,内质网、高尔基体、线粒体等细胞器出现,结构更加完整,表明此时细胞内物质代谢活动加强,种子休眠解除,且300 mg/L GA3、40℃温水浸种处理种子种胚子叶结构变化最为明显。研究发现,300 mg/L GA3浸种和40℃温水浸种均可显著提高种子的萌发率,且40℃温水浸种的效果更好,在实际生产中建议使用温水浸种法。     

棉花花粉水合和萌发时超微结构的变化：着重论述内质网和被膜小泡

棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)花粉在授粉后水合至萌发时期的营养细胞中贮藏的大量淀粉粒和脂体被动用。超微结构的观察表明,首先是造粉质体中的淀粉粒降解,尔后是脂体。在花粉水合至萌发时期,营养细胞中内质网和高尔基体十分活跃,并含丰富的被膜小泡。内质网的构型发生明显的变化:花粉刚水合时内质网潴泡高度扩张,不同程度扩张的内质网潴泡连续成网状并折迭形成许多囊袋状结构单位,其中包含造粉质体、脂体和被膜小泡群;其后,内质网潴泡形成的囊袋状结构消失,变为分支互通的网状结构;至萌发时,内质网潴泡略为扩张,有些连续成简单的网状,有些呈游离的囊泡状。被膜小泡始终是成群地分布,并与脂体联结,当脂体降解时一些被膜小泡与之融合。根据棉花花粉在水合至萌发时期,营养细胞质中存在独特形态的内质网系统和含丰富的被膜小泡,它们的动态行为及与淀粉和脂体的转化和降解之间的密切关系,讨论了这两种细胞器可能的功能。     

莲种子萌发和幼苗生长时期营养物质的代谢变化

莲子叶细胞中储存了丰富的营养物质, 主要为蛋白质、淀粉和淀粉质体DNA。这些贮藏物质为种子萌发和幼苗的生长提供必需的能量和养料。通过组织化学和显微镜观察, 研究莲从种子萌发到植株生长至具有4个节时, 子叶中贮藏物质消耗的全过程。在此过程中, 子叶中的贮藏物质不断降解,营养物质发生转运。蛋白体首先发生降解, 其大量降解主要发生在幼苗三叶期。淀粉质体降解时会聚 集成团, 之后体积逐渐减小, 最后完全降解。种子萌发后65天是子叶贮藏物质消耗末期, 淀粉质体DNA的含量比萌发后20天的三叶期明显减少。细胞壁的形态结构发生多种形式的变化, 细胞壁发生的这些变化与子叶细胞间物质的运输有关。含多糖的球形颗粒通过维管束在子叶中运输。     

莲种子萌发和幼苗生长时期营养物质的代谢变化

莲子叶细胞中储存了丰富的营养物质,主要为蛋白质、淀粉和淀粉质体DNA.这些贮藏物质为种子萌发和幼苗的生长提供必需的能量和养料.通过组织化学和显微镜观察,研究莲从种子萌发到植株生长至具有4个节时,子叶中贮藏物质消耗的全过程.在此过程中,子叶中的贮藏物质不断降解,营养物质发生转运.蛋白体首先发生降解,其大量降解主要发生在幼苗三叶期.淀粉质体降解时会聚集成团,之后体积逐渐减小,最后完全降解.种子萌发后65天是子叶贮藏物质消耗末期,淀粉质体DNA的含量比萌发后20天的三叶期明显减少.细胞壁的形态结构发生多种形式的变化,细胞壁发生的这些变化与子叶细胞间物质的运输有关.含多糖的球形颗粒通过维管束在子叶中运输.     

去胚轴对花生子叶肽链内切酶和贮藏蛋白质降解的影响

从离体子叶与连体子叶在水中培养一段时间后的比较,看到它们之间在肽链内切酶活性和盐溶蛋白及花生球蛋白降解上的差异并不大,这表明去除胚轴对子叶肽链内切酶活性和贮藏蛋白降解的影响很轻微。亚胺环己酮（蛋白质合成抑制剂）不能完全抑制离体子叶肽链内切酶活性的提高,子叶的大部分大分子贮藏蛋白同样被降解。这表明,在花生种子萌发过程中降解大部分贮藏蛋白的子叶肽链内切酶并非人全部是在种子萌发是新合成的。子叶贮藏蛋白降     

去胚轴对花生子叶肽链内切酶和贮藏蛋白质降解的影响

从离体子叶与连体子叶在水中培养一段时间后的比较,看到它们之间在肽链内切酶活性和盐溶蛋白及花生球蛋白降解上的差异并不大,这表明去除胚轴对子叶肽链内切酶活性和贮藏蛋白降解的影响很轻微。亚胺环己酮(蛋白质合成抑制剂)不能完全抑制离体子叶肽链内切酶活性的提高,子叶的大部分大分子贮藏蛋白同样被降解。这表明,在花生种子萌发过程中降解大部分贮藏蛋白的子叶肽链内切酶并非全部是在种子萌发时新合成的,子叶贮藏蛋白降解和肽链内切酶活性基本不受胚轴调控,子叶与胚轴之间在调控关系上可能是一种新的调节类型。     

植物种子贮藏蛋白质及其细胞内转运与加工

高等植物种子成熟过程中贮存大量的贮藏蛋白质作为种子发芽和初期生长的重要营养来源。根据溶解性不同,种子贮藏蛋白质可分为白蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白4类。在种子胚发育过程中,醇溶蛋白在粗面内质网合成后形成蛋白质聚集体,直接出芽形成蛋白体并贮存其中。白蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白在粗面内质网以分子量较大的前体形式合成后,根据各自的分选信号进入特定的运输囊泡,经由受体依赖型运输/聚集体形式运输转运至蛋白质贮藏型液泡中,然后经过液泡加工酶等的剪切转换为成熟型贮藏蛋白质并贮存其中。蛋白质的合成、分选、转运和加工等过程影响种子蛋白质的品质及含量。该文对种子贮藏蛋白质的分类和运输、加工以及这些过程对种子蛋白质品质和含量的影响进行了概述。     

植物种子贮藏蛋白质及其细胞内转运与加工

高等植物种子成熟过程中贮存大量的贮藏蛋白质作为种子发芽和初期生长的重要营养来源。根据溶解性不同, 种子贮藏蛋白质可分为白蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白4类。在种子胚发育过程中, 醇溶蛋白在粗面内质网合成后形成蛋白质聚集体, 直接出芽形成蛋白体并贮存其中。白蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白在粗面内质网以分子量较大的前体形式合成后, 根据各自的分选信号进入特定的运输囊泡, 经由受体依赖型运输/聚集体形式运输转运至蛋白质贮藏型液泡中, 然后经过液泡加工酶等的剪切转换为成熟型贮藏蛋白质并贮存其中。蛋白质的合成、分选、转运和加工等过程影响种子蛋白质的品质及含量。该文对种子贮藏蛋白质的分类和运输、加工以及这些过程对种子蛋白质品质和含量的影响进行了概述。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻种子萌发和贮藏物质降解的影响

茉莉酸甲酯 (methyljasmonate ,MeJA)对水稻 (OryzasativaL .)种子萌发及幼苗生长的作用表现出“双重性”效应 ,低浓度促进种子萌发和幼苗生长 ,最适浓度为 5× 10 -7mol/L ,高浓度作用相反。MeJA对水稻萌发胚乳酸性磷酸酶、α_淀粉酶、淀粉和盐溶蛋白降解作用也如此 ,但它抑制谷蛋白降解。实验结果表明 ,MeJA促进和抑制水稻种子萌发都与α_淀粉酶活性有关。讨论了MeJA对种子萌发作用与ABA作用的异同     

Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in the haustorium of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Summary During imbibition ofPhoenix dactylifera embryos, all cotyledon cells show the same changes: protein and lipid bodies degrade, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) increases in amount, and dictyosomes appear. At germination, the distal portion of the cotyledon expands to form the haustorium. At this time, epithelial cells have a dense cytoplasm with many extremely small vacuoles. Many ribosomes are present along with ER, dictyosomes, and mitochondria. The parenchyma cells have large vacuoles and a small amount of peripheral cytoplasm. Between 2 and 6 weeks after germination, epithelial cells still retain the dense cytoplasm and many organelles appear: glyoxysomes, large lipid bodies, amyloplasts, large osmiophilic bodies, and abundant rough and smooth ER which appear to merge into the plasmalemma. A thin electron-transparent inner wall layer with many small internal projections is added to the cell walls. Starch grains appear first in the subsurface and internal parenchyma and subsequently in the epithelium. Lipid bodies, glyoxysomes, protein, and osmiophilic bodies occur in the epithelial and subepithelial cell layers but not in the internal parenchyma. At 8 weeks after germination, the cytoplasm becomes electron transparent, vacuolation occurs, lipid bodies and osmiophilic bodies degrade, and the endomembranes disassemble. After 10 weeks, the cells are empty. These data support the hypothesis that the major functions of the haustorium are absorption and storage.     

ONTOGENY,HISTOCHEMISTRY AND FINE STRUCTURE OF CELLULAR INCLUSIONS IN VEGETATIVE CELLS OF ANTITHAMNION DEFECTUM (CERAMIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA)1

The ultrastructure and histochemistry of developing and mature cell inclusions in vegetative cells of Antithamnion defectum Kylin were examined. Those studied were chloroplast inclusions, cytoplasmic crystals and spherical bodies within the vacuole. Chloroplasts of mature vegetative cells contain an interthylakoidal, apparently noncrystalline deposit of undetermined chemical identity. The bodies are parallel to the long axis of the plastid, are square (0.13 μm) in cross-section, and up to 3 μm long. Spherical vacuolar bodies (0.5–1.5 μum diam) are formed during early stages of vacuole formation by accumulation of protein deposits in swelling endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae. Swelling of smooth ER contiguous to the ER containing the deposits results in the vacuole enclosing the spherical bodies. In mature cells, vesicles appear to be secreted into the preformed vacuole. Cytoplasmic proteinaceous crystalloids develop without a bounding membrane and may serve as protein reserves.     

Brefeldin A effects on the trans-Golgi network and Golgi bodies inBotryococcus braunii are not uniform during the cell cycle

Summary Using cryo-fixation and freeze-substitution electron microscopy, the effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on the structure of the trans-Golgi network (TGN), the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi bodies in the unicellular green algaBotryococcus braunii were examined at various stages of the cell cycle. In the presence of BFA, all the TGNs of interphase and dividing cells aggregated to form a single tubular mass. In contrast, the TGNs decomposed just after cell division and disappeared during cell wall formation. Throughout the cell cycle, the TGN produced at least six kinds of vesicles, of which two were not formed in the presence of BFA: vesicles with a diameter of 200 nm and fibrillar substances, which formed in interphase cells; and vesicles with a diameter of 180–240 nm, which may participate in septum formation. In addition, the number of clathrin-coated vesicles attaching to the TGN decreased. In interphase cells, BFA induced the disassembly of Golgi bodies and an increase in the smooth-ER cisternae at the cis-side of Golgi bodies. This result may suggest the existence of retrograde transport from the Golgi bodies to the ER in the presence of BFA. These drastic structural changes in the Golgi bodies and the ER of interphase cells were not observed in BFA-treated dividing cells.Abbreviations BFA brefeldin A - ER endoplasmic reticulum - TGN trans-Golgi network     

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ABSORPTION OF TRACER MATERIALS BY TOAD URINARY BLADDER EPITHELIUM

The absorption of Thorotrast and saccharated iron oxide by the epithelium of the toad urinary bladder was studied by electron microscopy. Whether the toads were hydrated, dehydrated, or given Pitressin, no significant differences in transport of colloidal particles by epithelial cells were observed. This implies that these physiological factors had little effect on the transport of the tracer particles. Tracer particles were encountered in three types of epithelial cells which line the bladder lumen, but most frequently in the mitochondria-rich cells. Tracer materials were incorporated into the cytoplasm of epithelial cells after being adsorbed to the coating layer covering the luminal surface of the cells. In the intermediate stage (1 to 3 hours after introducing tracer) particles were present in small vesicles, tubules, and multivesicular bodies. In the later stages (up to 65 hours), the particles were more commonly seen to be densely packed within large membrane-bounded bodies which were often found near the Golgi region. These large bodies probably were formed by the fusion of small vesicles. Irrespective of the stages of absorption, no particles were found in the intercellular spaces or in the submucosa. Particles apparently did not penetrate the intercellular spaces of the epithelium beyond the level of the tight junction.     

FINE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE BULLFROG DURING METAMORPHOSIS

The fine structural changes occurring in the columnar absorbing cells of the intestinal epithelium during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, have been examined by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Tissue samples taken just posterior to the entrance of the hepatopancreatic duct were fixed in veronal acetate-buffered osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate. Under the action of the metamorphic stimulus (thyroid hormone), specific and characteristic responses were given by differentiated larval cells and undifferentiated basal cells within the same epithelium. The functional larval cells underwent degenerative changes and were retained for a time within the metamorphosing epithelium. Dense bodies appeared and increased in number in association with the loss of normal cell structure. Because of their morphology and time of formation, these bodies have been tentatively identified as lysosomes. Early in metamorphosis the basal cells did not change, but they subsequently proliferated to form a new cell layer beneath the remaining degenerating cells that lined the lumen. After the dying cells were sloughed into the gut, the new epithelium differentiated to form the adult tissue. The columnar epithelial cells of the mature animal differed in their fine structural organization from their larval precursors. Therefore, their adult configuration was molded by the action of the metamorphic stimulus.     

Formation of protein storage bodies during embryogenesis in cotyledons of Sinapis alba L.

An electron microscopic investigation of fine structural changes in post-meristematic cotyledon mesophyll cells during the period of storage protein accumulation (16–32 d after pollination) showed that the rough ER, the Golgi apparatus and the developing vacuome are intimately involved in the formation of storage protein bodies (aleurone bodies). At the onset of storage protein accumulation (16–18 d after pollination) storage protein-like material appears within Golgi vesicles and preformed vacuoles. At a later stage (24 d after pollination) similar material can also be detected within vesicles formed directly by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is concluded that there are two routes for storage protein transport from its site of synthesis at the ER to its site of accumulation in the vacuome. The first route involves the participation of dictyosomes while the second route bypasses the Golgi apparatus. It appears that the normal pathways of membrane flow in the development of central vacuoles in post-meristematic cells are used to deposit the storage protein within the protein bodies. Thus, the protein body can be regarded as a transient stage in the process of vacuome development of these storage cells.Abbreviation ER endoplasmic reticulum     

棉花种子萌发过程中子叶蛋白体变化

对棉花种子萌发过程中子叶细胞内蛋白体的变化进行了详细的观察。干种子内存在仅由蛋白质基质组成无内含物的蛋白体,含有球状晶体的蛋白体和无含球状晶体和拟晶体的蛋白体。种子萌发过程中蛋白体逐渐液泡化,其降解方式可分为三种类型：（１）内部降解类型：（２）周边降解类型;（３）内部和周边同时降解类型。文中还一步进行了不同降解类型与酶的分布,蛋白体存在部位和萌发时间进程之间的关系。     

Ultrastructure of Protein Bodies and Plastids in Cotyledon of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.at Seed Germination

The present article deals mainly with the formation and dissolution of protein bodies and development of plastids in cotyledon cells of Nelumbo nucifera during seed germination. Electron microscopic studies reveal that protein bodies are formed after imbibition of the cotyledons before germination. They are produced through accumulation of protein material in small vacuoles delivered from the exudates of endoplasmic reticulum or by fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum itself. In the period of germination, most of the material in the protein bodies dissolute and they coalesce with each other forming large vacuoles. The protein residue of the vacuoles condenses into small blocks with high electron density adhering to the tonoplast or freely floating in the vacuole. Thus, it suggests that the protein bodies of the germinating N. nucifera cotyledons are originated from vacuoles formed by endoplasmic reticulum. Part of the plastids found in cotyledonous cells of mature N. nucifera seeds exists as proplastids. They develop continuously after imbibition of the cotyledons. During the period of seed germination, many concentric lamellae are developed along the plastid membrane on which they later coalesce with the neighboring concentric lameUae forming loosely organized prolamellar bodies which condense into paracrystalline lattices. No ribosomes are present in the inter spaces of paracrystatline lattice. One to several prolamellar bodies can be developed in one plastid.     

Electron-dense endoplasmic reticulum-like profiles closely associated with mitochondria in glomus cells of the carotid body after fixation with oxalate

Fixation in the presence of oxalate was used to demonstrate the electron-dense Ca2+ precipitates in the endoplasmic reticulum in glomus cells of the carotid body. Glomus cells in intact carotid bodies or cells dissociated from the organ by treatment with collagenase were studied electron microscopically. In the intact organ as well as in dissociated glomus cells, electron-dense endoplasmic reticulum-like profiles were seen closely associated with mitochondria, while these lacked reaction product. The interspace between mitochondria was occupied by electron-dense, slightly distended ER, which appeared to contact the outer membrane of the mitochondria. Occasionally, a mitochondrion was in contact with several ER profiles or the ER formed an electron-dense 'cap' on the mitochondrion. The electron-dense precipitates could be removed from ultrathin sections with the calcium chelator ethyleneglycol-2(2-aminoethyl tetra-acetic acid) (EGTA). It is tentatively suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum could be involved in intracellular buffering of Ca2+ in the glomus cell, as has been previously suggested for neurons.